Unisca framing
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Transcript of Unisca framing
![Page 1: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Framing the newsLecture at the UNISCA Summer Academy
Damian Trilling
[email protected]@damian0604
Afdeling CommunicatiewetenschapUniversiteit van Amsterdam
16-07-2013
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 2: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
1 What’s framing?Different examples. . .. . . and their communalities
2 Towards a definitionBeyond the transmission beltDefinitions, definitions, definitionsHow many news frames are there?
3 The process of framingHow do frames emerge?What communicators hope
4 CasesCase 1: Frame adoption on TwitterCase 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framingCase 3: Framing Immigration
5 Questions
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 3: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
What’s framing?
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 4: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
Edward Snowden
Traitorhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5Ft_crmhDw
Loser, Highschool dropout, louchefigure
Herohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmt9Y2T5_ow
Defender of 4th amendment, Teller ofthe Truth
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 5: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
Edward Snowden
Traitorhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5Ft_crmhDw
Loser, Highschool dropout, louchefigure
Herohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmt9Y2T5_ow
Defender of 4th amendment, Teller ofthe Truth
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 6: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
Edward Snowden
Traitorhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5Ft_crmhDw
Loser, Highschool dropout, louchefigure
Herohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmt9Y2T5_ow
Defender of 4th amendment, Teller ofthe Truth
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 7: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
Edward Snowden
Traitorhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5Ft_crmhDw
Loser, Highschool dropout, louchefigure
Herohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmt9Y2T5_ow
Defender of 4th amendment, Teller ofthe Truth
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 8: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
Abortus
Own choice
Murder
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 9: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
Abortus
Own choice Murder
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 10: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
What would you choose?600 people suffer from a serious illness:
Positive framing:Treatment A: saves 200 livesTreatment B: 33% chance ofsaving all 600 people, 66%chance of saving no one.
Negative framingTreatment A: 400 People will dieTreatment B: 33% chance thatno people will die, 66% chancethat all will die.
Treatment A was chosen by 72% of participants when it was presented withpositive framing (“saves 200 lives”) dropping to only 22% when the samechoice was presented with negative framing (“400 people will die”).
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The Framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. doi:10.1126/science.7455683.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 11: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
What would you choose?600 people suffer from a serious illness:
Positive framing:Treatment A: saves 200 livesTreatment B: 33% chance ofsaving all 600 people, 66%chance of saving no one.
Negative framingTreatment A: 400 People will dieTreatment B: 33% chance thatno people will die, 66% chancethat all will die.
Treatment A was chosen by 72% of participants when it was presented withpositive framing (“saves 200 lives”) dropping to only 22% when the samechoice was presented with negative framing (“400 people will die”).
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The Framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. doi:10.1126/science.7455683.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 12: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
What would you choose?600 people suffer from a serious illness:
Positive framing:Treatment A: saves 200 livesTreatment B: 33% chance ofsaving all 600 people, 66%chance of saving no one.
Negative framingTreatment A: 400 People will dieTreatment B: 33% chance thatno people will die, 66% chancethat all will die.
Treatment A was chosen by 72% of participants when it was presented withpositive framing (“saves 200 lives”) dropping to only 22% when the samechoice was presented with negative framing (“400 people will die”).
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The Framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. doi:10.1126/science.7455683.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 13: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Different examples. . .
What would you choose?600 people suffer from a serious illness:
Positive framing:Treatment A: saves 200 livesTreatment B: 33% chance ofsaving all 600 people, 66%chance of saving no one.
Negative framingTreatment A: 400 People will dieTreatment B: 33% chance thatno people will die, 66% chancethat all will die.
Treatment A was chosen by 72% of participants when it was presented withpositive framing (“saves 200 lives”) dropping to only 22% when the samechoice was presented with negative framing (“400 people will die”).
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The Framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. doi:10.1126/science.7455683.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 14: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
. . . and their communalities
What do we see?
It is . . .
• not (primarily) about contesting facts• but about highlighting certain aspects. . .• . . . and neglecting others
⇒ The topic is framed in a different way
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 15: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
. . . and their communalities
What do we see?
It is . . .
• not (primarily) about contesting facts
• but about highlighting certain aspects. . .• . . . and neglecting others
⇒ The topic is framed in a different way
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 16: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
. . . and their communalities
What do we see?
It is . . .
• not (primarily) about contesting facts• but about highlighting certain aspects. . .
