Unit 12The Age of Revolution

Age of Reason

Timeline Essential Questions

Scientific Revolution

The Enlightenment

Enlightened Writers

Enlightened Despots

Political Revolution

s

American

Latin American

French

Map

The Age of Revolution

I.Map of Political Revolutions

Russia

FranceGerma

ny

Mexico

British

colonies in Ameri

ca

Spanish

colonies in

America

Science

I. Timeline for the Age of Reason

Re

forma

tion

Politics

1550 1575 1600 1625 1650 1675 1700 1725 1750 1775 1800

Copernicus “develops”

the Heliocentric

Theory

Galileo proves the

Heliocentric Theory

Descartes uses” reason”

to guide thinking not

faith

Isaac Newton

develops natural

laws

John Locke Challenges

the Government

Montesquieu Government

power should be separated by

checks/balances

Voltaire poked “fun”

at the Government

Rousseau says that rule should be by the general

will(majority)

Political Revolution

II. The Scientific Revolution

• Scientific Revolution: A change in the way people looked for answers to life’s questions

Age of Reason: time when math and science were used to make

decisions (not faith) • Scientific Method: process of

experimentation and observation

Geocentric Theory:

• “Earth” centered universe

• Supported by the Church

Stop and Think!

• Partner A: Share with Partner B what the geocentric theory was?

• Partner B: Share with Partner A which important group supported the geocentric theory?

Heliocentric Theory:

• “Sun” centered universe

• Proven with a telescope to be true

• Against Church’s teachings

Stop and Think!

• Partner B: Share with Partner A what the heliocentric theory is.

• Partner A: Share with Partner B how the heliocentric theory is different from the geocentric theory.

• Everyone: Think about why the heliocentric theory was so controversial.

Great Scientists of the Scientific Revolution

Name What they did Effect on Society

Nicolaus Copernicus

Developed theory that the sun was the center of the universe (heliocentric theory)

Ideas rejected because he could not prove them

Galileo Galilei

Proved heliocentric theory with a telescope

Proved Church was wrong about something

Isaac Newton Explained why heliocentric theory worked (gravity and laws of motions)

Set up idea that there were “natural laws” in our world

Rene Descartes

Used math and science reasoning instead of faith to find answers

Introduced Age of ReasonUsed scientific method“I think therefore I am”

Stop and Think!

• Partner A: Share with Partner B one of the great scientists of the Scientific Revolution and why he is important?

• Partner B: Do the same

• Partner A: Go again

• Partner B: Share the last one

III. The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment: society became “enlightened” to the way the world really works (natural laws of science not divine belief) especially as applied to “political” ideas

Stop and Think!

Partner A: Share with Partner B what the Enlightenment was

Partner B: Share with Partner A who’s ideas this go against.

Enlightenment Writers and Thinkers:

Two Treatises of Government

Name Ideas

John Locke People have certain rightsGovernment is supposed to protect everyone’s rightsIf government fails to protect rights →people can overthrow the government

Baron de Montesquieu Separate powers of government:system of checks and balances will be created

Jean Jacques Rousseau Social Contract” People should create their own government and laws – but agree to follow them too!Majority rule

Voltaire Wrote plays, essays, poems criticized monarchies, Church, and nobilityWrote CandideInspired people to accept new enlightenment ideas

Stop and Think!

• Partner A: Share with Partner B one Enlightenment thinker and their important ideas

• Partner B: Share with Partner A a different Enlightenment thinker and their important ideas

• Partner A: Share a third

• Partner B: Share the fourth

Enlightened Despots

• Enlightened Despot: absolute monarch that used power for the good of people– Maria Theresa: (Austria) - Everyone should

pay taxes Nobles and Clergy too!- Education for all children

– Joseph II: (Austria – Maria’s son) Choose govt. officials on their talent – not who they were or who they knew

– Catherine the Great: (Russia) expanded Russia’s borders got a warm water port

Stop and Think!

