Unit 10: Animals - Blue Valley · PDF fileChapter 32 – An Introduction to Animal...

of 19

Name: ____________________ AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th

Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello

Unit 10: Animals

Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total)

Chapter 32 – An Introduction to Animal Diversity 1. Define the following terms:

a. Cleavage –

b. Blastula –

c. Gastrula –

d. Larva –

e. Metamorphosis – 2. Label the diagram below of early embryonic development.

3. What is believed to be the common ancestor of living animals? 4. What are two hypotheses for the Cambrian Explosion?

of 19

5. Define the following terms with regard to animal body plans.

a. Grade –

b. Body plan –

c. Radial symmetry –

d. Bilateral symmetry –

e. Dorsal –

f. Ventral –

g. Anterior –

h. Posterior –

i. Cephalization –

j. Germ layers –

k. Endoderm –

l. Ectoderm –

m. Archenteron –

n. Diploblastic –

o. Triploblastic –

p. Mesoderm –

q. Body cavity –

r. Coelom –

s. Pseudocoelomate –

t. Coelomate –

u. Acoelomate –

of 19

6. Color and label the following diagram.

7. Color and label the diagram below to compare and contrast the development of protostomes and deuterostomes.

8. What is the difference between determinate cleavage, radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage? 9. What are the 5 points of agreement on animal phylogeny?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

of 19

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint:

_____ 10. Study the two phylogenic trees above (Figures 32.10 & 32.11). What is their basic disagreement?

A. The tree on the left includes ctenophores and cnidarians in the same clade, while the tree on the right separates them into different clades.

B. The tree on the left indicates that sponges are the oldest animal group, while the tree on the right indicates that cnidarians are the oldest animal group.

C. The tree on the left divides the bilaterians into two clades based on modes of development, while the tree on the right divides the bilaterians into three clades based on molecular evidence.

D. The tree on the left indicates that all animals are descended from an ancient colonial flagellate, while the tree on the right indicates that only the eumetazoans are descended from a colonial flagellate.

Chapter 33 - Invertebrates

1. Use the diagram below to label the anatomy of a sponge.

of 19

2. Label the diagram below representing the life cycle of Obelia and answer the question below.

Question: What is the difference between a polyp and a medusa? 3. Label the diagram below of a planarian.

4. Describe the life cycle of the blood fluke. 5. List and describe the three main parts of a mollusk.

of 19

Using figure 33.2 and 33.3 on pages 638-641 and the information in the text, list the relative diversity, distinguishing characteristics and examples of each major invertebrate phylum.

Phylum Relative Diversity Characteristics Examples

6. Porifera

7. Cnidaria

8. Placozoa

9. Platyhelminthes

10. Rotifera

11. Mollusca

12. Brachiopoda

13. Annelida

14. Nematoda

15. Arthropoda

16. Tardigrada

17. Hemichordata

18. Echinodermata

19. Chordata

of 19

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 20. Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A. Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate B. Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present C. Cnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D. Platyhelminthes-flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate Chapter 34 - Vertebrates 1. What are the four characteristics of the Chordates? 2. Describe an example of an invertebrate chordate. 3. What characterizes the subphylum Vertebrata? 4. In the evolution of vertebrates, identify the significance of being tetrapod. 5. Identify the significance of the amniotic egg and the amniote.

of 19

Using Table 34.2 on page 672 as well as the information in the text, outline the key characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the Subphylum Vertebrata identified on the diagram. Include examples of organisms in each class. Exclude the subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata.

Divisions of Subphylum Vertebrata

Characteristics Examples

6. Myxini

7. Cephalospidomorphi

8. Chondrichthyes

9. Actinopterygii

10. Actinista

11. Dipnoi

12. Amphibia

13. Reptilia

14. Mammalia

of 19

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint:

_____ 15. According to this phylogenetic tree, the animals most closely related to mammals are _____. A. reptiles B. amphibians C. ray-finned fishes D. sharks, rays, and chimeras Chapter 41 - Animal Nutrition 1. Define the following types of animal feeding mechanisms and give an example of an animal that uses

each mechanism:

a. Suspension –

b. Substrate –

c. Fluid –

d. Bulk –

of 19

2. Complete the diagram below concerning animal homeostasis and blood sugar regulation.

3. How do hormones regulate appetite in humans? 4. Define the following terms:

a. Ingestion –

b. Digestion –

c. Enzymatic hydrolysis –

d. Absorption –

e. Elimination –

of 19

5. Contrast intracellular and extracellular digestion. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 6. What is different about a ruminant’s digestive system that allows it to survive on cellulose?

