Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction. 10.1 Cell Division & Mitosis.
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction. 10.1 Cell Division & Mitosis.
![Page 1: Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction. 10.1 Cell Division & Mitosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfdb1a28abf838cb05c7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 10
Cell Reproduction
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10.1 Cell Division & Mitosis
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A. The Cell Cycle
1. formation- growth & development- death
2. Individual cells have life cycles-cell cycle varies for different types of cells
-may take seconds to hours
-repair, growth, or replacement
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B. Mitosis
1. Process in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei
2. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus- they contain your hereditary information
3. Interphase- each chromosome duplicates, then tighten into thicker strands called chromatids
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C. Steps of Mitosis
1. Prophase- chromatid pairs are now visible
- spindle fibers are forming
2. Metaphase- chromatid pairs are lined up in the center of the cell
3. Anaphase- chromosomes have separated and pull toward the poles
4. Telophase- cytoplasm separates
- two new cells form
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Prophase Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase
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D. Results of Mitosis
1. Every cell in your body has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
2. Each cell has the same copy of DNA
3. All actors in a play have the same script, but each actor has it’s own lines
4. Each cell has a different job
5. Allows growth and replaces worn out or damaged cells
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E. Asexual Reproduction1. A new organism is produced from one
organism
2. Each has the same DNA
3. Examples:-strawberry runners
-bacteria (fission)
-hydra (budding)
-starfish (regeneration)
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10.2 Meiosis
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A. Sexual Reproduction
fertilizationMale Sex cell = sperm
23 chromo-somes
haploid
Female Sex cell = egg
23 chromo-somes
haploid
1st cell = Zygote23 pairsdiploid
Meiosis = division of sex cells-4 new sex cells are produced (4 eggs or 4 sperm)-Each new sex cell has 23 chromosomes (haploid)
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B. MeiosisMeiosis 1 Prophase 1
Metaphase 1Anaphase 1Telophase 1
Produces 2 new cells similar to Mitosis
These 2 new cells undergo division again
Meiosis 2 Prophase 2Metaphase 2Anaphase 2Telophase 2
Produces 4 new cells -4 egg or-4 sperm
Each cell now has 23 chromosomes (haploid)
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10.3 DNA
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A. General Information
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid Blueprint of life (instructions) 1st model made in 1953 by James Watson
and Francis Crick Looks like a twisted ladder (“double helix”)
Duplicates during interphase 1 ladder becomes 2 identical ladders
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Sides of ladder = sugar and phosphate
Steps of ladder = nitrogen bases
A = Adenine
T = Thymine
G= Guanine
C = Cytosine
Base-Pair Rule
A bonds with T
G bonds with C
B. Parts of the Ladder
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New strands
unzips
C. Making Copies
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D. RNA1. Ribonucleic Acid
2. DNA remains in the nucleus, but in order for it to get it’s instructions, it must send a message out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to make the correct proteins
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3 types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)-Carries the code that directs the order in which amino acids bond (train)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-protein factories
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)-brings amino acids to protein factories (match-maker)
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RNA is similar to DNA except for three things:
1. RNA has 1 strand instead of 2
2. RNA has Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T)
3. RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar
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DNA mRNA Protein
transcription translation
(Draw picture from the board)
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E. Genes
Genes are sections of DNA on a chromosome
Contain instructions for making specific proteins
Cells use only the genes that direct the making of proteins needed by that particular cell
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F. Mutations
1. Any permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome
2. Caused by:a) Outside factors called Mutagens
-X-rays, sunlight, chemicals, drugs
b) Incorrect copying of DNA on the ladders