Becoming an Becoming an Industrial Industrial

SocietySocietyGoal 5.01: Goal 5.01:

Industrialization, Industrialization, Immigration, and Urban Immigration, and Urban

LifeLife

Immigration and Immigration and MigrationMigration

Poverty, Persecution cause millions Poverty, Persecution cause millions of people to leave Europe, Japan, of people to leave Europe, Japan, China, Mexico, and the CaribbeanChina, Mexico, and the Caribbean Jews leave Europe b/c of pogroms-Jews leave Europe b/c of pogroms-

religious persecutionreligious persecution Ireland- many came due to potato famineIreland- many came due to potato famine

Immigrants are forced to adapt to Immigrants are forced to adapt to new language and new culturenew language and new culture Hull house helps w/ assimilationHull house helps w/ assimilation

Migration to the Cities & Migration to the Cities & Immigration to the United Immigration to the United

StatesStates Due to industrialization Due to industrialization – many left – many left

their farms and moved to cities for their farms and moved to cities for higher wageshigher wages

Rising farm costs and declining prices for Rising farm costs and declining prices for agricultural products = fewer individuals agricultural products = fewer individuals could make a living by farming could make a living by farming

Mid 1800’s: also saw dramatic Mid 1800’s: also saw dramatic increase in immigrationincrease in immigration

Migration to the Cities & Migration to the Cities & Immigration to the Immigration to the

United StatesUnited States Urban growthUrban growth

arrival of immigrants and current U.S citizens flocked arrival of immigrants and current U.S citizens flocked to cities for jobs to cities for jobs caused increase in population in citiescaused increase in population in cities

melting potmelting pot the more immigrants = the more diversity the more immigrants = the more diversity

the phrase melting pot became coinedthe phrase melting pot became coined people mix different ingredients together as they cook and people mix different ingredients together as they cook and

prepare an appetizing final product prepare an appetizing final product many thought the U.S a place where people of all many thought the U.S a place where people of all

backgrounds could come and be backgrounds could come and be assimilatedassimilated into into American societyAmerican society most immigrants did not want to assimilate most immigrants did not want to assimilate wanted to maintain many of their traditional wayswanted to maintain many of their traditional ways many large cities began experiencing cultural many large cities began experiencing cultural

pluralismpluralism cultural pluralism- presence of many different cultures cultural pluralism- presence of many different cultures

within one societywithin one society

Important InventionsImportant Inventions Samuel F.B Morse-Samuel F.B Morse- TelegraphTelegraph Alexander Graham Bell-Alexander Graham Bell- TelephoneTelephone

Both inventions made business communication easier Both inventions made business communication easier and broaden on a national scaleand broaden on a national scale

Thomas Edison- Thomas Edison- Light bulbLight bulb Enabled factory work to continue after sunsetEnabled factory work to continue after sunset People worked longer hours & industries produce People worked longer hours & industries produce

more goodsmore goods Cities came to depend on construction of taller Cities came to depend on construction of taller

buildings to accommodate business growth and buildings to accommodate business growth and populationspopulations

Other inventionsOther inventions elevators proved to be valuable innovations as wellelevators proved to be valuable innovations as well Christopher Sholes- inventor of typewriters which Christopher Sholes- inventor of typewriters which

increased rate at which letters and documents could increased rate at which letters and documents could be written and exchangedbe written and exchanged

Angel Island

Chinese arriving at Angel Island

The New ColossusNot like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame."Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries sheWith silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

—Emma Lazarus, 1883

Immigration and Immigration and MigrationMigration

Changes in agriculture cause Changes in agriculture cause people to migrate from rural U.S. to people to migrate from rural U.S. to cities in search of workcities in search of work B/c Inventions, like mechanical reaper, B/c Inventions, like mechanical reaper,

farms no longer need as many pple to farms no longer need as many pple to workwork

Immigrants face discrimination in Immigrants face discrimination in their efforts to find jobs and their efforts to find jobs and housinghousing Most live in tenement housesMost live in tenement houses

UrbanizationUrbanization

Influx of immigrants and Influx of immigrants and migrants cause a population migrants cause a population BOOM in citiesBOOM in cities Cities can’t keep up with sanitation, Cities can’t keep up with sanitation,

transportation, housing, fire, crimetransportation, housing, fire, crime

City services such as sanitation City services such as sanitation are stretched to the limitare stretched to the limit

Problems and Concerns Problems and Concerns Many U.S citizens did not like immigrantsMany U.S citizens did not like immigrants

Felt they took their jobs away from natural born Felt they took their jobs away from natural born citizenscitizens

Often mistrusted foreignersOften mistrusted foreigners Did not care for cultural practices Did not care for cultural practices

