11

Unit-2-1014Unit-2-1014ATC & Aerodrome designATC & Aerodrome design

2. 2. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICESAIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

22

Key points of Unit 2Key points of Unit 2

1.1. Categories of AirportCategories of Airport

2.2. ATC and Clearance RequirementsATC and Clearance Requirements

3.3. Obstruction Clearance Obstruction Clearance Requirements for current AirportRequirements for current Airport

4.4. Distance Separation both in Distance Separation both in distance and time-RNAV & RNPdistance and time-RNAV & RNP

5.5. Flight PlansFlight Plans

33

SyllabusSyllabus

Area control service, Area control service, Assignment of cruising levels- Assignment of cruising levels-

minimum flight altitude- minimum flight altitude- ATS routes and significant points – ATS routes and significant points –

RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral and RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral and longitudinal separations based on time longitudinal separations based on time / distance –/ distance –

ATC clearances – ATC clearances – Flight plans – position reportFlight plans – position report

44

Airport CategoriesAirport Categories

1.1. Based on Size as Large and Medium Based on Size as Large and Medium Airports depending on the size of Airports depending on the size of aircrafts and also on passenger aircrafts and also on passenger traffic-Total 449traffic-Total 449

2.2. International Airports-All MetrosInternational Airports-All Metros

3.3. Domestic Airports-Domestic Airports-

4.4. Custom Airports with limited Custom Airports with limited immigration (Patna,Goa,Jaipur & immigration (Patna,Goa,Jaipur & Trichy) Trichy)

55

Hyderabad Airport Hyderabad Airport

66

Area control serviceArea control service

Area Control Centre & Area Control Centre & Services of ACCServices of ACC

77

Area Control CentreArea Control Centre

1.1. Providing air-traffic control service Providing air-traffic control service to IFR flights and controlled VFR to IFR flights and controlled VFR flights flights

Key task is for departing aircraft Key task is for departing aircraft providing separation between providing separation between aircrafts before handing them to aircrafts before handing them to the adjacent-ACC Area Control the adjacent-ACC Area Control Centers. Centers.

88

Area Control CentreArea Control Centre

99

Area Control Service Services Area Control Service Services

1.1. Include definition of area of responsibility, Include definition of area of responsibility, airspace structure and classificationairspace structure and classification

2.2. Delegating responsibility to ATSDelegating responsibility to ATS3.3. Offering procedure for the exchange of flight Offering procedure for the exchange of flight

plan and control dataplan and control data4.4. Offering means of communicationOffering means of communication5.5. Defining significant points, levels or times for Defining significant points, levels or times for

transfer of controltransfer of control6.6. Providing acceptance of controlProviding acceptance of control7.7. Providing Radar Coordination procedure and SSR Providing Radar Coordination procedure and SSR

code assignment procedurecode assignment procedure8.8. Offering Procedure for departing traffic & arrival Offering Procedure for departing traffic & arrival

traffictraffic

1010

ATC CLEARANCEATC CLEARANCE

ATC clearance requirements-ATC clearance requirements-ATC separation-ATC separation-

1111

Define: Separation in ATCDefine: Separation in ATC

Preventing collisions is referred as Preventing collisions is referred as separation in ATCseparation in ATC

Lateral, Vertical and Longitudinal Lateral, Vertical and Longitudinal separation minima is the term used to separation minima is the term used to prevent aircraft from coming too close to prevent aircraft from coming too close to each othereach other

Many aircraft now have collision Many aircraft now have collision avoidance systems installed to act as a avoidance systems installed to act as a backup to ATC observation and backup to ATC observation and instructions instructions

1212

Important ATC ClearancesImportant ATC Clearances

1.1. Aircraft identification as shown in Aircraft identification as shown in the flight plan;the flight plan;

2.2. Clearance limitClearance limit

3.3. Route of flightRoute of flight

4.4. Level (s) of flight for the entire Level (s) of flight for the entire route or part thereof and changes route or part thereof and changes of levels if requiredof levels if required

1313

ATC ClearancesATC Clearances

1.1. Flight planFlight plan2.2. Clearance limit;Clearance limit;3.3. Route of flight;Route of flight;4.4. Level (s) of flight for the entire route or part Level (s) of flight for the entire route or part

thereof and changes of levels If required;thereof and changes of levels If required;5.5. any necessary instructions or information any necessary instructions or information

on other matters such as SSR transponder on other matters such as SSR transponder operation, approach or departure operation, approach or departure maneuvers,maneuvers,

6.6. communications and the time of expiry of communications and the time of expiry of the clearance.the clearance.

