Unit 1: Reproduction

Unit 1: Reproduction Chapter 5: Cell Growth and Reproduction OverviewIn this chapter you will learn: 1.) the importance of cell theory in developing a better understanding of cell biology. 2.) the importance and processes of cell division. 3.) how different organisms use various types of asexual reproduction for propagation. * Propagation means to produce offspring. For example, trees propagate themselves by scattering seeds. 4.) how to use a microscope and all of its functions.Ebola Virus

Tree Man

http://interestingstrangefacts.com/dede-koswara-tree-man/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmVseKdB6So Chinas Elephant Man

http://alveryscottkent.wordpress.com/2013/07/18/the-curiosity-of-chinas-elephant-man/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQpPeMGQv90 Importance of CellsCells make up every part of the human body: skin, hair, nails, blood and blood organs. Cells are the building blocks of life. Every living organism is made up of cells. During the 1800s scientists constructed what they have come to know as cell theory.Cell Theory is based upon three important principles. 1.) All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2.) The cell is the functional unit of life. 3.) All cells come from pre-existing cells.Two Main Types of CellsEukaryotic Cells need food in order to live. - animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cells no membrane around their nuclear material. - single celled organisms that can live on their own. - virus (cold, or flu)

When we talk about cells, just how big are we talking about? http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm http://www.brainpop.com/health/geneticsgrowthanddevelopment/cellspecialization/

http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/cells/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zufaN_aetZI&feature=related Taking a look at CellsThere are over 100 trillion cells that make up the human body that all started from a single fertilized egg.

Though we have many cells, they all dont look alike.

How do Cells Move?Outside the cell membrane, some cells have a flagellum, a whip-like tail that helps the cell move. Some cells have tiny hairs called, cilia, that either move the cell or the environment surrounding the cell. Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Cells: The Basic Unit of Life Animal Cell

Take a look at both cells. Make a list of the common features of the cells. Plant Cell

Common Features of Animal and Plant CellsCell Membrane MitochondrionNucleusCell membraneCytoplasm RibosomeEndoplasmic Reticulum Nucleolus Chromosome

Plant cells have three more structures than animal cellsCell wall - made up of cellulose it protects and supports the cellChloroplast - contains chlorophyll (green pigment) used in photosynthesisVacuole - stores water, food and waste products until they are needed. * A plant cells vacuole is much larger than an animal cells vacuole

Tour of a Plant Cellhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXbv95P3uhI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6N82No4Nz8 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. If you look inside cells, there are even smaller structures called organelles. The Job of Each Organelle* Organelle specific structure of a cell.

Cell Membrane: covers the entire cell and acts as a gate keeper. Outer layer of cell. Decides what gets into and out of the cell.

Nucleus: acts as a command or control center; directs all of the cells activities. It acts like a boss that hands out directions to the other cell parts.

Cell Structures Continued Cytoplasm: nutrients are absorbed, transported and processed. Floats around the cells and carries organelles.

Mitochondrion: oval shaped organelle that provides cells with energy. It breaks down food and releases energy.

Nucleolus: found inside the nucleus of some cells; involved in the making of proteins.

Continued .Endoplasmic reticulum: acts like a conveyor belt. It moves food, waste and water around the cell. Golgi apparatus: packs up and stores proteins until needed for use inside or outside the cell.

Lysosome: breaks down food, cell waste and worn out cell parts.

Continued .Chromosomes: thread like structures containing genetic information (DNA) Genes: genetic information that determines the specific characteristics of an individualRibosome: builds proteins. Centriole: small protein structure important to cell division (found only in animal cells)

How a cell is like a factoryhttp://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cellstructures

Cell Biology Videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zufaN_aetZI&feature=related

How cells relate to a Factoryhttp://www.sciencenetlinks.com/pdfs/cellsystem_actsheet.pdf 20 Little Known Facts About the Human Bodyhttp://www.teach-nology.com/worksheets/science/trivia/human/index.html Hidden Life of a Cellhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GZXRMG5i_w Cell Division What is Cell Division?Cell division is the process in which a cell, called a parent cell, divides into two or more cells called daughter cells.The division of a cell to make more cells. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.The 100 trillion cells in your body started off as a single, fertilized egg cell.This cell divided into two cells, then each of those two cells is divided into two cells, and so on.

Importance of Cell DivisionHealing and Tissue Repair - Healing and Tissue Repair are important functions of cell division. - The replacement of dead cells is also an important function of cell division.

*You dont go through life with the same cells that you had at birth. Every second millions of your body cells are injured or die.Healing of Skin

Skin Graft Healing of the Skinhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiqvFF7qpAc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OaqwYD4oQQ&feature=related GrowthCell division helps us to grow as the number of cells in our body increases.As the number of cells in an organism increases, so does the size of the organism. Growth of all living things depends on cell division.Human growth begins with the division of a fertilized egg cell.The relationship is very important between the surface area of the cell membrane and the volume of cytoplasm. As a cell grows, the volume of cytoplasm increases faster than the surface area of the cell.