Ethnic ghettosEthnic ghettos Areas where immigrants shared common Areas where immigrants shared common

culture, language, & heritageculture, language, & heritage ex. China Townex. China Town

natives grew suspicious of Ethnic ghettosnatives grew suspicious of Ethnic ghettos many natives felt immigrants practicing their many natives felt immigrants practicing their

cultural beliefs was disloyal to U.Scultural beliefs was disloyal to U.S

Problems and ConcernsProblems and Concerns

religionreligion many natives were Protestantmany natives were Protestant many immigrants were Catholicmany immigrants were Catholic

led to conflict as these groups lived relatively led to conflict as these groups lived relatively close to each otherclose to each other

Nativism & Restrictions on Nativism & Restrictions on Immigration Immigration

NativismNativism increased (opposing further increased (opposing further immigration)immigration)

Know-Nothing party formedKnow-Nothing party formed Government passed anti-immigrant Government passed anti-immigrant

legislationlegislation Chinese Exclusion Act 1882Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: prohibited : prohibited

Chinese immigrants from legally coming to Chinese immigrants from legally coming to the U.S the U.S was not repealed until 1943 was not repealed until 1943 passed despite fact Chinese immigrants help passed despite fact Chinese immigrants help

construction railroads and contributed to West construction railroads and contributed to West Coast economyCoast economy

Living & Working Living & Working Conditions Among Conditions Among

ImmigrantsImmigrants Immigrants were thankful to be in U.SImmigrants were thankful to be in U.S

Working conditions were difficult howeverWorking conditions were difficult however Living Conditions Living Conditions

TenementsTenements Immigrants lived in small, overcrowded Immigrants lived in small, overcrowded

apartments called tenements apartments called tenements Large families (or several families) lived in one Large families (or several families) lived in one

room apartments that were unsanitary and room apartments that were unsanitary and unsafeunsafe

  http://www.tenement.org/Virtual_Tour/index_virtual.html

UrbanizationUrbanization

Reformers try to fix urban Reformers try to fix urban problems through education, problems through education, training, charity, & political training, charity, & political actionaction Jane Addams- Hull HouseJane Addams- Hull House Jacob Riis- Jacob Riis- How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives Horace Mann- Public EducationHorace Mann- Public Education

Living & Working Living & Working Conditions Among Conditions Among

ImmigrantsImmigrants Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Long hours, hazardous conditions in factories, Long hours, hazardous conditions in factories, and low wagesand low wages

SweatshopsSweatshops- factories were not always big - factories were not always big enough to house all the work necessary for an enough to house all the work necessary for an industryindustry managers and factory owners often contracted out managers and factory owners often contracted out

work to others who were then paid based on work to others who were then paid based on productionproduction

sub-contractors: would then set up makeshift factories sub-contractors: would then set up makeshift factories in small apartment buildings or unused buildingsin small apartment buildings or unused buildings often poorly lit, ventilated, and unsafeoften poorly lit, ventilated, and unsafe Sweatshops would then hire poor workers (often immigrants) to work Sweatshops would then hire poor workers (often immigrants) to work

long hours for little paylong hours for little pay

Reformers & Social Reformers & Social Gospel Gospel

Many wanted to help immigrantsMany wanted to help immigrants Did not care for the long hours, hazardous Did not care for the long hours, hazardous

working conditions, low wagesworking conditions, low wages Jacob RiisJacob Riis

Immigrant from Denmark in 1870Immigrant from Denmark in 1870 Wrote several books about terrible living Wrote several books about terrible living

and working conditions faced by and working conditions faced by immigrantsimmigrants ““How the other Half Lives”How the other Half Lives”

In response: New York passed several laws In response: New York passed several laws

to improve tenementsto improve tenements

Reformers & Social Reformers & Social GospelGospel

Jane Addams (1860-1935)Jane Addams (1860-1935) Part of the Part of the Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement

movement was pushed by people who believed that movement was pushed by people who believed that their Christian faith required them to take a more their Christian faith required them to take a more active role in social issues of the dayactive role in social issues of the day

Addams- referred to as Addams- referred to as “The Mother of Social “The Mother of Social Work”Work” instrumental in opening and running the Hull instrumental in opening and running the Hull

HouseHouse this was a settlement house in Chicago which this was a settlement house in Chicago which

are in poor neighborhoods are in poor neighborhoods they offered assistance to immigrants and they offered assistance to immigrants and

underprivileged immigrantsunderprivileged immigrants 1910: there were more than 400 settlements 1910: there were more than 400 settlements

houses in the U.Shouses in the U.S

Urban Life in the Age of Urban Life in the Age of IndustrializationIndustrialization

As city (urban) population increased and As city (urban) population increased and transformed, so did urban lifetransformed, so did urban life