1414

ATC clearancesATC clearances

1.1. Based on Clearance limit-by specifying Based on Clearance limit-by specifying the name of the aerodrome or controlled the name of the aerodrome or controlled airspace boundaryairspace boundary

2.2. Based on Route of Flight-Route of flight Based on Route of Flight-Route of flight detailed in each clearancedetailed in each clearance

3.3. Based on Cruising levels- rate of climb or Based on Cruising levels- rate of climb or descent or cruising levelsdescent or cruising levels

4.4. Based on Change in Flight Plan-on a Based on Change in Flight Plan-on a requested change in Route or levelrequested change in Route or level

5.5. Based on ATC clearance by Voice -for Based on ATC clearance by Voice -for runway in use, altimeter settings, speed runway in use, altimeter settings, speed instructions, heading etcinstructions, heading etc

1515

Flight profileFlight profile

1.1. Preflight-before take off on the runwayPreflight-before take off on the runway

2.2. Take-off-Pilot powering the aircraftTake-off-Pilot powering the aircraft

3.3. Departure-lifting off the ground to a cruising Departure-lifting off the ground to a cruising speedspeed

4.4. Enroute-Travelling thru the centre of Enroute-Travelling thru the centre of airspaceairspace

5.5. Descend-Pilot maneuvering the aircraft to Descend-Pilot maneuvering the aircraft to the destinationthe destination

6.6. Approach-Aligning the aircraft with runwayApproach-Aligning the aircraft with runway

7.7. Landing-at the designated runwayLanding-at the designated runway

1616

Obstruction Clearance Obstruction Clearance of Current Airportof Current Airport

factorsfactors

1717

Factors for Obstruction Factors for Obstruction ClearanceClearance

1.1. Pre-taxi clearance program: Airports have Pre-taxi clearance program: Airports have established pre-taxi clearance programs by established pre-taxi clearance programs by which pilots of departing on IFR elect to which pilots of departing on IFR elect to receive their IFR clearances receive their IFR clearances

2.2. Taxi Clearance: Pilots should communicate Taxi Clearance: Pilots should communicate with the control tower taxi clearance before with the control tower taxi clearance before starting the enginestarting the engine

3.3. Abbrevated IFR clearance: ATC issue to Pilot Abbrevated IFR clearance: ATC issue to Pilot filed in the IFR flight plan including filed in the IFR flight plan including Destination AirportDestination Airport

4.4. Change of Flight Plan: If the Pilot has a Change of Flight Plan: If the Pilot has a Flight Plan change, it is with approval with Flight Plan change, it is with approval with ATC ATC

1818

Air Space ClassificationAir Space Classification

Definition, Airspace Definition, Airspace classification, ATS Route, classification, ATS Route,

altitude sectorizationaltitude sectorization

1919

AirspaceAirspace

2020

Airspace ClassificationAirspace Classification

2121

Airspace ClassificationAirspace Classification

1.1. Class A ; FL 180; for IFR,ATC Class A ; FL 180; for IFR,ATC Clearance before entry, Clear Clearance before entry, Clear Aircraft SeparationAircraft Separation

2.2. Class C : FL 125 for IFR & VFR, Class C : FL 125 for IFR & VFR, Clearance before Entry, Separation Clearance before Entry, Separation of VFR from IFRof VFR from IFR

3.3. Class D: FL8500 all airports Class D: FL8500 all airports airspaceairspace

2222

Indian Airspace & AirportsIndian Airspace & Airports

1.1. Airspace: 6.0 Million Sq.Km (approx)Airspace: 6.0 Million Sq.Km (approx)2.2. Division into 5 FIRs -Mumbai, Delhi, Division into 5 FIRs -Mumbai, Delhi,

Kolkata, Chennai & GuwahatiKolkata, Chennai & Guwahati3.3. Based on Radar Coverage: Based on Radar Coverage: Mono Pulse Mono Pulse

