UNIT 12: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

STANDARD:

SSWH15 The student will be able to describe the impact of industrialization, the rise of nationalism, and the major characteristics of worldwide imperialism. a. Analyze the process and impact of industrialization in England, Germany, and Japan, movements for political reform, the writings of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, and urbanization and its effect on women.

What is the Industrial Revolution?

Era of rapid industrial development Practical application of knowledge gained

from Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Had a deeper understanding of the natural world Scientific advances were then applied in a practical

way Led to creation of new machines and businesses

Major developments in technology aimed at producing and moving goods Designed to meet needs of fast-growing population

Why did the Industrial Revolution Start in Great Britain?

Agricultural Revolution had already taken place there Small farms combined into more efficient, larger holdings

that were fenced off (enclosed). Tenant farmers moved to cities Farmers no longer needed permission from others to try

new methods. Seed drill – planted seeds in straight rows Horse-drawn hoe broke up soil before planting Crop rotation – produced more crops, less land

Increased production/less labor Iron plows replaced wooden More food at lower prices (people have money to buy

manufactured goods)

Why Britain? Had factors of production – land, labor, capital

Rich supply of natural resources, especially coal and iron ore, rivers for power and shipping routes (land)

Plenty of tools, machinery, equipment and inventory for production (capital), also money to invest (capital)

Large supply of labor Government policies toward trade

Free trade attitudes, encouraged development Not destroyed in Napoleonic Wars

(island/isolated)

First stepsTEXTILES- Originally a cottage industry

- Families made cloth in their homes (spinning and weaving)- Mechanization

- Loom for weaving cloth (1733 – John Kay/Flying shuttle)- Spinning Jenny (1760s – James Hargreaves) – 8 times the

thread of a spinning wheel.- Water power to drive the machines (Richard Arkwright) in

mill (1780s)- Water powered loom (1785 – Edmund Cartwright)

- One person could weave as much cloth as 200 hand loom operators.

- With each new idea, other ideas followed.

Effects Prices of cotton cloth fell Demand for cotton went up Led to invention of the cotton gin (Eli

Whitney) and more slave labor in the United States.

Steam Engines 1712 – first steam engine (Thomas

Newcomen) 1769 – improved steam engine (James

Watt) Factory to manufacture steam engines Steam became the driving force of

industrialization, no longer need to have water power to drive machines

Iron and Steel Henry Bessemer (British) and William

Kelly (American) each came up with way to make steel cheaply and efficiently – burning off the impurities of iron.

Steel – much stronger than iron

Electricity Developed in 1870’s

Brits worked with it in 1820’s/1830’s, developed a dynamo(electric generator)

Late 1800’s found ways to use as a power source Thomas Edison 1879

Improved light bulb Transmission systems developed in 1882,

put into use in NYC and London. Hydroelectric power Electric motors replaced steam power

Transportation With increased demand for cotton, coal

and iron - TRANSPORTATION became priority. 1804 first steam-powered locomotive 1814 steam locomotive that ran on rails By mid 1800s over 5,000 miles of track in

Britain. Railroads

Made shipping less expensive Expanded market for goods

Transportation Steamboats

Robert Fulton’s Clermont 1808 (American) 1830s first steamboat crossed the Atlantic

About half the time (17 days) Regular service across the Atlantic began

Ships built of iron and steel moved goods all over the world quickly and cheaply.

Transportation Automobiles – late 1800’s

Internal combustion engines (burned fuel in closed cylinder)

1893 first gas-powered auto in U.S. Airplanes – early 1900’s

Orville and Wilbur Wright 1903

Communication Samuel Morse – sent electric currents

through a wire, communicated with clicking sounds to represent letters. (telegraph) Stretched across continents and oceans

(1844)

Communication Alexander Graham Bell – telephone 1876 Guglielmo Marconi – wireless messages

1895

Germany Did not have a central government to aid in

industrial growth. Didn’t industrialize until the 1870’s (about 100 years

after Britain) Within a few decades – strongest industrial power in

Europe. German Customs House – got rid of trade barriers

between German states, opened up a wider market. Railway technology helped with transport of coal. Profited from the British experience – could learn

from their mistakes. (Don’t have to invent things.) Did invent dynamo to generate electricity.

Japan Isolated itself from outside ideas, lagged behind until after

contact with Matthew Perry (mid-1800’s) Perry’s steam-powered ships impressed Japan

Initially thought dragons were coming – saw the steam, didn’t know what it was.