Transportation- electric trolleys introduced (later Transportation- electric trolleys introduced (later replaced by subways and trains)replaced by subways and trains) allowed people to live outside inner city and pursue allowed people to live outside inner city and pursue

leisure activities within itleisure activities within it led to the development of the first suburbsled to the development of the first suburbs caused increased divisions in economic classescaused increased divisions in economic classes

developed a middle and upper class who typically developed a middle and upper class who typically moved further out and lef the inner city to the moved further out and lef the inner city to the poorer classes and immigrantspoorer classes and immigrants

farm lifefarm life people tended to work until work was donepeople tended to work until work was done leisure time limited & reserved for only certain leisure time limited & reserved for only certain

celebrations and seasonscelebrations and seasons

factory lifefactory life industrialization & growth meant factory workers industrialization & growth meant factory workers

worked by the clockworked by the clock meant once the work hours ended, people looked meant once the work hours ended, people looked

for ways to amuse themselves- LEISURE TIMEfor ways to amuse themselves- LEISURE TIME led to new means of leisure and entertainmentled to new means of leisure and entertainment ex. Saloons- places to drink, socialize, forge bonds, ex. Saloons- places to drink, socialize, forge bonds,

and engage in politicsand engage in politics ex. Dance halls- enjoyed more by womenex. Dance halls- enjoyed more by women ex. Cabarets- musical shows and danceex. Cabarets- musical shows and dance ex. Amusement parks- families took interestex. Amusement parks- families took interest ex. Vaudeville shows- inexpensive variety showsex. Vaudeville shows- inexpensive variety shows ex. Movie pictures- recently bornex. Movie pictures- recently born ex. Spectator sports- boxing, horse racing, and ex. Spectator sports- boxing, horse racing, and

especially baseballespecially baseball ex. City parks emerged such as New York City’s ex. City parks emerged such as New York City’s

Central ParkCentral Park park was designed by Frederick Olmsteadpark was designed by Frederick Olmstead

EOC Practice QuestionsEOC Practice Questions How did the inventions of Morse, Bell, and Edison contribute to How did the inventions of Morse, Bell, and Edison contribute to

industrialization?industrialization?

Which of the following factors led to rapid population growth in Which of the following factors led to rapid population growth in urbanized areas?urbanized areas?

Increased profits by farmers led many to seek jobs in urban areasIncreased profits by farmers led many to seek jobs in urban areas The arrival of immigrants and people leaving rural areas for the citiesThe arrival of immigrants and people leaving rural areas for the cities After the Civil War, northern cities strongly encouraged freed slaves to move After the Civil War, northern cities strongly encouraged freed slaves to move

northnorth Nativists encouraged immigration which increased the population quicklyNativists encouraged immigration which increased the population quickly

Why did many US citizens resent immigrants and want to restrict Why did many US citizens resent immigrants and want to restrict immigration?immigration?

They feared that immigrants would not be willing to work hard and would They feared that immigrants would not be willing to work hard and would contribute to unemploymentcontribute to unemployment

They believed that most immigrant migrated to the South and would They believed that most immigrant migrated to the South and would contribute to the persecution of African-Americanscontribute to the persecution of African-Americans

They believed immigrants would take their jobs and did not trust their strange They believed immigrants would take their jobs and did not trust their strange customscustoms

Most US citizens were Catholics and were suspicious of the Protestant beliefs Most US citizens were Catholics and were suspicious of the Protestant beliefs immigrants brought with themimmigrants brought with them

What were some ways industrialization and rapid population growth What were some ways industrialization and rapid population growth impacted urban life in the late 19th century?impacted urban life in the late 19th century?

11stst Quarter Quarter

Each student should have a index card Each student should have a index card on their back. As you walk around, on their back. As you walk around, you are to give clues to each other in you are to give clues to each other in order for students to guess who they order for students to guess who they are. If they guess the correct are. If they guess the correct person, the clue giver gets the card. person, the clue giver gets the card. The student with the most cards The student with the most cards wins.wins.

Helpful Note taking TipHelpful Note taking Tip

All of the main ideas All of the main ideas (i.e. key people, key (i.e. key people, key vocabulary) appear in vocabulary) appear in orange orange

All important details All important details appear in appear in redred

Goal 5.02: The Rise of Big Goal 5.02: The Rise of Big BusinessBusiness

Industrialization meant new Industrialization meant new opportunities and chances to make opportunities and chances to make moneymoney

During this period, a handful of During this period, a handful of Americans became extremely Americans became extremely wealthywealthy

They would change US business and They would change US business and the role of government in the the role of government in the nation’s economy nation’s economy

Giants of Early U.S Giants of Early U.S IndustrializationIndustrialization

Sir Henry BessemerSir Henry Bessemer Developed new method for making Developed new method for making

steelsteel Became known as Became known as Bessemer ProcessBessemer Process Manufacturers could make steel much quicker and Manufacturers could make steel much quicker and

efficiently efficiently

Led to increase production of steel Led to increase production of steel meant faster expansion of railroads meant faster expansion of railroads and more construction of buildingsand more construction of buildings

Thus, steel became very important to Thus, steel became very important to nation’s economynation’s economy

Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie 1835-1835-19191919

Man who came to truly Man who came to truly dominate steel dominate steel industryindustry

Carnegie’s company controlled steel Carnegie’s company controlled steel industry through a business practice industry through a business practice called vertical integrationcalled vertical integration