SSR & PSR (MSSR) installed at 12 strategic SSR & PSR (MSSR) installed at 12 strategic locations to ensure radar coverageto the locations to ensure radar coverageto the entire land area(Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, entire land area(Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Hyderabad,Mangalore,ThiruvananthapuraHyderabad,Mangalore,Thiruvananthapuram,Varanasi, Guwahati & Berhampur)m,Varanasi, Guwahati & Berhampur)

4.4. 67 Airports withVOR & DME67 Airports withVOR & DME

2323

Chennai AirportChennai Airport

12° 59' 40N 80° 10' 50E

Mag Var: 1.431W

52 ft AMSL

2424

RNAV and RNP – Vertical, RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral and longitudinal lateral and longitudinal

separations based on time separations based on time / distance/ distance

ATS routes and significant points – ATS routes and significant points – RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral

and longitudinal separations and longitudinal separations based on time / distancebased on time / distance

2525

SeparationSeparation

Non-Radar

Spacing Spacing vs. vs. SeparationSeparation

Spacing

Radar

RoutesRoutes are are SPACED SPACED e.g. e.g. spacingspacing between parallel routes =18 NM between parallel routes =18 NM

SEPARATIONSEPARATION refers to a refers to a minimum distance minimum distance (longitudinal / (longitudinal /

horizontal),horizontal), angular difference or time angular difference or time intervalinterval required required between aircraftbetween aircraft in a given in a given situation. situation.

2626

ATS Route & Route Designator-ATS Route & Route Designator-DefinitionsDefinitions

A specified route designed for channeling A specified route designed for channeling the flow of traffic for air traffic services. the flow of traffic for air traffic services.

ATS Route -defined by an ATS route ATS Route -defined by an ATS route designatordesignator

ATS Designator =ATS Designator =A.A. to & fro track from significant points to & fro track from significant points

(waypoints), (waypoints), B.B. distance between significant points, distance between significant points, C.C. reporting requirements and reporting requirements and D.D. lowest safe altitude.lowest safe altitude.

2727

ClassificationClassification

1.1. RNAV AND RNP Routes & loaded RNAV AND RNP Routes & loaded into the RNAV systeminto the RNAV system

2.2. PBN RNAV Routes where VOR/DME PBN RNAV Routes where VOR/DME define the ATS Routes-A, B, G, R define the ATS Routes-A, B, G, R routes=Regional networks of ATS routes=Regional networks of ATS routesroutes

3.3. L, M, N, P – Area navigation routes L, M, N, P – Area navigation routes (RNAV) (RNAV)

2828

RNAV RoutesRNAV Routes

1.1. 6 parallel one-way RNAV routes;6 parallel one-way RNAV routes;

2.2. Routes Crossing the 6 parallel one-Routes Crossing the 6 parallel one-way RNAV routes;way RNAV routes;

3.3. Routes Not Crossing the 6 parallels, Routes Not Crossing the 6 parallels, but crossing Class 2 Routebut crossing Class 2 Route

4.4. Routes Not Crossing either 6 Routes Not Crossing either 6 parallels or Class II routes.parallels or Class II routes.

2929

ATS Route from Chennai toATS Route from Chennai to New Delhi New Delhi

3030

Indian ATS RouteIndian ATS Route

ATS Space in the Bay of Bengal, ATS Space in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and part of the Indian Arabian Sea and part of the Indian Ocean=3.8 million sq Km Ocean=3.8 million sq Km

International Routes International Routes == 8989Domestic Routes Domestic Routes == 110110RNP 10 RoutesRNP 10 Routes = = 39 39

3131

Aircraft Separation & typesAircraft Separation & types

Aircraft separation- the concept of Aircraft separation- the concept of keeping an aircraft in a minimum keeping an aircraft in a minimum distance from another aircraft to distance from another aircraft to reduce the risk of aircraft colliding, reduce the risk of aircraft colliding, and to prevent accidents due to and to prevent accidents due to wake turbulence.wake turbulence.