Reproduction of OrganismsCell division is important because it keeps the life of organisms going. Unicellular organisms like bacteria can reproduce on their own.Multicellular organisms require cell division to reproduce. The Cell CycleCells alternate between stages of dividing and not dividing. The sequence of events from one division to another is called the cell cycle. The stage between cell division is called Interphase. Cell division involves the division of nuclear materials and the sharing of cytoplasm, which includes the organelles. 39http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html InterphaseDuring this stage, cells take in nutrients, such as sugars, and produces building materials such as proteins. These materials are used by the cell for energy, growth and repair of damaged parts. After a period of rapid growth, the cell prepares for division by duplicating its chromosomes within the nucleus.

Different Phases of Cell Division

http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html

http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/mitosis/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/MitosisFlash.html CytokinesisThe separation of the cytoplasm and its contents into equal parts. This process is called cytokinesis.Half of the cytoplasm, containing about half of the organelles, goes into each daughter cell. Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells. Differences in CytokinesisAnimal CellPlant CellThe cell membrane pinches together in the middle, separating the cytoplasm into equal parts and creating two new cells. A new cell wall forms along the middle, creating two new cells. InterphaseInterphase during this phase, the cell grows then prepares for cell division by duplicating its genetic material. Cell grows, DNA replicates, continues to prepare for cell division ( mitosis)

MitosisMitosis The process of dividing nuclear material.

During this process, duplicated chromosomes, copied during interphase, divide and move to opposite ends of the cell.

The nuclear division producing two daughter nuclei identical to the original nucleus.

Though mitosis is described in stages, the process of cell division is continuous.

MitosisThe process of dividing nuclear material.

During this process, duplicated chromosomes, copied during interphase, divide and move to opposite ends of the cell.

The Phases of Mitosis1. Interphase during this phase, the cell grows then prepares for cell division by duplicating its genetic material.

2. Prophase during this phase, the individual chromosome, now made up of two identical strands of genetic information, shorten and thicken. They become visible with the use of a light microscope. Spindle fibres also form.

3. Metaphase - during this stage, the double stranded chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Spindle is fully formed.

4. Anaphase during this stage, each chromosome splits. The two halves move to opposite poles of the cell. If this is done correctly, each daughter cell will have a complete set of genetic information. 4. Telophase in this stage the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and a nuclear membrane begins to form around each set. Cytokinesis begins. The cells cytoplasm divides into roughly two equal parts, and the two daughter cells are formed. 5. Interphase The daughters begin growth and duplication of genetic material. Cytokinesis Cell Division continues with the separation of the cytoplasm and its contents into 2 equal parts. This also means that the organelles are split up into 2 equal parts. 5.8 Reproduction and Cell DivisionOrganisms of all species reproduce. They may reproduce sexually or asexually.

Asexual Reproduction In asexual reproduction a single organism gives rise to offspring with identical genetic information. The cells of the human body, other than those found in male and female reproductive organs, reproduce asexually by mitosis. Sexual ReproductionIn sexual reproduction genetic information from two cells is combined to produce a new organism. Sexual reproduction occurs when two specialized sex cells unite to form a fertilized egg called a zygote. * Note: Some organisms use both methods of reproduction. Example: Bacteria able to exchange genetic information in a form a sexual reproduction. Most plants reproduce sexually, in the process that results in seeds.

Binary FissionIn binary fission, the organism splits directly into two equal sized offspring, each with a copy of the parents genetic material.

BuddingIn budding, the offspring begins as a small outgrowth from the parent. Eventually, the bud breaks off from the parent, becoming an organism on its own. Budding occurs in some single-cell organisms such as yeast. Hydra

FragmentationIn fragmentation, a new organism is formed from a part that breaks off from the parent. Many types of algae and some animal and plants can reproduce this way. If a starfish is cut through its central disk, each section will develop into a new starfish that contains identical genetic information.

Spore Formation In spore formation, the organism undergoes frequent cell division to produce many similar, identical cells called spores. The spores are usually housed within the parent cell. Many spores have a tough, resistant coating that allows them to survive after the parent cell dies. Example: Penicillium mould reproduces by forming spores. Each spore can develop into a mature organism. Vegetative ReproductionMany plants make use of vegetative reproduction by producing runners that can develop into another plant.