Vertical integration- Vertical integration- form of business form of business strategy, in which strategy, in which one entity owns one entity owns not only not only the company that produces the finished the company that produces the finished productproduct, but also , but also the companies that the companies that provide the materials necessary for provide the materials necessary for productionproduction

CarnegieCarnegie owned steel mills, but the iron ore and owned steel mills, but the iron ore and

coal mines as wellcoal mines as well Also owned railroads and ships that Also owned railroads and ships that

transported the needed coal and iron oretransported the needed coal and iron ore Basically Basically he formed a monopoly he formed a monopoly ((exclusive exclusive

control over the supply of a particular product control over the supply of a particular product with no competitionwith no competition))

He would later go on to give much of his He would later go on to give much of his wealth to public causes including Gospel of wealth to public causes including Gospel of WealthWealth

a.a. Gospel of Wealth- Gospel of Wealth- Carnegie believed that it was Carnegie believed that it was responsibility of wealthy to make sure their responsibility of wealthy to make sure their money was put to good use on helping others money was put to good use on helping others rather than being spent on frivolous pursuitsrather than being spent on frivolous pursuits

Edwin DrakeEdwin Drake Conductor of New Haven railroad in Conductor of New Haven railroad in

18591859 Used steam engine to drill for oil in Used steam engine to drill for oil in

Western PA Western PA (technology will later be (technology will later be used in TX)used in TX)

John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller 1839-19371839-1937

Became one of Became one of nation’s most rich and nation’s most rich and powerful businessmenpowerful businessmen

Owned the company called Owned the company called “Standard “Standard Oil”Oil”

Considered nation’s first trustConsidered nation’s first trust Trust-Trust- a business arrangement under a business arrangement under

which a number of companies unite which a number of companies unite into one systeminto one system

Basically they Basically they serve to destroy competition serve to destroy competition and create monopoliesand create monopolies

RockefellerRockefeller

Rockefeller- still was able to Rockefeller- still was able to dictate dictate pricesprices, eliminate competition, and , eliminate competition, and control U.S oil industry control U.S oil industry despite the despite the trusttrust

His success stemmed from the practice of His success stemmed from the practice of Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

Determined to “pay nobody a profit”, Determined to “pay nobody a profit”, Rockefeller’s company made its own Rockefeller’s company made its own barrels, cans, and whatever else is neededbarrels, cans, and whatever else is needed

VanderbiltVanderbilt 1794-1877 1794-1877

He had great impact on He had great impact on railroad railroad industryindustry

1869- New York Central Railroad 1869- New York Central Railroad extended to reach Chicago, Illinois extended to reach Chicago, Illinois

Travelers could go from New York to Travelers could go from New York to Chicago without having to transfer Chicago without having to transfer trains multiple timestrains multiple times

Greatly helped railroad industry by Greatly helped railroad industry by making travel faster and much easier making travel faster and much easier for passengersfor passengers

Finance CapitalistsFinance Capitalists

Expansion of US business saw a Expansion of US business saw a new kind of leader called finance new kind of leader called finance capitalistscapitalists

They were They were bankers who exerted bankers who exerted economic influence through company economic influence through company stocks and bondsstocks and bonds

Most powerful and influential was Most powerful and influential was J.P J.P MorganMorgan

J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan 1837-1913 1837-1913

Exercised Exercised control over banks, insurance control over banks, insurance companies, and various stock operationscompanies, and various stock operations

1913: they had over 1913: they had over $22 billion in assets $22 billion in assets Amount was equal to three times Amount was equal to three times

estimated value of all the real estate in estimated value of all the real estate in New York City at the timeNew York City at the time

He was so rich that he eventually bought out He was so rich that he eventually bought out Carnegie’s steel company to form a new Carnegie’s steel company to form a new company called U.S Steelcompany called U.S Steel

Price he paid made Price he paid made Carnegie the richest man Carnegie the richest man in the worldin the world

George WestinghouseGeorge Westinghouse

Founded Founded Westinghouse Electric Westinghouse Electric Company Company

Invented a transformer Invented a transformer that that enabled electricity to be enabled electricity to be transmitted as alternating currents transmitted as alternating currents to points far awayto points far away

This This increased the ways that electrical increased the ways that electrical power could be usedpower could be used

Interlocking DirectoratesInterlocking Directorates

Era of big business brought about Era of big business brought about monopolies, trusts, and interlocking monopolies, trusts, and interlocking directoratesdirectorates

These directorates allowed These directorates allowed directors of one directors of one company to serve as directors of other companies company to serve as directors of other companies alsoalso

Resulted in them controlling entire industries, Resulted in them controlling entire industries, thereby increasing their economic gains and thereby increasing their economic gains and limiting competitionlimiting competition

Through innovation, ambition, and at times Through innovation, ambition, and at times ruthlessnessruthlessness, , these men and others became incredibly rich during the age these men and others became incredibly rich during the age of industrialization of industrialization

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer 1800s- English philosopher and political 1800s- English philosopher and political

theoristtheorist introduced a concept known as Social introduced a concept known as Social