2 Types as Vertical separation and 2 Types as Vertical separation and Horizontal Separation( lateral and Horizontal Separation( lateral and Longitudinal)Longitudinal)

3232

Separation LimitsSeparation Limits

1.1. Not Less than 1000’ when an altitude is Not Less than 1000’ when an altitude is 29,000 feet (8,800 m), 29,000 feet (8,800 m),

2.2. Not less than 2,000 feet (or 600 m), at an Not less than 2,000 feet (or 600 m), at an Altitude of of more than 29,000’ Altitude of of more than 29,000’

3.3. Horizontal separation-Lateral and LongitudinalHorizontal separation-Lateral and Longitudinal

3333

Vertical SeparationVertical Separation

3434

Vertical SeparationVertical Separation& RVSM& RVSM

• • Standard – 1000’ up to FL290Standard – 1000’ up to FL290– – 2000’ above FL2902000’ above FL290– – 5000’ above FL6005000’ above FL600RVSM as 1000’ when altitude above RVSM as 1000’ when altitude above

29,000’ and guided by Autopilot and 29,000’ and guided by Autopilot and with modern altimeter with modern altimeter

3535

Horizontal Separation between Horizontal Separation between AircraftsAircrafts

If any two aircraft separated by less than If any two aircraft separated by less than the vertical separation minimum, then the vertical separation minimum, then some form of horizontal separation exist. some form of horizontal separation exist.

Lateral separation minima are usually Lateral separation minima are usually based upon the position of the aircraft as based upon the position of the aircraft as derived visually, from dead reckoning or derived visually, from dead reckoning or internal navigation sources, or from radio internal navigation sources, or from radio navigation aids navigation aids

lateral separation be defined by the lateral separation be defined by the geography of pre-determined routes- geography of pre-determined routes- example North Atlantic Track system example North Atlantic Track system

3636

Longitudinal separationLongitudinal separation If two aircraft not laterally separated, tracks within If two aircraft not laterally separated, tracks within

45 degrees of each other (or the reciprocal), then 45 degrees of each other (or the reciprocal), then they are said to be some form of longitudinal they are said to be some form of longitudinal separation existingseparation existing

Longitudinal separation be based upon time or Longitudinal separation be based upon time or distance as measure by DME. distance as measure by DME.

Rule is the 15 minute rule: Rule is the 15 minute rule: No two aircraft following the same route must come No two aircraft following the same route must come

within 15 minutes flying time of each other. within 15 minutes flying time of each other. In areas with good navaid cover this reduces to 10 In areas with good navaid cover this reduces to 10

minutes; if the preceding aircraft is faster than the minutes; if the preceding aircraft is faster than the following one then this can be reduced further following one then this can be reduced further depending of the difference in speed.depending of the difference in speed.

Aircraft whose tracks bisect at more than 45 Aircraft whose tracks bisect at more than 45 degrees said to be crossing,.degrees said to be crossing,.

3737

Reduced Vertical Separation Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum-RVSMMinimum-RVSM

an important objective to improve an important objective to improve airspace capacity airspace capacity

RVSM enable the application of a 1,000-ft RVSM enable the application of a 1,000-ft Vertical Separation Minimum between Vertical Separation Minimum between duly-equipped aircraft in the FL 290 - FL duly-equipped aircraft in the FL 290 - FL 410 flight band410 flight band

RVSM increase capacity through the RVSM increase capacity through the introduction of these six additional flight introduction of these six additional flight levels, to reduce controller workload while levels, to reduce controller workload while maintaining, or even improving, current maintaining, or even improving, current levels of safetylevels of safety

3838

RVSM AirspaceRVSM Airspace

Airspace between FL 290 and FL 410, both Airspace between FL 290 and FL 410, both inclusive, in the following Flight inclusive, in the following Flight Information Regions (FIRs)/Upper Flight Information Regions (FIRs)/Upper Flight Information Regions (UIRs)Information Regions (UIRs)

RVSM from FL330 to FL410 in the Kolkata, RVSM from FL330 to FL410 in the Kolkata, Chennai Delhi and Mumbai FIRs, to allow Chennai Delhi and Mumbai FIRs, to allow domestic traffic that were not RVSM-domestic traffic that were not RVSM-approved to continue to operate at FL310 approved to continue to operate at FL310 and below.and below.