• Partner A: Share with Partner B what an enlightened despot is

• Partner B: Share with Partner A one example of an enlightened despot and what they did

• Everyone: What impact did Enlightenment ideas have on Enlightened despots?

IV. Impact of the Enlightenment

• Common people became aware of new rights

• People began to consider revolution as an option to

change their

government

Political Revolutions:

• The 3 Political Revolutions we will study about here:

–American

–French–Latin American

V. American Revolution

• When: Late 1770’s

• Where: British colonies in America

• Goal: break away from British control

How the Enlightenment influenced the American Patriots:Americans were VERY influenced by

European Enlightenment writers

• The Declaration of Independence:

LOCKE: - all humans have political rights

- people have right to overthrow a bad

government

The U.S. Constitution:

• MONTESQUIEU: separation of powers

The U.S. Constitution

• ROUSSEAU: - “Social contract” between people and government

- “majority rule”

Impact the American Revolution had on other cultures:

• Inspired others to have their own revolutions

• The U.S. Constitution became model for other nations to follow and use

French Revolution…

• When: 1780s and 90s

• Where: France

• Goal: Citizens

wanted new

government to

protect them

Causes…

• Unfair Social Class System– Poorest people paid all taxes

– Wealthiest people enjoyed privileges

Stop and Think!

Partner A: Share with Partner B what the problem with the tax system is in France.

3rd Estate

Middle class (Bourgeoisie), Common workers, Peasants

98%

Paid all taxes

2nd Estate

Nobles

1.5%

1st Estate

Clergy.5%

Enjoyed all privileges

Stop and Think!

Partner B: Share with Partner A what is wrong with the social structure in France.

Causes…

• Economic Problems– Poor spending decisions by king and queen

and bad harvests caused starvation for the poor

Stop and Think!

Partner A: Share with Partner B how poor economic decisions help cause the people of France to revolt.

Causes…

• Enlightenment Ideas– Let common people realize they had a

choice about their government

Stop and Think!

Partner B: Share with Partner A how Enlightenment ideas helped cause the French Revolution.

Causes…

• American Revolution– Showed that it was possible to win a

revolution and change government.

Stop and Think!

Partner A: Share with Partner B how the American Revolution helped cause the French Revolution.

Causes Activity

• Each shoulder pair (Partner A and B) will create a poster

• The poster will visually explain the four main causes of the revolution

Social Structure/Tax Structure

Poor economic decisions

Enlightenment Ideas

The American Revolution

Important Concepts of the French Revolution

• Bastille

– French prison – stormed by French citizens

– Began French Revolution (July 14th, 1789 – Bastille Day!)

Concepts…

• Estates-General: Legislative body of France (like Parliament or Congress – they make laws).

Stop and Think!

• Partner A: Share with Partner B why the Estates-General was not fair.

Concepts…

• Declaration of the Rights of Man– Similar to American Declaration of

Independence– Stopped the privileges of the 1st and 2nd

Estates

Concepts…

• Radicals– Wanted great amounts of change– Often used violence (Jacobins)– Led by Maximillien Robespierre

Stop and Think!

• Partner A: Identify two groups that have used violence in the past or present to achieve their goal

• Partner B: Identify two other groups

Concepts…

• Reign of Terror– Began with

execution of

Louis XVI by

Maximillien

Robespierre– Tens of

thousands of

nobles killed

Concepts…

• The Directory– 5 man committee of “moderates” (not radicals)– Ran France after Reign of Terror– Was weak and inefficient

The poor people of France suffered unequal treatment under the rule of:

1. Peter the Great2. Akbar the Great

3. Phillip II4. Louis XIV

A primary cause of the French Revolution in 1789 was the

1.Rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte2. Actions of Prince Metternich3. Increasing dissatisfaction of

the Third Estate4. Execution of Louis XVI

Which of the following statements about France’s social structure is true?

1. The Third Estate was made up entirely of peasants2. The Second Estate was content with the social structure3. There was inequality among the three estates4. Most people belonged to the First Estate

The moderates who took control from the radical revolutionaries set

up a five-man

1. Monarchy2. Reign of Terror3. Directory4. Republic

What was a major cause of the French Revolution?