DarwinismDarwinism Believed life was a battle for Believed life was a battle for “survival of “survival of

the fittest”the fittest” Many businesses leaders were drawn to Many businesses leaders were drawn to

this philosophythis philosophy they based their beliefs in they based their beliefs in laissez-fair capitalismlaissez-fair capitalism this meant “this meant “government should not interfere with government should not interfere with

market or regulate businessmarket or regulate business” on Social Darwinism ” on Social Darwinism

Gilded AgeGilded Age

Time in which it appeared a Time in which it appeared a thin thin layer of prosperity was covering layer of prosperity was covering the poverty and corruption the poverty and corruption that that existed in much of societyexisted in much of society

Came from idea that as Came from idea that as business business leaders grew rich leaders grew rich laborers were laborers were left with harsh working conditions left with harsh working conditions and inadequate pay and inadequate pay

EOC Practice questionsEOC Practice questions How did the Bessemer process revolutionize How did the Bessemer process revolutionize

American industry?American industry? ““You ought to have money. It is your duty to You ought to have money. It is your duty to

attain it. If you are poor, it is your own fault. If attain it. If you are poor, it is your own fault. If you are rich, you have a duty to redistribute you are rich, you have a duty to redistribute those riches during your lifetime for the future those riches during your lifetime for the future to benefit.” to benefit.” What philosophy is identified in What philosophy is identified in the quotation?the quotation?

The merging of railroad, oil, steel and other The merging of railroad, oil, steel and other businesses to form trusts in the 19businesses to form trusts in the 19thth century, century, what is the results the owners desire?what is the results the owners desire?

Goal 5.03: Workers and the Goal 5.03: Workers and the Labor UnionsLabor Unions

Conditions of the WorkersConditions of the Workers Later 19th century- laborers in big Later 19th century- laborers in big

cities still faced difficult working cities still faced difficult working conditionsconditions Machines were replacing people tooMachines were replacing people too Factory work became boring and left Factory work became boring and left

employees with little sense of prideemployees with little sense of pride Endured long hours, low wages, and Endured long hours, low wages, and

dangerous working conditionsdangerous working conditions Many feared losing their job at any pointMany feared losing their job at any point Social security and unemployment did Social security and unemployment did

not existnot exist

Child LaborChild Labor

Very commonVery common Some families sent their children to Some families sent their children to

work just to survivework just to survive sometimes as young as 5 years old had sometimes as young as 5 years old had

to workto work worked rather than went to schoolworked rather than went to school

children missed out on a real childhood children missed out on a real childhood did not get an education did not get an education found themselves with little hope of found themselves with little hope of

escaping povertyescaping poverty

The UnionsThe Unions

Unions are organizations of workers Unions are organizations of workers Formed to protect interests of its membersFormed to protect interests of its members Unions formed as either craft unions or trade Unions formed as either craft unions or trade

unionsunions Craft UnionsCraft Unions

Opened to skilled workers who practiced a Opened to skilled workers who practiced a specific craft specific craft

Trade UnionsTrade Unions Tended to be less skilled workersTended to be less skilled workers

*During this time, several notable unions arose*During this time, several notable unions arose

UnionsUnions

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor 1869: Knights hoped to organize all 1869: Knights hoped to organize all

working men and women into a single unionworking men and women into a single union included factory workers, farmers, shopkeepers, included factory workers, farmers, shopkeepers,

office keepersoffice keepers also recruited African Americansalso recruited African Americans

pursued social reforms such as equal pay for pursued social reforms such as equal pay for equal work, 8 hour work days, and an end to equal work, 8 hour work days, and an end to child laborchild labor

initially successful; however a series of violent initially successful; however a series of violent strikes led to group’s decline and eventual strikes led to group’s decline and eventual disappearances in 1890sdisappearances in 1890s

UnionsUnions American Federation of Labor American Federation of Labor

(AFL) 1886(AFL) 1886 Craft union led by Craft union led by Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

focused on issue of wages, working hours, and focused on issue of wages, working hours, and working conditionsworking conditions

Knights relied on pressure from political Knights relied on pressure from political activity and educationactivity and education

AFL- used economic pressures like strikes and AFL- used economic pressures like strikes and boycottsboycotts StrikesStrikes- refusal of employees to work until employers - refusal of employees to work until employers

meet certain demandsmeet certain demands BoycottsBoycotts- refusal to buy or pay for certain products or - refusal to buy or pay for certain products or

services in hopes of forcing producers to change their services in hopes of forcing producers to change their policies or actionspolicies or actions

UnionsUnions

AFL also believed in collective AFL also believed in collective bargaining and mediationbargaining and mediation

collectivecollective bargainingbargaining- process - process through which employees negotiate as through which employees negotiate as a united group rather than individualsa united group rather than individuals

this increases bargaining powerthis increases bargaining power mediationmediation- when a 3rd party (in some - when a 3rd party (in some

cases government) gets involved to cases government) gets involved to help negotiate settlement that is help negotiate settlement that is acceptable to both sidesacceptable to both sides

