Unit 2: Skeletal SystemLab 1: The Skull

Jessica Radke-Snead, RD, MSBio 241 Anatomy & Physiology

Reminders

• Unit 1 Lecture and Lab Exam keys are posted– Review your exams, ask questions

• Please see me if you need assistance with course material!– eTutoring– Peer Tutoring– Other

• Next exam: February 6th…what’s your strategy?

Classification of Bones by Shape

• Flat bones: scapula, sternum

• Irregular bones: sphenoid bone, vertebra

• Short bones: capitate/carpal bone, talus

• Long bones: Ulna, radius, femur

Bones of the Adult Skeletal System

• Axial skeleton (80)– Skull (22)– Auditory ossicles (6)– Hyoid bone (1)– Vertebral column

(26)– Thoracic cage (25)

• Appendicular skeleton (126)– Pectoral girdle (4)– Upper limb (60)– Pelvic girdle (2)– Lower limb (60)

Axial Skeleton (80)

• Skull (22)– Cranial bones (8)– Facial bones (14)

• Vertebral column (26)– Cervical (7)– Thoracic (12)– Lumbar (5)– Sacrum (1)– Coccyx (1)

• Auditory (6)– Malleus (2)– Incus (2)– Stapes (2)

• Hyoid bone (1)• Thoracic cage (25)– Ribs (24)– Sternum (1)

Appendicular Skeleton (126)

• Pectoral girdle (4)– Scapula (2)– Clavicle (2)

• Upper limb (60)– Humerus (2)– Radius (2)– Ulna (2)– Carpals (16)– Metacarpals (10)– Phalanges (28)

• Pelvic girdle (2)– Os coxae (2)

• Lower limb (60)– Femur (2)– Patella (2)– Tibia (2)– Fibula (2)– Tarsals (14)– Metatarsals (10)– Phalanges (28)

Surface Features of Bones

• Articulations– Condyle– Facet– Head

• Depressions– Alveolus– Fossa– Fovea– Sulcus

• Passages– Canal– Fissure– Foramen– Meatus

• Extensions/Projections– Crest– Epicondyle– Line– Process– Protuberance– Spine– Trochanter– Tubercle– Tuberosity

Major Cavities of the Skull

• Cranial cavity• Orbit (eye sockets)• Nasal cavity (nose)• Buccal cavity (mouth)• Middle- and inner-ear cavities• Paranasal sinuses– Frontal– Sphenoid– Ethmoid– Maxillary

Foramina of the Skull• Frontal bone– Supraorbital foramen or

notch• Parietal bone– Parietal foramen

• Temporal bone– Carotid canal– External acoustic

meatus– Internal acoustic meatus– Stylomastoid foramen– Mastoid foramen

• Zygomatic bone– Zygomaticofacial

foramen– Zygomaticotemporal

foramen

Foramina of the Skull

• Temporal-Occipital Region– Jugular foramen

• Temporal-Occipital-Sphenoid Region– Foramen lacerum

• Occipital bone– Foramen magnum– Hypoglossal canal– Condylar canal

• Ethmoid bone– Cribriform foramina

• Mandible– Mental foramen– Mandibular foramen

Foramina of the Skull

• Sphenoid bone– Foramen ovale– Foramen rotundum– Foramen spinosum– Optic foramen– Superior orbital

fissue• Maxilla– Infraorbital foramen– Incisive foramen

• Maxilla-Sphenoid Region– Inferior orbital

fissure• Lacrimal bone– Lacrimal foramen

• Palatine bone– Greater palatine

foramen

List all bones that articulate with the temporal bone

• Lateral Surface– Squamous suture– Squamous part– Zygomatic process– Tympanic part– Styloid process– Mastoid process– Mastoid part– External acoustic

meatus

• Medial Surface– Squamous suture– Squamous part– Petrous part– Internal acoustic

meatus– Mastoid process– Styloid process– Zygomatic process

List all bones that articulate with the Sphenoid bone

• Superior view– Hypophyseal fossa– Foramen rotundum– Anterior clinoid process– Foramen ovale– Foramen spinosum– Dorsum sellae– Sella turcica– Greater wing– Lesser wing– Optic foramen

• Posterior view– Dorsum sellae– Superior orbital fissure– Foramen rotundum– Pterygoid processes– Medial pterygoid plate– Lateral pterygoid plate– Foramen ovale– Body– Greater wing– Lesser wing

List all bones that articulate with the Ethmoid bone

• Anterior view– Cribiform plate– Cribiform foramina– Crista galli– Superior nasal concha– Middle nasal concha– Perpendicular plate– Ethmoid air cells– Orbital plate

List all bones articulating in this view:Right nasal cavitySagittal Section

• Crista galli• Cribriform plate• Cribriform foramina• Sella turcica• Sphenoid sinus• Sphenoid bone• Palatine bone

• Incisive foramen• Maxilla• Anterior nasal spine• Inferior nasal concha• Lacrimal bone• Middle nasal concha• Superior nasal concha• Nasal bone• Frontal sinus

List all bones articulating in this view:Left orbit

Anterior view

• Lateral wall of orbit– Zygomatic process of

frontal bone– Greater wing of

sphenoid bone– Orbital surface of

zygomatic bone– Superior orbital

fissure– Inferior orbital fissure

• Roof of orbit– Orbital plate of frontal

bone– Lesser wing of sphenoid

bone• Medial wall– Orbital plate of ethmoid

bone– Lacrimal bone– Frontal process of maxilla

List all bones articulating in this view:Left orbit

Anterior view

• Floor of orbit– Orbital process of

palatine bone– Orbital surface of

maxilla

• Supraorbital foramen• Optic foramen• Infraorbital foramen

List bones articulating on theFetal skull

• Lateral view– Parietal bone– Lambdoid suture– Squamous suture– Occipital bone– Mastoid fontanel– Temporal bone– Sphenoid bone– Coronal suture– Fontal bone– Sphenoid fontanel– Sphenoid bone– Nasal bone– Maxilla– Zygomatic bone– Mandible

• Superior view– Frontal bone– Anterior fontanel– Sagittal suture– Parietal bone– Posterior fontanel

Lab Objectives• Identify and describe the location of the

components of the axial skeleton listed in your lab

• Suggestion– Choose a view point (Anterior/Posterior, Superior/Inferior, etc)– Identify what it is that you are looking for

• Bone, suture, sinus, sulci, etc– Describe what the structure looks like (anatomical terms)– Describe where the structure is located on the skull (anatomical

words)– Change your viewpoint and try it again

Ask for assistance if needed—Enjoy!