• . . . and neglecting others
⇒ The topic is framed in a different way
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 17: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
. . . and their communalities
What do we see?
It is . . .
• not (primarily) about contesting facts• but about highlighting certain aspects. . .• . . . and neglecting others
⇒ The topic is framed in a different way
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 18: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
. . . and their communalities
What do we see?
It is . . .
• not (primarily) about contesting facts• but about highlighting certain aspects. . .• . . . and neglecting others
⇒ The topic is framed in a different way
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 19: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
. . . and their communalities
What do we see?
In these examples, the case was framed as
• treason vs. heroic whistle-blowing• murder vs. self-determination• gains vs. losses
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 20: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
. . . and their communalities
What do we see?
In these examples, the case was framed as
• treason vs. heroic whistle-blowing
• murder vs. self-determination• gains vs. losses
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 21: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
. . . and their communalities
What do we see?
In these examples, the case was framed as
• treason vs. heroic whistle-blowing• murder vs. self-determination
• gains vs. losses
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 22: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
. . . and their communalities
What do we see?
In these examples, the case was framed as
• treason vs. heroic whistle-blowing• murder vs. self-determination• gains vs. losses
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 23: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Towards a definition
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 24: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Beyond the transmission belt
Beyond the transmission belt
“Old” models of masscommunicationsaw mass communication as atransmission belt or a hypodermicneedle: messages would influencethe innocent public, everyone inlargely the same way
“Newer” models of masscommuncationfocus on the circumstances underwhich messages have some(intendend or unintended) effects
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 25: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Beyond the transmission belt
Beyond the transmission belt
“Old” models of masscommunicationsaw mass communication as atransmission belt or a hypodermicneedle: messages would influencethe innocent public, everyone inlargely the same way
“Newer” models of masscommuncationfocus on the circumstances underwhich messages have some(intendend or unintended) effects
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 26: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitionsWhat are frames?
• “patterns of interpretation through which people classifyinformation in order to handle it efficiently” (Scheufele, 2004)
• “[. . . ] framing is concerned with how events, issues, or socialactors are organized in communicative messages and thethinking of individuals” (Strömbäck & Van Aelst, 2010)
• “an emphasis in salience of different aspects of a topic” (DeVreese, 2005)
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information design journal+ document design,13(1), 51-62.Scheufele, B. (2004). Framing-effects approach: A theoretical and methodological critique. Communications,29(4), 401–428. doi:10.1515/comm.2004.29.4.401Strömbäck, J. & Van Aelst, P. (2010). Exploring some antecedents of the media’s framing of election news: Acomparison of Swedish and Belgian election news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 41-59.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 27: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitionsWhat are frames?
• “patterns of interpretation through which people classifyinformation in order to handle it efficiently” (Scheufele, 2004)
• “[. . . ] framing is concerned with how events, issues, or socialactors are organized in communicative messages and thethinking of individuals” (Strömbäck & Van Aelst, 2010)
• “an emphasis in salience of different aspects of a topic” (DeVreese, 2005)
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information design journal+ document design,13(1), 51-62.Scheufele, B. (2004). Framing-effects approach: A theoretical and methodological critique. Communications,29(4), 401–428. doi:10.1515/comm.2004.29.4.401Strömbäck, J. & Van Aelst, P. (2010). Exploring some antecedents of the media’s framing of election news: Acomparison of Swedish and Belgian election news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 41-59.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 28: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitionsWhat are frames?
• “patterns of interpretation through which people classifyinformation in order to handle it efficiently” (Scheufele, 2004)
• “[. . . ] framing is concerned with how events, issues, or socialactors are organized in communicative messages and thethinking of individuals” (Strömbäck & Van Aelst, 2010)
• “an emphasis in salience of different aspects of a topic” (DeVreese, 2005)
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information design journal+ document design,13(1), 51-62.Scheufele, B. (2004). Framing-effects approach: A theoretical and methodological critique. Communications,29(4), 401–428. doi:10.1515/comm.2004.29.4.401Strömbäck, J. & Van Aelst, P. (2010). Exploring some antecedents of the media’s framing of election news: Acomparison of Swedish and Belgian election news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 41-59.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 29: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitionsWhat are frames?