3939

Reduced Vertical Separation Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM)Minima (RVSM)

1000’ from FL290 to FL 4101000’ from FL290 to FL 410 First introduced over Oceanic AirspaceFirst introduced over Oceanic Airspace Introduced over Domestic US (and internationally) Introduced over Domestic US (and internationally)

onon 1/20/05 (DRVSM)1/20/05 (DRVSM) – – Cruise operation within D/RVSM airspace requiresCruise operation within D/RVSM airspace requires specific avionics (more accurate altimetry and specific avionics (more accurate altimetry and

collisioncollision avoidance system), plus pilot trainingavoidance system), plus pilot training – – ATC can grant exceptions to these requirements ATC can grant exceptions to these requirements

forfor transit through RVSM airspace totransit through RVSM airspace to

4040

4141

RNAV-advantagesRNAV-advantages

4242

RNAV-Required Navigation-RNAV-Required Navigation-advantagesadvantages

1.1. Aircraft precisely positioned on course by Aircraft precisely positioned on course by navigation system usingGPS technology navigation system usingGPS technology and flown by autopilot.and flown by autopilot.

2.2. Flight Management System computes Flight Management System computes constant descent glide path eliminating constant descent glide path eliminating “dive and drive”.“dive and drive”.

3.3. Glide path termination / DH allows pilot Glide path termination / DH allows pilot to continue to runway without “pushing to continue to runway without “pushing overover

4343

AdvantagesAdvantages

Increased ATC capacity-RVSMIncreased ATC capacity-RVSM will reduce will reduce controller workload. capacity of these simulated controller workload. capacity of these simulated sectors could increase by a significant sectors could increase by a significant percentage--almost 20%, approximately--as percentage--almost 20%, approximately--as compared to the Conventional Vertical Separation compared to the Conventional Vertical Separation Minima (CVSM)Minima (CVSM)

Optimum route profiles-AvailabilityOptimum route profiles-Availability of six of six additional flight levels in the busiest level band additional flight levels in the busiest level band will allow operators to plan for, operate at, or will allow operators to plan for, operate at, or closer to, the optimum vertical route profile for closer to, the optimum vertical route profile for each aircraft type.each aircraft type.

4444

Performance Based Performance Based NavigationNavigation

1.1. RNAV -Area Navigation-StandardRNAV -Area Navigation-Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)/Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)/Standard Terminal Arrivals (STARs); Routes, Global Terminal Arrivals (STARs); Routes, Global Positioning System (GPS) MinimumEnroute Positioning System (GPS) MinimumEnroute Altitudes (MEAs; Continuous Descent Altitudes (MEAs; Continuous Descent Arrival CDA)/Optimized ProfileDescent Arrival CDA)/Optimized ProfileDescent (OPD)(OPD)

2.2. RNP Required Navigation RNP Required Navigation Performance-Performance-Special Aircraft and Aircrew Special Aircraft and Aircrew Authorization Required(SAAAR) [will be Authorization Required(SAAAR) [will be changing to AR – Authorization Required]changing to AR – Authorization Required]

4545

4646

RNP-key elementsRNP-key elements

1.1. Highly accurate GPS navigation systemHighly accurate GPS navigation system

2.2. Procedures create path conformance Procedures create path conformance with high degree of accuracy and with high degree of accuracy and repeatabilityrepeatability

3.3. Curved flight paths (Radius to Fix Curved flight paths (Radius to Fix RFLegs)RFLegs)

4.4. Monitoring and alerting of navigation Monitoring and alerting of navigation performanceperformance

5.5. Guided Missed Approach for increased Guided Missed Approach for increased safety of flightsafety of flight

4747

Non Radar SeparationNon Radar Separation

Same Course &Same Course & Crossing CourseCrossing Course In areas of insufficient radar In areas of insufficient radar

coverage, ‘manual' separation rules coverage, ‘manual' separation rules apply for airport departures/arrivals apply for airport departures/arrivals and enroute flights.and enroute flights.

DME separation example: with slower DME separation example: with slower speed aircraft behind, use pilot speed aircraft behind, use pilot reported positions from DME reported positions from DME (Distance Measurement Equipment) (Distance Measurement Equipment) readingsreadings

4848

Minimum for Same Course Minimum for Same Course SeparationSeparation

4949

Minima for Crossing Course Minima for Crossing Course SeparationSeparation

5050

Enroute Radar Air separationEnroute Radar Air separation

Flights must be separated from other Flights must be separated from other sectors and Special Use Airspace.sectors and Special Use Airspace.