UnionsUnions Unions also called on employers to agree Unions also called on employers to agree

to arbitration as wellto arbitration as well arbitration-form of mediation in which the arbitration-form of mediation in which the

mediating third party is granted authority to mediating third party is granted authority to pronounce a finding that both sides consider pronounce a finding that both sides consider binding in order to end further dispute about a binding in order to end further dispute about a labor matterlabor matter

usually involves $$$ settlementsusually involves $$$ settlements To increase their ability to negotiate with To increase their ability to negotiate with

business owners, the AFL pressed for a business owners, the AFL pressed for a closed shop workplaceclosed shop workplace

close shop- employers could hire only union close shop- employers could hire only union membersmembers

forced employers to deal with the union forced employers to deal with the union because they could not look elsewhere for because they could not look elsewhere for workersworkers

Eugene Debs 1855-1926Eugene Debs 1855-1926

one of most influential union leaders one of most influential union leaders in historyin history

organized American Railway Union organized American Railway Union in 1893in 1893

went on to lead the famed Pullman went on to lead the famed Pullman Strike of 1894Strike of 1894

eventually ran for president several eventually ran for president several times as a leader of the Socialist times as a leader of the Socialist PartyParty

Employer Response to Employer Response to UnionsUnions

Many employers of 19th century hated unionsMany employers of 19th century hated unions Many forced employees to sign yellow-dog Many forced employees to sign yellow-dog

contractscontracts Yellow-dog contractsYellow-dog contracts

Forbade workers from even joining Forbade workers from even joining Others placed workers on blacklistsOthers placed workers on blacklists

blacklistsblacklists- list of workers who employers would refuse to - list of workers who employers would refuse to hirehire

also would institute lockoutsalso would institute lockouts lockoutslockouts-method by which employees would not allow -method by which employees would not allow

employees to return to workemployees to return to work when strikes occurred, employers often hired scabswhen strikes occurred, employers often hired scabs

Employer Response to Employer Response to UnionsUnions

when strikes occurred, employers often hired when strikes occurred, employers often hired scabsscabs

scabsscabs-replacement workers who took over the jobs -replacement workers who took over the jobs left vacatedleft vacated

as time went on, employers and business as time went on, employers and business leaders came to realize that they had the leaders came to realize that they had the support of the government when it came to support of the government when it came to breaking strikesbreaking strikes

so it became common for employers to ask for so it became common for employers to ask for injunctionsinjunctions

injunctionsinjunctions-court orders that forbade strikes -court orders that forbade strikes because they violated the law or threatened public because they violated the law or threatened public interest interest

when all else failed, some employers used violence when all else failed, some employers used violence and intimidation to deal with labor unrestand intimidation to deal with labor unrest

Strikes & ConfrontationsStrikes & Confrontations Great Strike of 1877Great Strike of 1877

1st major case of nationwide labor unrest1st major case of nationwide labor unrest Railway workers were upset with a proposed Railway workers were upset with a proposed

wage cutwage cut Responded with violence throughout Midwest Responded with violence throughout Midwest

and Eastern USand Eastern US President Rutherford B. HayesPresident Rutherford B. Hayes

alarmed by violence and concerned about disruption of alarmed by violence and concerned about disruption of nation’s railwaysnation’s railways

sent in federal troops on two separation occasions to sent in federal troops on two separation occasions to put down protestput down protest

*Great Strike showed employers that they could *Great Strike showed employers that they could appeal to the federal government for help in appeal to the federal government for help in dealing with strikesdealing with strikes

Strikes & ConfrontationsStrikes & Confrontations

Haymarket Riot in May of 1886Haymarket Riot in May of 1886 Workers mounted a national demonstration in Workers mounted a national demonstration in

support of an 8 hour work daysupport of an 8 hour work day May 4th- many held a rally at Chicago’s Haymarket May 4th- many held a rally at Chicago’s Haymarket

SquareSquare During the rally, group of radicals exploded a bombDuring the rally, group of radicals exploded a bomb

Killed 7 police officersKilled 7 police officers Riots broke out immediately with gunfire killing both Riots broke out immediately with gunfire killing both

police and striking workerspolice and striking workers Haymarket Riot turned public opinion against the Haymarket Riot turned public opinion against the

unions as many in the nation began toi identify unions as many in the nation began toi identify

strikes with anarchy and violencestrikes with anarchy and violence

Strikes & ConfrontationsStrikes & Confrontations

Homestead Strike 1892Homestead Strike 1892 Broke out among steel workers at the Carnegie Broke out among steel workers at the Carnegie

Steel plant in Homestead, PennsylvaniaSteel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania Carnegie was in Europe-----his partner, Carnegie was in Europe-----his partner, Henry Henry

FrickFrick, had hired a private police force known , had hired a private police force known as the Pinkertonsas the Pinkertons