• “patterns of interpretation through which people classifyinformation in order to handle it efficiently” (Scheufele, 2004)
• “[. . . ] framing is concerned with how events, issues, or socialactors are organized in communicative messages and thethinking of individuals” (Strömbäck & Van Aelst, 2010)
• “an emphasis in salience of different aspects of a topic” (DeVreese, 2005)
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information design journal+ document design,13(1), 51-62.Scheufele, B. (2004). Framing-effects approach: A theoretical and methodological critique. Communications,29(4), 401–428. doi:10.1515/comm.2004.29.4.401Strömbäck, J. & Van Aelst, P. (2010). Exploring some antecedents of the media’s framing of election news: Acomparison of Swedish and Belgian election news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 41-59.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 30: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Entman’s definitionFraming is
• “to select some aspects of a perceived reality• and make them more salient in a communicating text• in such a way as to promote a particular
1 problem definition,2 causal interpretation,3 moral evaluation,4 and/or treatment recommendation
for item described”
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4),51-58.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 31: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Entman’s definitionFraming is
• “to select some aspects of a perceived reality
• and make them more salient in a communicating text• in such a way as to promote a particular
1 problem definition,2 causal interpretation,3 moral evaluation,4 and/or treatment recommendation
for item described”
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4),51-58.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 32: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Entman’s definitionFraming is
• “to select some aspects of a perceived reality• and make them more salient in a communicating text
• in such a way as to promote a particular
1 problem definition,2 causal interpretation,3 moral evaluation,4 and/or treatment recommendation
for item described”
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4),51-58.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 33: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Entman’s definitionFraming is
• “to select some aspects of a perceived reality• and make them more salient in a communicating text• in such a way as to promote a particular
1 problem definition,2 causal interpretation,3 moral evaluation,4 and/or treatment recommendation
for item described”
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4),51-58.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 34: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Entman’s definitionFraming is
• “to select some aspects of a perceived reality• and make them more salient in a communicating text• in such a way as to promote a particular
1 problem definition,
2 causal interpretation,3 moral evaluation,4 and/or treatment recommendation
for item described”
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4),51-58.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 35: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Entman’s definitionFraming is
• “to select some aspects of a perceived reality• and make them more salient in a communicating text• in such a way as to promote a particular
1 problem definition,2 causal interpretation,
3 moral evaluation,4 and/or treatment recommendation
for item described”
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4),51-58.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 36: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Entman’s definitionFraming is
• “to select some aspects of a perceived reality• and make them more salient in a communicating text• in such a way as to promote a particular
1 problem definition,2 causal interpretation,3 moral evaluation,
4 and/or treatment recommendationfor item described”
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4),51-58.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 37: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Entman’s definitionFraming is
• “to select some aspects of a perceived reality• and make them more salient in a communicating text• in such a way as to promote a particular
1 problem definition,2 causal interpretation,3 moral evaluation,4 and/or treatment recommendation
for item described”
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4),51-58.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 38: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Definitions, definitions, definitions
Entman’s definitionFraming is
• “to select some aspects of a perceived reality• and make them more salient in a communicating text• in such a way as to promote a particular
1 problem definition,2 causal interpretation,3 moral evaluation,4 and/or treatment recommendation
for item described”
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4),51-58.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 39: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
How many news frames are there?
How many news frames are there?
Semetko & Valkenburg (2000)Five dominant news frames:
1 conflict frames2 human interest frames3 morality frames4 attribution of responsibility frames5 economic consequences frames
Semetko, H.A., & Valkenburg, P.M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and televisionnews. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93-109. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 40: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
How many news frames are there?
How many news frames are there?
Matthes & Kohring (2008)Limitations of the deductive approach:
• inflexible• not possible to identify new emerging frames
⇒ Frames as clusters of frame elements (→ Entman’s definition)Example: Framing of biotechnology in the NYT: economicprospect frame, genetic identity frame, research benefit frame.
Matthes, J., & Kohring, M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability andvalidity. Journal of Communication, 58(2), 258-279. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00384.x
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 41: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
How many news frames are there?
How many news frames are there?
Matthes & Kohring (2008)Limitations of the deductive approach:
• inflexible• not possible to identify new emerging frames
⇒ Frames as clusters of frame elements (→ Entman’s definition)
Example: Framing of biotechnology in the NYT: economicprospect frame, genetic identity frame, research benefit frame.
Matthes, J., & Kohring, M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability andvalidity. Journal of Communication, 58(2), 258-279. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00384.x
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 42: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
How many news frames are there?
How many news frames are there?