Industrialized rapidly after 1868. Emperor Meiji realized how far behind Japan was, that times

had changed. (time of samurai and dragons had passed) Importing goods from U.S. and Britain Became aggressive about not importing, and producing own

goods. Borrowed European technology and learned from European

mistakes. Modernized military

Paid attention to Germany

United States Strong government Rich natural resources Rapidly increasing population Inventions that boosted agriculture

Cotton gin and mechanical reaper Canals and railroads

Steel and machinery industries boomed 1869 transcontinental railroad

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Social Impact of Industrial Revolution

Population of Europe and America exploded World population doubled from 1800 to 1850 Decline in death, wars and diseases People were well-fed and healthier Famine in Europe and America practically

disappeared.

Social Impact of Industrial Revolution

Factories for different industries opened all across Britain. New jobs/new labor system Workers on shifts, set hours, set duties Families went to work in factories (even

women and kids) Factories not safe Society changed due to population shift

Social Impact of Industrial Revolution

Emergence of industrial middle class Shift in power from agriculture to

manufacturing New, well-educated middle class People who built and managed the factories,

bought machines, predicted markets Bankers, merchants, lawyers, doctors,

engineers, professors and their families. Gain more and more social influence and

political power

Social Impact of Industrial Revolution

Emergence of working class Men, women and children who worked 12-16

hours a day in the factories, 6 days a week. Most unskilled and replaceable Very regulated lives – breaks at certain times,

leave only with permission, worked in bad conditions, fines for breaking rules, abuses (beatings)

Tenements – overcrowded rooms

Social Impact of Industrial Revolution

Middle and Working Classes poured into the cities. Cities became large, crowded, unclean, and

unsafe. 1800’s houses did not have running water, most

cities didn’t have sewers. Garbage in streets, smoke from factories in the

air 1870’s – iron pipes, flush toilets, running water,

public sewers, paved streets, street lights. Law enforcement – police officers Suburbs came with improved transportation

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Social Impact of Industrial Revolution

Public Education Industrialists wanted workers who could read

and write Education to improve life of children Lower class children attended only as

required, then went to work to help families. Elementary education common for women,

not much secondary education until late 1800’s.

Effect on Women’s Lives Took jobs in textile mills or factories Young women continued to work traditional

domestic service jobs. Hired as maids, cooks, and nannies by the new

middle class in cities Middle class women did not have to work

Stayed home, hired help Began speaking out for roles outside the home

Independence Late 1800s new jobs: nurses, secretaries,

telephone operators

NEW METHODS DIVISION OF LABOR INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS

Lowered costs Greater profits for owners

Eli Whitney (muskets) late 1700s Henry Ford (assembly line/cars) 1900s

NEW BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

Before industrialization, businesses were usually very small.

After, much larger – corporations.

ECONOMIC THEORIES Adam Smith

Founder of classical economics 2 natural laws govern economics/business

Law of supply and demand: prices and profits depend on amount of goods available and demand for those goods. Scarcity drives up prices.

Law of competition: as manufacturers compete with each other to sell products, they must reduce prices.

People should be free to engage in whatever business they chose.

ECONOMIC THEORIES Karl Marx

Published The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels in 1848. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the

history of class struggles.”- Capitalist get wealthier, workers get poorer,

eventually will seize power in socialist revolution. Believed economics was central to human life. Dreamed of revolution – workers of the world

unite. Theories inspired communist movements of the

1900s.

ECONOMIC THEORIES Capitalism: Free to do business

unrestricted by laws, regulations or government controls. You choose what you want to do, you make the profit.

Socialism: Governments own the means of production

and operate them for the benefit of all (rich or poor)

Do away with profit motive and competition, everyone share in the profit.

ECONOMIC THEORIES Communism

Government owns the means of production and controls all economic planning.

Democratic Socialism Socialism can develop gradually through

education and democratic reform of government. Elect socialist representatives, government would take over production peacefully. People keep partial control of economic planning through elections.

The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect2

Causes• Increased agricultural productivity• Growing population• New sources of energy, such as steam and coal• Growing demand for textiles and other mass-

produced goods• Improved technology• Available natural resources, labor, and money• Strong, stable governments that promoted

economic growthImmediate Effects• Rise of factories• Changes in transportation and

communication• Urbanization• New methods of production • Rise of urban working class• Growth of reform movements

Long-Term Effects• Growth of labor unions• Inexpensive new products• Spread of industrialization • Rise of big business• Expansion of public education• Expansion of middle class• Competition for world trade among industrialized nations • Progress in medical care