PinkertonsPinkertons- private police force ordered to putt down - private police force ordered to putt down Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike Strikers and Pinkertons eventually engaged in a shootout Strikers and Pinkertons eventually engaged in a shootout

that left several people dead or wounded that left several people dead or wounded Once again, public perceived the striking workers as the Once again, public perceived the striking workers as the

instigators of the violence, and the union has no choice instigators of the violence, and the union has no choice

but to call off the strikebut to call off the strike

Strikes & ConfrontationsStrikes & Confrontations

Pullman Strike 1894Pullman Strike 1894 Involved railroad industry Involved railroad industry

Delegation of employees went to railroad Delegation of employees went to railroad car industrialist, George Pullman, to car industrialist, George Pullman, to protest the laying off of workersprotest the laying off of workers

GeorgeGeorge PullmanPullman- responded by firing - responded by firing 3 of the labor representatives, leading 3 of the labor representatives, leading the local union to go on strikethe local union to go on strike

then he closed the plant rather than then he closed the plant rather than negotiating with union leadersnegotiating with union leaders

Strikes & ConfrontationsStrikes & Confrontations

Eugene DebsEugene Debs led the American Railway Union and called for a led the American Railway Union and called for a

boycott of Pullman cars nationwideboycott of Pullman cars nationwide By June, roughly 120,000 workers had railed to By June, roughly 120,000 workers had railed to

the strikethe strike Federal government responded with a court injunction Federal government responded with a court injunction

against the unionagainst the union President Cleveland sent in federal troops to make sure President Cleveland sent in federal troops to make sure

that it was enforced that it was enforced Days later the strike was overDays later the strike was over

overall, Pullman Strike established a precedence overall, Pullman Strike established a precedence for factory owners appealing to the courts to end for factory owners appealing to the courts to end strikesstrikes

Goal 5.04: The Role of Goal 5.04: The Role of Government in Economic Government in Economic

and Political Affairsand Political Affairs

CORRUPTION IN CORRUPTION IN GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

CorruptionCorruption became more common after became more common after President Lincoln’s deathPresident Lincoln’s death

Especially during President Grant’s Especially during President Grant’s administration administration

Ex. Ex. Whiskey RingWhiskey Ring- which involved internal - which involved internal revenue collectorsrevenue collectors

Credit Mobilier Scandal Credit Mobilier Scandal Involved government officials and stockholders Involved government officials and stockholders

in the Union Pacific Railroadin the Union Pacific Railroad Many blamed Many blamed spoils systemspoils system, which rewarded , which rewarded

political supporters with government positionspolitical supporters with government positions Then in 1881-a man who was upset over not Then in 1881-a man who was upset over not

receiving the political position he wanted receiving the political position he wanted assassinated President James Garfieldassassinated President James Garfield

Garfield’s death led to the Pendleton ActGarfield’s death led to the Pendleton Act

Pendleton ActPendleton Act

Established a Established a Civil Service Civil Service CommissionCommission that required applications that required applications to pass a civil service exam prior to to pass a civil service exam prior to being considered for any official being considered for any official positionposition

Served to ensure that future Served to ensure that future appointments would be based on an appointments would be based on an individual’s merit, rather than simplify individual’s merit, rather than simplify his/her political loyaltieshis/her political loyalties

Political MachinesPolitical Machines

Corruption was common in local & Corruption was common in local & state governmentsstate governments

Political machines Political machines unofficial entity meant to keep a certain unofficial entity meant to keep a certain

party of group in powerparty of group in power usually led by a bossusually led by a boss

bossboss one who holds a political officeone who holds a political office during this period, grafts became popularduring this period, grafts became popular graftsgrafts use of one’s political position or job to gain use of one’s political position or job to gain

wealthwealth

Political MachinesPolitical Machines political machines were common in big cities political machines were common in big cities

like New York Citylike New York City with the fast growth of urban population it with the fast growth of urban population it

meant government had to make many meant government had to make many improvementsimprovements

police and fire departmentspolice and fire departments transportationtransportation public servicespublic services sewage systemssewage systems

this meant more public money and a greater this meant more public money and a greater role for governmentrole for government

also have government more power and made also have government more power and made battle for government positions more intensebattle for government positions more intense

Boss William Tweed 1823-Boss William Tweed 1823-18781878

most notorious political bossmost notorious political boss from New York Cityfrom New York City he ran Tammany Hallhe ran Tammany Hall

Tammany HallTammany Hall- political club that - political club that controlled the city’s Democratic partycontrolled the city’s Democratic party

over time, Tweed stole over $100 over time, Tweed stole over $100 million from the city treasurymillion from the city treasury

eventually political cartoons of eventually political cartoons of Thomas NastThomas Nast

Thomas Nast 1840-1902Thomas Nast 1840-1902

helped exposed Tweed and brought him helped exposed Tweed and brought him downdown

on one occasion, Tweed was quoted about on one occasion, Tweed was quoted about NastNast

““Stop those damned pictures! I don’t care Stop those damned pictures! I don’t care what the papers say about me; my what the papers say about me; my constituents can’t read. But damn it, they can constituents can’t read. But damn it, they can see pictures!”see pictures!”

