Unit 1Unit 1Unit 1Unit 1

Reasons for European Reasons for European Migrations to the Migrations to the

Americas in the 17Americas in the 17cc

Reasons for European Reasons for European Migrations to the Migrations to the

Americas in the 17Americas in the 17cc

The French in North America

The Fur Trade• Champlain founded the

first successful French colony in North America, at Quebec, in 1608.

• The French in New France discovered that fur could be sold in Europe for great profit.

• Native Americans trapped the animals, then traded the fur to the French.

The Iroquois• The French presence in North America

led to an increase in warfare among Native Americans. The fur trade caused different Indian groups to fight over hunting territory.

• One group, the Iroquois, who were based in present-day New York State, were very successful at both war and trade.

• The Iroquois pushed rival Native American tribes out of their homelands, forcing them to migrate west of the Great Lakes.

Early English Colonization: Roanoke

There were several reasons why England decided it should establish a colony in the Americas:• Privateers wanted a base in the Americas from

which they could attack Spanish ships and cities.• They wanted to have supply stations set up in North

America for trading ships when the Northwest Passage was finally found.

• English merchants wanted new markets.• The Americas would be a good place to send those

who could not find housing or work in England.Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to start a colony on Roanoke Island, along the coast of present-day North Carolina, in 1585. It failed. A second attempt, made two years later, ended mysteriously.

Jamestown

•Jamestown, Virginia became the 1st successful English colony in 1607. •A joint-stock company (a company funded and run by a group of investors who share the company’s profits and losses) called the Virginia Company sponsored the colony and hoped to make money off of the products and raw materials there. •Many settlers came to Jamestown hoping to get rich and obtain land. But the colony nearly failed due to:

conflict with Native Americansunrealistic expectations of settlers not used to doing hard workpoor location—near a swamp with disease-carrying mosquitoesstarvationpoor leadership

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates

The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:

1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrantsimmigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%

Tobacco Saves?

• John Rolfe saved the colony when Native Americans showed him how to grow tobacco.

• The crop was a cash cow. • In order to attract more settlers to the colony to

help grow tobacco, VA developed the headright system. This system granted 50 acres of land to those who would settle in the colony.

• The population exploded!• But would the success of Jamestown have

been possible without the Native Americans?

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver.. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Why did tobacco prices decline so Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?precipitously?

IndentureIndentured d

ServitudeServitude

IndentureIndentured d

ServitudeServitude

HeadrightHeadrightSystemSystem

Indentured Contract, 1746Indentured Contract, 1746

Conflict with Native Americans

English Pattern of Conquest

The English pattern of conquest grew out of their experiences in taking over Ireland.

Because they met with such resistance in Ireland, they developed a harsh attitude toward conquered people.

They believed it best to remake any culture they conquered.

Native Americans React

In 1622, Native Americans led by Chief Powhatan attacked Jamestown, intending to wipe out the English.

The attempt failed, but 350 colonists (more than 25 percent of the population) and at least as many Native Americans were killed.

Native Americans tried again in 1644. This attempt also failed.

Powhatan

• Powhatan probably sawPowhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the to control other Indian tribes in the region. region.

• The Jamestown settlers would lively The Jamestown settlers would lively have starved if the Native Americans have starved if the Native Americans had not given them food and showed had not given them food and showed them how to grow crops. But what them how to grow crops. But what thanks did Powhatan get? thanks did Powhatan get?

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

Virginia’s Social Structure

Indentured Servants• Tobacco created the need for cheap labor.

1st indentured servants, then slaves. • Indentured servants were people who

could not afford to come to the colonies on their own.

• They agreed to work for a landowner for up to 7 years in exchange for the landowner paying for their trip.

• Once their 7 years was up, they became small landowners.

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude

Headright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage each person whose passage they paid.they paid.

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” [land, Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]£]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!their indentured contracts!

Bacon’s Rebellion

• As more indentured servants became free landowners, land became less available.

• So settlement pushed further west. • Thus, poor farmers in western VA had more

conflicts with Native Americans. • They got fed up with the governor of Jamestown

who they thought favored the rich and was not doing enough to help western Virginias protect their land.

• In 1676, this led a conflict called Bacon’s Rebellion.

Led 1,000 Virginians in a Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley

Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close Berkeley’s close relations with Indiansrelations with Indians..

Berkeley monopolized Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the the fur trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.

Berkley refused toBerkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernoGovernorr

William William BerkeleyBerkeley

Rebels attacked Indians, whether they Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.were friendly or not to whites.

Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.

They burned the capital.They burned the capital.

Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.

Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.

Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.and hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

•His uprising showed that colonists expected a government that served more than just the wealthy few.

•They wanted a govt where ordinary citizens had a voice.

•Upper class planters searched for laborers Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel less likely to rebel African SLAVES!!African SLAVES!!

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Slavery in VA• Slavery was a system in which people were “owned” like

property. • It became more essential to the colony’s economy after

diseases wiped out Native Americans and indentured servitude decreased.

• The 1st African American slaves arrived in Jamestown in 1619.

• Most VA slaves worked on tobacco plantations. Slavery established the plantation economy in the southern colonies.

• Plantations were huge farms owned by wealthy landowners who raised staple crops (crops that are in large demand and provide the bulk of a region’s income).

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

Goods Traded with AfricaGoods Traded with AfricaGoods Traded with AfricaGoods Traded with Africa

The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”

Virginia’s Govt• Due to the colonies’ distance from England, the British

adopted a policy of salutary neglect. In the early colonial period, England basically let the colonists govern themselves.

• The colonies established representative govts. While colonial governors appointed by the king were technically in charge, colonial legislatures formed by local residents had most of the power.

• In 1619, VA established the colonies’ 1st elected legislative body: the House of Burgesses.

• The Burgesses were selected directly by the people. • The House of Burgesses laid the foundation for the

ideas about representative government that would later influence the shape of American government.

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

Assessment

• Which of the following best describes Jamestown? – It was the 1st English colony in North

America. – The colony thrived most before tobacco

was discovered. – Colonists normally lived in peace with

Native Americans. – Slavery became less important after

Bacon’s Rebellion.

Assessment

• What were plantations and how did they help make slavery an important part of colonial culture?

Colonial Mosaic

• 1: New England Colonies

• 2: Middle Colonies

• 3: Southern (Chesapeake) Colonies

Colonial Mosaic

• What colonies were in this region?

• Reason for settlement.

• What type of colonies were they? (i.e. royal colony, proprietary, charter colonies).

• Culture & religion

• Economic activities

Sources

• Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY: Chappaqua, NY: powerpointpalooza.netpowerpointpalooza.net

• Pathways to the PresentPathways to the Present• Passing the Georgia U.S. Passing the Georgia U.S.

History EOCTHistory EOCT