_________________________________ __________ Name Period

UNIT 2 STUDY GUIDE Immigration and Urbanization

Section 1 – Immigration

1. How was the “new immigration” of the late 1800s different from “old immigration” during colonial days? ______

________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The U.S. city that was the most common destination for European immigrants during the 1800s was

______________________________.

3. The first site greeted that most European immigrants in NY harbor was the ____________________________,

which became a symbol of freedom and hope for immigrants.

4. Immigrants coming into New York City had to first stop at ________________________, where they were

inspected by doctors checking for diseases or other illnesses.

5. Give THREE things that PUSHED European immigrants to America (what drove them from their homeland):

a. __________________________________________________________________________

b. __________________________________________________________________________

c. __________________________________________________________________________

6. Give THREE things that PULLED European immigrants to America (what drew them to the United States):

a. __________________________________________________________________________

b. __________________________________________________________________________

c. __________________________________________________________________________

7. Give TWO things that an immigrant needed to do to adjust to American society:

a. __________________________________________________________________________

b. __________________________________________________________________________

8. Immigration led to a massive increase in the number of ________________ in U.S. cities.

9. Businesses with harsh working conditions that took advantage of immigrants who were desperate for work

were often referred to as _________________________.

10. Why did factories want to hire children? ________________________________________________________

11. The disaster in New York City when over 150 people died when they were locked into their factory and could

not get out when a fire broke out in the building was the ____________________________________ disaster.

12. An extreme dislike for foreigners by native-born people and a desire to limit immigration is a feeling known as

_____________________.

13. One group that opposed immigration were the _____________________________, who argued that immigrant

workers would work for low wages, thus undermining American-born workers.

14. In the late 1800s, California saw a boom of immigrants coming from __________________.

15. The check point in San Francisco where Asian immigrants were checked before being allowed into the United

States was _______________________________.

16. Give THREE reasons why Chinese immigrants came to America:

a. _____________________________________________________________________________________

b. _____________________________________________________________________________________

c. _____________________________________________________________________________________

17. The law passed by Congress that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese from

becoming U.S. citizens was the __________________________________________.

18. Following the Civil War, many Americans went from being _____________ in rural areas to working in

_______________ in the cities.

19. Because the demand for land increased in cities, people began building up rather than outward, which led to

the building of _________________________.

20. Name THREE new types of transportation that was developed in the late 1800s to get people around cities:

a. _________________________ b. __________________________ c. ____________________________

21. The invention of the ______________________ made skyscrapers more practical in the early 1900s.

22. American industrialization helped to create a large _______________________ of society – people who were

not rich, but had good paying jobs such as doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers and teachers.

23. What types of urban problems arose in cities in the late 1800s because of population growth?

a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. _____________________ d. __________________

24. Who did native-born Americans blame for many urban problems? __________________________________

Section 2 – The Rise of Industry

25. The United States began to become an industrial power following the ________________________________

as millions left the farm and moved to cities to work in factories and mines.

26. Give FOUR major reasons that contributed to the U.S. becoming an industrial power:

a. _____________________________________________________________________________________

b. _____________________________________________________________________________________

c. _____________________________________________________________________________________

d. _____________________________________________________________________________________

27. One major reason the U.S. became an industrial power was due to its abundance of _____________________

such as wheat, corn, cotton and copper.

28. The construction of the _________________________ also was a factor in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.

29. The economic system where people can own businesses without government interference and are free to run

their business (or enterprise) as they want is known as the ____________________________ system.

30. The belief that if the government did not interfere with people’s private businesses – if they left them alone –

then they would be free to run efficiently is known as the __________________________ theory.

31. Under the laissez-faire theory, when is the only time the government should get involved in the affairs of a

business? ________________________________________________________________________________

32. How did new inventions help the U.S. become an industrial power? __________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

33. Name TWO inventions that dramatically changed business in the late 1800s AND name the inventor:

Invention Inventor

a. ____________________________ _____________________________

b. ____________________________ _____________________________

34. How did the invention of the telephone and telegraph revolutionize business and industry? ________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

35. How did the invention of the light bulb lead to an increase in industrial growth? __________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

36. What was the impact of the technological innovations of the late 1800s and early 1900s on people in the United

States and other industrialized nations? ________________________________________________________

37. The railroad – inspired by Abraham Lincoln – that joined the east and west Coasts of the United States was

known as the ____________________________________.