Despite Tweed’s fall from power, Despite Tweed’s fall from power, Tammany Hall continued to dominate Tammany Hall continued to dominate New York City politics well into the 20th New York City politics well into the 20th centurycentury

Government RegulationGovernment Regulation

1884 Presidential Campaign1884 Presidential Campaign Scandals plagued the electionScandals plagued the election James BlaineJames Blaine (Republican Candidate) (Republican Candidate) Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland (Democratic Candidate) (Democratic Candidate)

had fathered a child out of wedlock (tremendous had fathered a child out of wedlock (tremendous scandal in those days)scandal in those days)

the fact that he admitted it made him seem the the fact that he admitted it made him seem the more trustworthy of the two candidatesmore trustworthy of the two candidates

resulted in a group of Republicans switched sides resulted in a group of Republicans switched sides and voted for Clevelandand voted for Cleveland

republicans became known as republicans became known as mugwumpsmugwumps

Government RegulationGovernment Regulation

mugwumpsmugwumps supported and helped Cleveland win the supported and helped Cleveland win the

electionelection under Cleveland, the government began under Cleveland, the government began

taking steps to regulate business taking steps to regulate business Interstate Commerce ActInterstate Commerce Act

Signed in 1887Signed in 1887 Created the Created the Interstate Commerce Interstate Commerce

CommissionCommission and regulated railroad rates and regulated railroad rates fro trains traveling between statesfro trains traveling between states

Government RegulationGovernment Regulation Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act

Signed in 1890 during the presidency of Harrison Signed in 1890 during the presidency of Harrison In 1895-during his 2nd term, (In 1895-during his 2nd term, (Grover ClevelanGrover Cleveland is d is

the only US president in history to serve two terms the only US president in history to serve two terms that were non-consecutive) he enacted that were non-consecutive) he enacted Sherman Sherman Anti Trust ActAnti Trust Act

Law was meant to ensure competition by making Law was meant to ensure competition by making monopolies illegalmonopolies illegal

passed in attempt to prevent the passed in attempt to prevent the EC Knight CompanyEC Knight Company from from maintaining a monopoly in the manufacture of sugarmaintaining a monopoly in the manufacture of sugar

the Supreme Court heard the case the Supreme Court heard the case voted 8-1 and ruled that while the government did have the voted 8-1 and ruled that while the government did have the

authority to break up monopolies when it came to the authority to break up monopolies when it came to the distribution of a productdistribution of a product

it also ruled that the government could NOT use the it also ruled that the government could NOT use the Sherman Sherman Anti TrustAnti Trust Act to break up monopolies in manufacturing Act to break up monopolies in manufacturing

The United States v. EC Knight The United States v. EC Knight CoCo

Major victory for business and a Major victory for business and a setback in the battle against setback in the battle against monopoliesmonopolies

The Populist Response to The Populist Response to CorruptionCorruption

Corruption that many associated with Corruption that many associated with big business and industrialization big business and industrialization helped fuel the political movement helped fuel the political movement known as Populismknown as Populism

Among other things, the Populists Among other things, the Populists called for a number of political called for a number of political reformsreforms

The Populist Response to The Populist Response to CorruptionCorruption

ReformsReforms Secret BallotSecret Ballot: Also called an : Also called an Australian Australian

ballotballot because the practice had originated in because the practice had originated in Australia in 1856, a secret ballot simply meant Australia in 1856, a secret ballot simply meant that individuals’ votes would be cast in secret that individuals’ votes would be cast in secret

ReferendumReferendum: The Populist also wanted a : The Populist also wanted a popular referendum, by which the president popular referendum, by which the president would be elected by popular vote rather than would be elected by popular vote rather than by the Electoral College. In addition, Populists by the Electoral College. In addition, Populists called for the direct election of US Senators by called for the direct election of US Senators by the people instead of by state legislatures. the people instead of by state legislatures. Thus, they believed elections would finally be Thus, they believed elections would finally be decided by the will of the people, rather than decided by the will of the people, rather than by political deals and favorsby political deals and favors

The Populist Response to The Populist Response to CorruptionCorruption

RecallRecall: the power of the recall meant that the people : the power of the recall meant that the people would have the power to remove corrupt officials from would have the power to remove corrupt officials from office before their term had expiredoffice before their term had expired

InitiativeInitiative: the power of the initiative would mean that : the power of the initiative would mean that people could force a vote on an issue provided they people could force a vote on an issue provided they could petition enough signatures from registered could petition enough signatures from registered voters. In this way, the people would have a voice in the voters. In this way, the people would have a voice in the political agenda addressed by government officials. political agenda addressed by government officials.

Although Populism faded as a political Although Populism faded as a political movement after the election of 1896, the movement after the election of 1896, the Populists helped create momentum for Populists helped create momentum for changes in government and its role in changes in government and its role in regulating business. Many of its goals regulating business. Many of its goals would eventually become reality as a result would eventually become reality as a result of the Progressive Movement of the early of the Progressive Movement of the early 19001900