En route Stage A/DARC or Stage A/EDARC:En route Stage A/DARC or Stage A/EDARC: (a) Below Flight Level 600− 2 1/2 miles.(a) Below Flight Level 600− 2 1/2 miles. (b) Flight Level 600 and above− 5 miles.(b) Flight Level 600 and above− 5 miles. • • Military Operating AreasMilitary Operating Areas • • Prohibited AreaProhibited Area • • Restricted AreaRestricted Area • • Warning AreaWarning Area

5151

Cruising LevelsCruising Levels

Definition, take off, landing, Definition, take off, landing, cruising level assignment and cruising level assignment and

routesroutes

5252

Definition :CruiseDefinition :Cruise

Level portion of aircraft travel where flight Level portion of aircraft travel where flight is most fuel efficient, occurring between is most fuel efficient, occurring between ascent and descent phases and usually ascent and descent phases and usually the majority of a journey. the majority of a journey.

Cruising consists of heading (direction of Cruising consists of heading (direction of flight) changes only at a constant airspeed flight) changes only at a constant airspeed and altitude. and altitude.

It ends as the aircraft approaches the It ends as the aircraft approaches the destination where the descent phase of destination where the descent phase of flight commences in preparation for flight commences in preparation for landing. landing.

5353

Airbus 340 jet in CruiseAirbus 340 jet in Cruise

5454

Take offTake off

The phase of flight in which an The phase of flight in which an aircraft goes through a transition aircraft goes through a transition from moving along the ground from moving along the ground (taxiing to flying in the air, usually (taxiing to flying in the air, usually starting on a runwaystarting on a runway

Typical takeoff air speeds for jetliners Typical takeoff air speeds for jetliners are in the 130–155 knot range (150–are in the 130–155 knot range (150–180 mph, 240–285 km/h). 180 mph, 240–285 km/h).

5555

A380 at Take offA380 at Take off

5656

LandingLanding

last part of a flight, where a flying last part of a flight, where a flying aircraft, returning to the ground. aircraft, returning to the ground.

Landing occurs after descent Landing occurs after descent For landing, airspeed and the rate of For landing, airspeed and the rate of

descent are reduced for a gentle descent are reduced for a gentle touch down touch down

5757

Minimum Cruising LevelMinimum Cruising Level

5858

Cruising levels according to Cruising levels according to heading FL 280 to FL430heading FL 280 to FL430

Even level-FL 280, 300, 320, 340, Even level-FL 280, 300, 320, 340, 360,380,400,420 and track from 360,380,400,420 and track from 180* to 359*180* to 359*

Odd level-FL 290,310,330, 350, 370, Odd level-FL 290,310,330, 350, 370, 390, 410,430 and track from 000* to 390, 410,430 and track from 000* to 179*179*

5959

Minimum Flight AltitudeMinimum Flight Altitude

Definition,Definition,

6060

Minimum Flight AltitudeMinimum Flight Altitude

The lowest altitude at which aircraft may The lowest altitude at which aircraft may safely operate safely operate

An altitude allowing adequate vertical An altitude allowing adequate vertical clearance from nearby terrain and clearance from nearby terrain and manmade obstacles, and allowing proper manmade obstacles, and allowing proper navigational functions.navigational functions.

For Indian Cities, MFA=300m vertical For Indian Cities, MFA=300m vertical clearance above the highest obstacle on clearance above the highest obstacle on Performance Based Navigation Performance Based Navigation

6161

6262

Altitude SectorizationAltitude Sectorization

High Altitude Sectorization –Sector High Altitude Sectorization –Sector 35,AAA,FL24035,AAA,FL240

Low Altitude Sectorization-AAB,FL Low Altitude Sectorization-AAB,FL 230230

6363

Types of Routing-1.AirwaysTypes of Routing-1.Airways Airway-Airway routing occurs along pre-defined Airway-Airway routing occurs along pre-defined

pathways; Airways is thought of three-pathways; Airways is thought of three-dimensional highways for aircraft-dimensional highways for aircraft-

rules governing airway routing cover altitude, rules governing airway routing cover altitude, airspeed, and requirements for entering and airspeed, and requirements for entering and leaving the airway –leaving the airway –

Most airways are eight nautical miles (14 Most airways are eight nautical miles (14 kilometers) wide, and the airway flight levels kilometers) wide, and the airway flight levels keep aircraft separated by at least 500 vertical keep aircraft separated by at least 500 vertical feet from aircraft on the flight level above and feet from aircraft on the flight level above and belowbelow

Airways have names consisting of one or more Airways have names consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more digits (e.g., V484 letters followed by one or more digits (e.g., V484 or UA419). . or UA419). .