Example: Spider Plant and strawberriesA child frozen in timehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apoyqV1QRIk Fragmentationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5dOSyaKWTQ Binary Fissionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Th4v_Q1iHfY Spore Formationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t47BPcQ9krA

Asexual Reproductionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jk2RJm5RBEk Buddinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPAGISkO7E

Chapter 6: DNA The Genetic MaterialDNA is the genetic material found in the chromosomes of a cell. It contains all of the information that determines how cells function and respond to their environment. DNA is one of the very few molecules capable of duplicating itself. What makes Humans different from other organisms? A look at a human cell as it divided would show that humans have 46 chromosomes. A dog has 78 chromosomes and a mouse has 40. Something that is the same with all living beings, whether it is an eagle, mouse, toad, or fish is that all chromosomes are composed of the same chemical, deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. DNA provides the directions that guide the repair of worn cell parts and the construction of new ones. DNA describes how cells will respond to changes in their environment and to messages from other cells.

What does DNA look like?

What DNA is made up ofDNA is made up of a series of chemicals called nitrogen bases.These nitrogen bases are used like letters or characters in a code. DNA uses a four character code made up of the nitrogen bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine and guanine (G). The order that the bases appear in is the code.

The genetic code is arranged in what might be described as words three character sequences of the nitrogen bases and those words combine to form stories a complete description of a molecule that can be read by the cell and used as a blueprint to make that molecule.

What is a Gene?A gene is a long section of DNA that determines a characteristic. Your hair color, skin color, and nose length are just some of the things that genes do to make us all unique individuals. This genetic code of life is stored in the 6 billion nitrogen bases of DNA, arranged in about 100,000 genes on the 46 chromosomes. If a single DNA from a single cell were stretched into a line, its length would be greater than your height. DNA ReplicationRemember that before a cell divides, each strand of genetic information makes a duplicate. The DNA molecule can make perfect copies of itself in a process called DNA replication. DNA in HumansHumans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. One chromosome in each pair comes from your mother and the other comes from your father. The chromosome from each parent carries the same genes, so you have copies of each gene, but within each copy there may be small differences in the code. Example: All humans carry a set of genes that allows follicle cells in our scalp to build hair. One gene determines the structure of the hair. Curly, straight, etc. DNA Videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY

What are genes?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MQdXjRPHmQ DNA Videohttp://www.allaboutscience.org/dna-double-helix-video.htmhttp://video.google.ca/videosearch?hl=en&q=DNA%20Video&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv# 6.2 DNA, Mutations and CancerDNA floats in solutions that contain many chemicals that come from outside the cell and may be harmful. DNA may be exposed to radiation from the Sun or to viruses which can cause changes to the sequence of nitrogen bases. Changes in the genetic code are called MUTATIONS. Mutations of cells and DNA is what leads to cancer.

CancerCancer occurs when cell division goes out of control. Cancer cells can divide more quickly than they should. All cancers are caused by mutations in genes that regulate cell division. Any substance or energy that causes a mutation of the gene is called a carcinogen. Example: Ultraviolet radiation from the sun Cigarettes (cigarette smoke) Cancer CellsNormal cells in multicellular organisms cannot divide when isolated from one another. Cell to cell communication is essential for normal cell division. With cancer cells, they can divide in isolation. Human body has many different types of cells that each has a unique shape that carries out s specialized function. http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/html/testicular_cancer.html As the organism grows from a fertilized egg, different clumps of cells specialize, forming nerve cells, liver cells, or bones cells just to name a few. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells do not change shape and do not specialize as they mature. Because cancer cells do not carry out the regular functions of a normal cell they are inefficient. They use up the energy and resources of the other cells of the body to reproduce but do not do the same work as normal cells. Cancer CellsCancer cells do not specialize. ( ex. Liver cell) They do not do any of the work that a normal cell would do. They serve no purpose in our bodies. They use up the energy and resources of the other cells of the body to reproduce but do not do the same work as normal cells.TumoursRapid cell growth can result in a mass of cells called a Tumour. Harmless tumours are called BENIGN. These tumors remain in a confined area causing little damage to the organism. Dangerous tumours spawn cells that can break away and move to other areas of the body. These tumours are MALIGNANT.Cancer Cellshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LhQllh46yI Cloning the Tasmanian Tiger

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJL-_HutrsA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0yzqcIrCV0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMr862sv8OQ Videohttp://streamingdigitalmedia.com/brain_tumour/stream/gene_chiarello.asx

Cloning Cloning is a natural process, repeated daily in nature. The majority of organisms on earth produce exact duplicates of themselves by asexual reproduction. Cloning is the process of forming identical offspring from a single cell or tissue. How are frogs cloned? Extract the nucleus from an unfertilized egg cell by inserting a fine glass tube into the cytoplasm. The cell without the nucleus is called an enucleated cell. Next, a nucleus from a frog embryo is in early stages of development and extracted and then inserted into a enucleated cell. The egg cell with the transplanted nucleus begins to divide.As the cell divides the frogs grows and eventually becomes a full grown frog.