A. Ruminants produce large amounts of cellulase, the enzyme required for digesting cellulose. B. The stomachs of ruminants have unique grinding structures that function to break down plant

material. C. Ruminants feed their microbial symbionts and then obtain nourishment from the products of that

microbial fermentation. D. A ruminant’s intestine is much longer than most other animals, allowing more time for the digestion

and absorption of cellulose. Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What are the limits to diffusion as a means of transport for living organisms? Considering the rate of

diffusion, why is it essential for respiratory surfaces to maximize surface area? 2. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems. Be certain focus on advantages of each. 3. Contrast the vertebrate circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles and mammals/birds.

What is the advantage of double circulation? 4. Why is gas exchange essential to all living organisms?

of 19

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 5. Most of the oxygen in the blood that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs

to the body tissues ________.

A. by water B. by the trachea C. dissolved in blood plasma D. combined with hemoglobin Chapter 44 - Osmoregulation and Excretion

1. Define the following terms:

a. Osmoregulation -

b. Excretion -

c. Osmolarity -

2. What are the three forms that animals use to dispose of nitrogenous waste? 3. Use the diagram on the right to label and define filtration, reabsorption,

secretion and excretion – be very clear on their meanings.

a. Filtration -

b. Reabsorption -

c. Secretion –

d. Excretion -

of 19

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 4. Which of the following is the most accurate and comprehensive description of the function of

kidneys?

A. production of urine B. filtration of the blood C. the excretion of wastes D. the regulation of body fluid composition Chapter 45 - Hormones and the Endocrine System 1. What is a hormone? What are the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in

vertebrates? 2. What constitutes the endocrine system and what are its functions? What are endocrine glands? 3. Describe the mechanism of hormonal signaling for water-soluble hormones and for lipid-soluble

hormones. 4. What is special about the structure of growth hormone? Give examples of physiological responses to

overproduction and underproduction of growth hormone.

of 19

5. Label the diagram below to review basics of signal transduction pathways and answer the question that follows.

Question: How can one chemical signal molecule cause multiple effects? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 6. Which of the following is not an accurate statement? A. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. B. Hormones of the same chemical class always have the same function.

C. Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands. D. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system.

of 19

Chapter 48 - Nervous Systems 1. How does the organization of the nervous system of a _____ compare with the organization of the

nervous system of a ____?

a. Hydra … Insect –

b. Hydra … Flatworm –

c. Leech … Salamander – 2. What are the functions of the following?

a. Sensory Neurons – b. Interneurons -

c. Motor Neurons -

d. Effector Cells -

3. Label the diagram of neurons below and explain why myelin is important in nerve conduction.

Explanation:

of 19

4. Describe the following systems:

a. Central Nervous System -

b. Peripheral Nervous System -

c. Somatic Nervous System -

d. Autonomic Nervous System - 5. Label the diagram below concerning the generation of an action potential.

of 19

6. Label the diagram below demonstrating the conduction of the action potential.

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 7. An action potential is a A. a sudden reversal of the sodium-potassium pump. B. a sudden increase in speed by the sodium-potassium pump. C. a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane. D. a brief neutralization of the charges on sodium and potassium ions.

of 19

Chapter 49 – Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1. Describe a hydrostatic skeleton. 2. Contrast an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton. What function(s) does the skeleton fulfill for land animals? 3. Briefly describe how the muscular system interacts with the skeletal system to create movement. 4. Describe the structure of vertebrate muscle. In general, how does vertebrate muscle work? 5. Distinguish between smooth and cardiac muscle.

of 19

6. Label the following diagram to explain muscle contraction from the nerve all the way to the roles of actin and myosin.

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 7. Why is having a hydrostatic skeleton, rather than an internal skeleton, more advantageous to an

earthworm?

A. Actually, earthworms do not have a skeleton. B. Having a hydrostatic skeleton means that having muscles is not a requirement for movement. C. Having an internal skeleton would not allow the fine movements an earthworm uses when it

moves. D. Having a hydrostatic skeleton allows the earthworm to use peristaltic motion to move over the

substrate.

Unit 10: Animals - Blue Valley · PDF fileChapter 32 – An Introduction to Animal...

Documents

Transcript of Unit 10: Animals - Blue Valley · PDF fileChapter 32 – An Introduction to Animal...