What is Enlightenment Eighteenth Century Answers and Twentieth Century Questions
Enlightenment despots 17 th Century
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Transcript of Enlightenment despots 17 th Century
Enlightenment despots 17th Century
Mrs. Craig
Rise of the Romanovs
City states- Moscovy and Kiev Ivan III (the Great) Prince of
Moscovy- unites tribes surrounding Moscovy against tribute to the Khans
Marries last daughter of Orthodox Church patriarch
Succeeded by son Ivan IV
Rise of Romanovs
Ivan IV (the terrible) declares himself first Czar
Boyars= Russian nobility, always trying to gain power, can’t be trusted
Ivan believes son conspires with Boyars against him, tortures son to death
NO Heir– SO… Time of Troubles
Rise of Romanovs
Time of troubles- Boyars fight over who to be Czar—
Michael Romanov rises to power Starts 300 years of Romanov rule to
end with death of Nicholas II in 1918 after Russian Revolution
Rise of Romanovs
Peter the Great- westernize Russia– saw potential for Russia in European politics
Trip to Netherlands to learn ship building
Westernize Russian- cut beards, cut coat length to mimic short courts of Versailles
Rise of Romanovs
War with Finland Built St Petersburg- window to the
west- capital Mistrust of boyars- thought son had
conspired with boyars- tortured son to death
Succeeded by daughter- Elizabeth
Rise of Romanovs
Catherine the great- German princess marries Peter II –weak son of Elizabeth
Ambitious Orlov brothers– birth of son Paul Death of Peter II under suspicious
circumstances and Catherine remains as regent for 40 years
Rise of Romanovs
“Peter westernized Russia but Catherine made it great!!!”
Pugachev revolt More power to boyars-fuedalism Gained territory from Partition of
Poland and Ottoman wars over Black Sea
Gains warm ports for Russia(finally)
Rise of the Hohenzollerns
Hapsburgs vs Ottoman Empire Prussia will rise to absolutism! Elector of Brandenburg- 1618- little
ability to influence 30 years War Small principality on HRE
Rise of the Hohenzollerns
Frederick William 1640-1688 Great Elector Wanted to unify all Hohenzollern
lands Junkers- nobility and landowning
class Wanted standing army-- great taxes
levied-- army increase 10 fold.
Rise of the Hohenzollerns
Elector Frederick III 1688-1713 Focused on imitating Louis 14 Succeeded by Frederick William I
1713-1740 Absolute ruler but also reformer Infused military values throughout
Prussian society Loved his “blue boys”
Rise of the Hohenzollerns
Tall soldiers 6’ Brutal discipline Army and war chest create respect
from ohters Junkers become officer class Never went to war- never wanted to
put his “blue boys” in danger Succeeded by son Frederick II (the
great)
Enlightened despots-characteristics
Influenced by enlightenment philosophies Education reform Create bureaucracies Expand territory Judicial reform- reduce torture Anti-clerical- religious tolerance(?) Reduce serfdom AS LONG AS THESE REFORMS DID
NOT REDUCE THEIR OWN POWER!!!!
Catherine the Great (1726-1796)
Diderot and Voltaire invited to Russia- refused
To ensure the loyalty of boyars, did not interfere with feudalism
Felt Russia too big to rule other than an autocracy
Catherine’s enlightenment attempts
Codify laws- commission appointed- delegates from each class brought grievances
After 3 years- nothing accomplished Why?
Catherine’s enlightenment attempts
Education Reform- to organize public school
After 5 years- little impact Pugachev revolt scares Catherine
little attempts at reform afterward Reorganized Russia into 50
provinces(20 before) more power to boyars BUT more control to Catherine
Catherine’s enlightenment attempts
Charter of 1785- Boyars receive exemptions from military service, taxes and secures more power for boyars over their serfs and lands
Catherine is succeeded by Paul I- her son 1796-1801 and
Alexander I 1801-1825( this czar defeats Napoleon)
Frederick II (the great) 1740-1786 Prussia
Rebels against father Frederick William I
Influenced by enlightenment- wrote to Voltaire, condemned Machiavelli
Military cunning (ignored Pragmatic Sanction, Partition of Poland)
Junkers gain monopoly on military and civilian offices
Frederick’s enlightenment attempts
Improved Prussian agriculture- crop rotation, iron plow, but unsuccessful growing tobacco and coffee.
Stimulated growth of Prussian industry (mercantilism- not laissez- faire!)
Religious tolerance- invited expelled Jesuits, Muslims, Jews but discriminated against Jews (Fred was a deist!)
Frederick’s enlightenment attempts
Judicial reforms- “reduced” torture, set up system of appellate courts, bribes “pooled” and distributed to judges on merit.
Education reform– wanted peasants literate BUT only what they needed.
Austria- Maria Theresa 1740-1780
After the War of Austrian Succession, MT saw need for reform
Increase taxes-even on nobility Strengthened central government First steps to abolish feudalism Subjected RCC to heavy taxes,
confiscated church land, expelled Jesuits
Banned books of the Index+ Rousseau and Voltaire
Austria- Joseph II 1780-1790
Goals same as MT( mommy) but less cautious!!!
Bureaucracy and inflexibility his downfall- in 10 years wrote 10,000 laws and 6000 decrees
Merantilism- high tariffs and government supervision of economy
Joseph II – enlightenment attempts
Religion- fll tolerance- more control over RCC decreed “Josephism” he, not Pope, was head of Austrian church
Education- most successful reform, ¼ school age children attend school
New legal code- abolish capital punishment and MOST torture- equity under the law
Joseph II – enlightenment attempts
“Freed the Serfs”- abolish obligations to manorial lords also experimented with land tax- same rate for rich and poor.
Appointed commoners as well as nobility to serve in government
How successful was he???
Many revolted against Joseph’s reforms!!
Peasants---- resented meddling with RCC even though Joseph attempted to improve social and economic conditions
Nobility- against land tax- revoked after 1 month!
How successful was he???
TOO MUCH– TOO SOON– NO Caution!!!
Joseph worked himself to death– by governing too much and reigning too little
Succeeded by Leopold II younger brother (1790-1792) – he reversed all that Joseph had changed!!!
Partition of Poland
All three enlightened Despots partitioned Poland between them over 10 years. Catherine got the most territory- Austria and Prussia split the difference– without going to war– all three increased their territory!!