6464

Types of Routing-2.NavaidsTypes of Routing-2.Navaids

Navaid- routing occurs between Navaids (short Navaid- routing occurs between Navaids (short for Navigational Aidsfor Navigational Aids

Not always connected by airways. Not always connected by airways. Navaid routing typically only allowed in the Navaid routing typically only allowed in the

continental U.S.continental U.S. If a flight plan specified Navaid routing between If a flight plan specified Navaid routing between

two Navaids, which are connected via an airway, two Navaids, which are connected via an airway, the rules for that particular airway must be the rules for that particular airway must be followed as if the aircraft was flying Airway followed as if the aircraft was flying Airway routing between those two Navaids.routing between those two Navaids.

Allowable altitudes are covered in Flight Levels Allowable altitudes are covered in Flight Levels

6565

Types of Routing-3. DirectTypes of Routing-3. Direct

Direct routing occurs when one or both of Direct routing occurs when one or both of the route segment endpoints are at a the route segment endpoints are at a latitude/longitude not located at a Navaidlatitude/longitude not located at a Navaid

Some flight planning organizations specify Some flight planning organizations specify that checkpoints generated for a Direct that checkpoints generated for a Direct route be a limited distance apart, or route be a limited distance apart, or limited by time to fly between the limited by time to fly between the checkpoints checkpoints

(i.e. direct checkpoints could be farther (i.e. direct checkpoints could be farther apart for a fast aircraft than for a slow one apart for a fast aircraft than for a slow one

6666

Surveillance Systems (En Surveillance Systems (En Route)Route)

1.1. Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR) a long Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR) a long range radar system designed to provide a range radar system designed to provide a display of aircraft over large areas display of aircraft over large areas controlled by Air Route Traffic Control controlled by Air Route Traffic Control CentersCenters

2.2. Each ARSR site monitor aircraft flying Each ARSR site monitor aircraft flying within a200-mile radius of the antenna to within a200-mile radius of the antenna to 600miles600miles

3.3. ARSR antenna rotate at 5rpm providing ARSR antenna rotate at 5rpm providing sweeps at12 second intervalssweeps at12 second intervals

4.4. Data from multiple ARSR sites presented on Data from multiple ARSR sites presented on controller displays in a mosaic, providing controller displays in a mosaic, providing radar coverage over a large geographic arearadar coverage over a large geographic area

6767

Flight plans – position Flight plans – position reportreport

6868

Flight Plan-Scheduled flightsFlight Plan-Scheduled flights

Flight plan filed in printed form thru an Flight plan filed in printed form thru an electronic media with ATS authorities electronic media with ATS authorities acceptanceacceptance

Responsibility of the Operator to obtain Responsibility of the Operator to obtain briefing on MET,ATS,COMM for recordsbriefing on MET,ATS,COMM for records

Pilot in command shall be asked in Pilot in command shall be asked in person to ATS on special briefing reg person to ATS on special briefing reg weathercast facilities, safety of flight weathercast facilities, safety of flight etcetc

6969

Flight PlanFlight Plan

Documents filed by pilots or a Flight Documents filed by pilots or a Flight Dispatcher with the local Civil Aviation Dispatcher with the local Civil Aviation Authority prior to departure Authority prior to departure

Include basic information such as Include basic information such as departure and arrival points, estimated departure and arrival points, estimated time en route, alternate airports in case of time en route, alternate airports in case of bad weather, type of flight (VFR or IFR) bad weather, type of flight (VFR or IFR) pilot's name and number of people on pilot's name and number of people on board board

7070

Description of Flight Plan Description of Flight Plan BlocksBlocks

1.1. Aircraft identificationAircraft identification2.2. Flight rules and type of flightFlight rules and type of flight3.3. Number and type's) of aircraft and wake turbulence categoryNumber and type's) of aircraft and wake turbulence category4.4. EquipmentEquipment5.5. Departure aerodrome (see Note 1)Departure aerodrome (see Note 1)6.6. Estimated off-block time (see Note 2)Estimated off-block time (see Note 2)7.7. Cruising speed's)Cruising speed's)8.8. Cruising level's)Cruising level's)9.9. Route to be followedRoute to be followed10.10. Destination aerodrome and total estimated elapsed timeDestination aerodrome and total estimated elapsed time11.11. Alternate aerodrome's)Alternate aerodrome's)12.12. Fuel enduranceFuel endurance13.13. Total number of persons on boardTotal number of persons on board Emergency and survival equipmentEmergency and survival equipment