38. The federal law that provided the funding to build the transcontinental railroad was known as the ___________

______________________________.

39. Many of the workers who built the transcontinental railroad were immigrants from _______________________.

40. How did the expansion of the railroad industry impact U.S. citizens? __________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

41. Name THREE men who played a large part in the building of the railroad industry in the United States:

a. _________________________ b. __________________________ c. ____________________________

42. The person who consolidated three New York railroads to form the New York Central, the biggest railroad

company on the East Coast and later built New York’s Grand Central Station was _______________________.

43. Having a standard time for railroad service led to the creation of four ____________ ____________ in the U.S.

Section 3 – Robber Barons

44. What were “robber barons”? _______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

45. One of the most famous scandals involving robber barons when the part-owners of a railroad company cheated

American taxpayers out of millions of dollars was the _______________________________ Scandal.

46. Big business would not have been possible without the ___________________, which is an organization

owned by many people, but treated by law as though it were a single person.

47. The people who own the corporations are known as _______________________. The more shares of stock

someone has in a company the more power they have within that company.

48. One of the most famous entrepreneurs in the United States was ________________________, who went on to

become a pioneer in the U.S. steel industry and one of the richest men in the world.

49. Carnegie pioneered a new technique for making steel known as the ________________________________,

which was the process of making high quality steel both efficiently and cheaply.

50. When a company achieves control of an entire market, it becomes a ________________________, which is

when there is no competition and that company has the power to charge whatever it wants for its product.

51. Big businesses disliked competition because it reduced their ____________________________.

52. To get around laws against monopolies, some corporations formed ____________________, which was a new

way of merging businesses in a way that did not violate the laws against owning other companies.

53. Many people called for government action to stop these trust companies from having a monopoly. In 1890, the

government did take action to try to stop trusts when the _________________________________ was passed.

54. The U.S. president who, in the early 1900s, would break up numerous trusts was _______________________.

Section 4 – Workers Unions

55. What led to the formations of unions? _________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

56. Name THREE things that labor unions fought for:

a. _________________________ b. __________________________ c. ____________________________

57. There were two kinds of unions: _________________ unions, which were made up of people who had special

skills and training; and ___________________ unions, which largely represented common laborers in factories.

58. What is a workers strike? ____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

59. Give THREE ways that industrial corporations tried to stop unions from forming:

a. _____________________________________________________________________________________

b. _____________________________________________________________________________________

c. _____________________________________________________________________________________

60. Once a worker was ___________________________, that person found it almost impossible to get hired.

61. The person who believed that workers would eventually revolt, take control of factories, and overthrow the

government was ______________________________.

62. Why did people fear immigrants during the late 1800s? ____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

63. Give TWO reasons why early unions weren’t successful?

a. _____________________________________________________________________________________

b. _____________________________________________________________________________________

64. The first nationwide labor strike when railroad workers across the nation walked off their job was known as the

__________________________________________.

65. The first nationwide industrial union was the _______________________________________.

66. The incident in Chicago in 1886 when workers and police clashed when 11 people were killed during a workers

demonstration became known as the ________________________________________.

67. What effect did the Haymarket Riot have on unions? ______________________________________________

68. The leader of American Railway Union (ARU) was ________________________, who organized a nation-wide

strike against the railroads.

69. The American Federation of Labor’s first leader who believed that unions should stay out of politics and that

unions should fight for things such as higher wages and better working conditions was ___________________.

70. What were the THREE goals of the AFL:

a. _____________________________________________________________________________________

b. _____________________________________________________________________________________

c. _____________________________________________________________________________________

71. Give TWO ways that women in industrial jobs were discriminated against:

a. _____________________________________________________________________________________

b. _____________________________________________________________________________________

72. Following the Civil War, one third of women worked as ________________________, one third worked as

_________________________________________ and one third were in _________________________ jobs.

73. The first union organized to address women’s labor issues that was organized in 1903 was the _____________

_________________________.