1. Economic success of mercantilism2. Failure of the Congress of Vienna3. Inequalities in the tax structure4. Continental System in Europe

Which group made up the vast majority of French society?

1. The clergy2. The First Estate3. The ancient regime4. The Third Estate

Which of the following contributed to France’s

financial crisis?

1. A drop in the gold supply2. An extended period of peace3. Peasant uprisings4. Bad harvests

In 1793 King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were

1. Returned to the throne2. Deported to England3. Saved from the mob by Lafayette4. Beheaded

This drawing illustrates conditions that contributed primarily to the beginning of the

1. Protestant Reformation 2. French Revolution 3. Napoleonic Wars 4. European Renaissance

During which revolution did these executions occur?

1. French 2. Russian2. Chinese 4. Cuban

Which statement is best supported by information found in this chart?

1. Clergy were spared from the Reign of Terror. 2. The Reign of Terror affected all classes equally. 3. The Reign of Terror crossed social and economic boundaries. 4. Peasants were the most frequent victims of the Reign of Terror.

VII. Revolutions in Latin America

• When: Early 1800’s

• Where: Spanish colonies in America

• Goal: break

away from

Spanish

control

Causes

Spanish control – Spanish govt. controlled too much Latin American life

• American and French Revolutions – showed it was possible to defeat a

European monarchy

During the early 1800s, which was a major influence on the struggles for political

independence in Latin America?

1. poor conditions in urban centers in Latin America 2. the American and French Revolutions 3. the desire of the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America to escape European control 4. demands by Latin American workers to own their own factories

The primary ideas that were the basis of the 19th-century independence movements in Latin America came

from the

1. Russian Revolution 2. French Revolution 3. Spanish monarchy 4. Reformation

The Enlightenment and the American Revolution were both major influences

on 19th-century uprisings in

1. Latin America 2. the Middle East 3. Vietnam 4. Japan

Simone Bolivar:

• great revolutionary

leader against

Spanish in Latin

America

In Latin America, both Símon Bólivar and José de San Martin were leaders

who

1. worked for independence 2. led Communist-inspired revolutions 3. attepted imperialistic expansion 4. advocated a return to traditional ways

The Latin American leaders Simón Bolívar, Miguel Hidalgo, and José de San Martin are most closely

associated with

1. independence movements 2. communist revolutions 3. economic expansion 4. educational reforms

Results of the Revolutions in Latin America

Spain gave up

colonies in Latin

America New nations

created

Which individual is most closely associated with the changes indicated on these maps?

1. Emiliano Zapata 2. Simón Bolívar 3. Porfirio Díaz 4. Pancho Villa

American Revolution French Revolution

Latin American Revolutions

VIII. Essential Questions

1. How did the Scientific Revolution help prepare the way for the Enlightenment?

• It proved that the R.C.Church could be wrong – what about divine right?

• it set up the Age of Reason• it established the existence of “natural

laws”

2. How did Europeans try to apply the ideas of the Scientific Revolution and the

Enlightenment to society?

• that natural laws applied to political rights as well

3. Why was the American Revolution an important turning point in global history?

• it applied Enlightenment ideas to a real event

• it was the first time a culture created a successful Republic in place of a Monarchy

• it inspired other people to have their own revolution

4. What changes in political thinking were brought about by the French Revolution?

• Old Ideas: Monarchies – absolutism – divine right

• New Ideas: Republics – democracy – people’s rights

5. Compare and contrast the short term and long term results of these political revolutions:

• American: – Short Term - broke away, got independence– Long Term - Successful – still used today

French:

• Short Term - overthrew King, got independence

• Long Term - not successful – monarchy came back

Latin American:

• Short Term - broke away, got independence

• Long Term - not successful – wealthy benefited but poor people still suffered

Poster!

• Create a poster for all of Unit 12• It must include the Scientific Revolution,

the Enlightenment, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and Latin American Revolutions

• It must include important ideas, people, inventions, etc.