7171

7272

Flight Planning-Procedure before Flight Planning-Procedure before flightflight

1.1. Information reg the flight informed Information reg the flight informed by the Air Traffic Serviceby the Air Traffic Service

2.2. Flight Plan in accordance with ICAO Flight Plan in accordance with ICAO model flight planmodel flight plan

3.3. Flight plan to be submitted to the Flight plan to be submitted to the ATS before 60’ before departureATS before 60’ before departure

4.4. Flight plan transmitted to the ATS Flight plan transmitted to the ATS on the ground control frequencyon the ground control frequency

7373

ReportingReporting

1.1. Position ReportingPosition Reporting

2.2. Routine air reporting (met Routine air reporting (met reporting)reporting)

3.3. Special reportingSpecial reporting

4.4. Air Data Service ReportingAir Data Service Reporting

7474

Elements of position Elements of position reportingreporting

Aircraft IdentificationAircraft IdentificationAircraft positionAircraft positionTimeTimeFlight level or AltitudeFlight level or AltitudeNext position and time overNext position and time overEnsuing significant pointEnsuing significant point

7575

Position Reporting by PilotPosition Reporting by Pilot

1)1) Pilot shall report position after aircraft Pilot shall report position after aircraft passed on the ATC designated points to passed on the ATC designated points to ATS personATS person

2)2) Position reporting after every ½ hr and Position reporting after every ½ hr and then after every 1 hrthen after every 1 hr

3)3) Pilot shall report position of VHF RT in the Pilot shall report position of VHF RT in the assigned airspace, if not on the HF RT if assigned airspace, if not on the HF RT if outside the assigned airspaceoutside the assigned airspace

4)4) No position reporting reqd, if adequate No position reporting reqd, if adequate flight progress data available from Radarflight progress data available from Radar

7676

Information to the ATC by Pilot Information to the ATC by Pilot before crossing the established before crossing the established

RouteRoute1.1. Call Sign of the AircraftCall Sign of the Aircraft

2.2. Estimate time of crossing routeEstimate time of crossing route

3.3. Flight levelFlight level

4.4. Position of Crossing the route as Position of Crossing the route as referred to a GPS systemreferred to a GPS system

7777

Route Met ReportingRoute Met Reporting

1.1. Air temperatureAir temperature

2.2. Wind directionWind direction

3.3. Wind speedWind speed

4.4. TurbulenceTurbulence

5.5. Aircraft icingAircraft icing

6.6. HumidityHumidity

7878

ADS ReportingADS Reporting

Latitude, longitude, altitude, time of Latitude, longitude, altitude, time of flightflight

Ground vector (Track, rate of climb, Ground vector (Track, rate of climb, or descent, ground speed)or descent, ground speed)

Projected profileProjected profileMet informationMet informationChange in altitude or speedChange in altitude or speed

7979

QuestionsQuestions1.1. Explain about position reporting, met reporting and air Explain about position reporting, met reporting and air

data reporting by Pilotsdata reporting by Pilots2.2. What are the procedures for a take off flight for What are the procedures for a take off flight for

schedules unscheduled flightschedules unscheduled flight3.3. Distinguish between Radar and Non Radar separationDistinguish between Radar and Non Radar separation4.4. List out flight plan blocksList out flight plan blocks5.5. Define PBN and types of separation and their advantagesDefine PBN and types of separation and their advantages6.6. Explain about Vertical and Horizontal separation wrf to Explain about Vertical and Horizontal separation wrf to

RVSMRVSM7.7. Define Cruising, Reporting, MFL, LandingDefine Cruising, Reporting, MFL, Landing8.8. What is ACC and what are the services provided by ACCWhat is ACC and what are the services provided by ACC9.9. How Indian Airspace is divided and locate the positions How Indian Airspace is divided and locate the positions

of Radars for FIRof Radars for FIR10.10. What are the 3 types of routing by PilotsWhat are the 3 types of routing by Pilots