What are the pros and cons of cloning? What ethical issues relating to cloning can you think of? Imagine that farmers were able to easily clone any animal in their herd or flock. What might be the benefits for food production?Cloning Videoshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tbxN5uwaqA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdPXF448mjs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCro5zfc3uc http://www.guardian.co.uk/gall/0,,627251,00.html Celebrity Sheep Died at Age 6

Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA died Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, post examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation.

http://www.howstuffworks.com/cloning.htm Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction is common among multicellular organisms. In sexual reproduction genetic information from two cells is combined to form the genetic code for a new organism. In complex animals it involves two specialized sex cells, a sperm and an egg that combine to form a zygote. Copy down the concept map of reproduction on page 202. What is sexual reproduction? What is Conjugation? Give an example of where it is used?What is a Hermaphrodite? What type of species reproduce this way? What is meant by Separate Sexes as a way of reproduction?What is the Diploid chromosome number. What is the Haploid chromosome number. What are Aphids? What way do they reproduce? What are Somatic cells. Found on page 206.

Sexual reproduction produces new combinations of genes that may allow organisms to adapt better to a given environment. Offspring in sexual reproduction are not identical to each parent or usually not identical to each other. Questions to think about.How do the offspring produced by sexual reproduction resemble the original organisms? Why might the offspring of an organism that reproduces sexually might be able to adapt better to a new environment than offspring of an organism that reproduces asexually?ConjugationIn Conjugation, two cells come in contact with each other and exchange small pieces, but rarely all, of their genetic information.Bacteria who normally reproduce asexually through binary fission may also reproduce sexually through conjugation. If the genetic material that is exchanged includes genes that allow the bacteria to survive in a new environment, both of the cells will now be able to survive in the environment.Conjugation increases the diversity of bacteria species.HermaphroditesAn organism that can create both male and female sex cells is called a Hermaphrodite. Examples: tomato plants, sponges, and earthworms. They contain male sex cells that produce sperm and female sex organs that produce eggs. Hermaphrodites can reproduce with any other member of their species. Separate SexesMales are determined by their chromosomes, X and Y.X comes from the mother, Y comes from the father. Females have a pair of X chromosomes in each cell. External Fertilization is when sex cells unite outside the females body. For example, female fish release their egg cells, and the male releases the sperm.Internal fertilization - sperm meets the egg inside the body.AphidsOrganisms that survive by sucking juices from plants.If you look at the underside of new leaves or buds of a plant in the summer, more than likely you will see a mass of tiny green or brown organisms.Meiosis Meiosis is the process that forms sex cells. During meiosis the chromosome number is reduced in half. Example: A human cell containing 46 chromosomes undergoes meiosis to produce sex cells that have 23 chromosomes. 46 chromosome number is referred to as the diploid chromosome number. Written as 2n23 chromosome number is referred as the haploid chromosome number and is written as nOrganisms that reproduce sexually show a greater range in their characteristics than organisms that reproduce asexually. Because the male and female sex cells come from different individuals in most species, sexual reproduction ensures a recombination of genes. Chromosomes that are similar in shape, length and gene arrangement are called homologous chromosomes. Your appearance is determined by the way the genes from your homologous chromosomes interact. Stages of MeiosisCells that reproduce by normal cell division and mitosis are called Somatic cells.

Example: skin cells and muscle cells.

Reproduction cells produce sex cells that contain only half the number of chromosomes through the process of Meiosis.

Meiosis involves two cell divisions that produce four haploid cells. Do questions p. 197 # 1, 3 How do you clone animals. Describe the process.

Do questions p. 205 # 1 4

Do questions p. 207 # 1-5 Zygote Development Strategies for the Survival of Offpring

Spores - A spore is a reproductive body covered with a protective shell. If environmental conditions are not good for life, the organism may produce spores that enter a state of suspended animation. Once conditions are good, the spores germinate and enter into a growth phase.

Seeds A seed contains the plant embryo wrapped in a protective package that contains food. Seeds bring nutrients to their environment that help them get a head start on growth.

The Simple MicroscopeThe simple microscope has only one lens between the object and the eye.

Transmission Electron Microscope

Microscope

Compound Light MicroscopeAn important advance in the development of the microscope came when scientists added a second lens to the simple microscope. An image magnified 10x by the first lens and 10x by the second lens could be viewed as if it were 100x larger.

The Microscope A microscope is a tool used by scientists to make things appear larger than they really are. You can use a microscope to look very closely at things or to magnify things that are very small. You can see things many times larger than actual size. The power of a microscope is described with a number followed by the letter "x". For example, if through a microscope you can see something 25 times larger than actual size, its magnification power is 25x. With most microscopes you can change lenses to increase or decrease magnification power.

Transmission Electron Microscope Used in order to see very tiny viruses or the detail within a human cell.

Today, transmission electron microscopes are capable of 2 000 000x magnification.

Instead of light, the electron microscope uses beams of electrons.