Matthes & Kohring (2008)Limitations of the deductive approach:
• inflexible• not possible to identify new emerging frames
⇒ Frames as clusters of frame elements (→ Entman’s definition)Example: Framing of biotechnology in the NYT: economicprospect frame, genetic identity frame, research benefit frame.
Matthes, J., & Kohring, M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability andvalidity. Journal of Communication, 58(2), 258-279. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00384.x
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
The process of framing
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
How do frames emerge?
How do frames emerge?
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
How do frames emerge?
How do frames emerge?
Frame building“the question of how frames get established in societal discourseand how different frames compete for adoption by societal elitesand journalists” (Tewksbury & Scheufele, 2009)
Tewksbury, D., & Scheufele, D.A. (2009). News framing theory and research. In J. Bryant & M.B. Oliver (Eds.),Media effects. Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 17– 33). New York, NY: Routledge.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
How do frames emerge?
How do frames emerge?The strategic framing by spin doctors
• In professional campaigning, deliberate framing wasintroduced in the understanding that “the effort of themessages was not a function of content differences but ofdifferences in the modes of presentation” (Scheufele & Tewksbury,2007, p. 9)
• Frames as “social stereotypes”: political actors have toaddress the media or the audience corresponding to the“structured set of cognitions, emotions, and evaluations at theindividual level” (Nelson, 2011, p. 195)
Nelson, T. E. (2011). Issue framing. In J. Lawrence & R. Y. Shapiro (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Americanpublic opinion and the media (pp. 188–203). Oxford Handbooks Online.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545636.001.0001Scheufele, D.A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The evolution of three mediaeffects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00326.x
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
How do frames emerge?
How do frames emerge?
What influences journalists’ frame choices?
• Individual journalist’s influences: ideological background,social values and norms, . . .
• Organizational routines of the medium: type of medium,political orentation, culture, processes, . . .
• External influences: market forces, pressure by political actors,elite groups, . . .
Scheufele, D.A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49, 101–120.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
What communicators hope
What communicators hope
A PR guy’s dreampolitician’s/organization’s frame ⇒ journalist’s frame ⇒ public’sframe
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Cases
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 1: Frame adoption on Twitter
Case 1: Frames in US presidential candidate debate
Schulze, H., & Trilling, D. (2013, February). Of binders and bayonets: Measuring the adoption of frames from theUS Presidential Debates on Twitter. Paper presented at the Etmaal van de Communicatiewetenschap, Rotterdam.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 1: Frame adoption on Twitter
Case 1: Frames in US presidential candidate debate
Schulze, H., & Trilling, D. (2013, February). Of binders and bayonets: Measuring the adoption of frames from theUS Presidential Debates on Twitter. Paper presented at the Etmaal van de Communicatiewetenschap, Rotterdam.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 1: Frame adoption on Twitter
Case 1: Frame adoption
What can we learn?
• Actors are not always succesfull in setting a frame• Some frames are “sexier” than others• If a frame is adopted, it is more likely to be accepted thanrejected
⇒ Try to establish your own frame rather than challengeyour competitor’s frame!
Schulze, H., & Trilling, D. (2013, February). Of binders and bayonets: Measuring the adoption of frames from theUS Presidential Debates on Twitter. Paper presented at the Etmaal van de Communicatiewetenschap, Rotterdam.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Dominant frames in political news coveragePolitics can – broadly spoken – be framed in two ways:
• as a game: who is winning? who has the better strategy? ...• substantially: what are the arguments? what is the bestsolution?
The first is obviously more fun. . .. . . but is it the best solution for political actors and for democracy?
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 54: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Dominant frames in political news coveragePolitics can – broadly spoken – be framed in two ways:
• as a game: who is winning? who has the better strategy? ...• substantially: what are the arguments? what is the bestsolution?
The first is obviously more fun. . .
. . . but is it the best solution for political actors and for democracy?
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 55: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Dominant frames in political news coveragePolitics can – broadly spoken – be framed in two ways:
• as a game: who is winning? who has the better strategy? ...• substantially: what are the arguments? what is the bestsolution?
The first is obviously more fun. . .. . . but is it the best solution
for political actors and for democracy?
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 56: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Dominant frames in political news coveragePolitics can – broadly spoken – be framed in two ways:
• as a game: who is winning? who has the better strategy? ...• substantially: what are the arguments? what is the bestsolution?
The first is obviously more fun. . .. . . but is it the best solution for political actors
and for democracy?
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 57: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Dominant frames in political news coveragePolitics can – broadly spoken – be framed in two ways:
• as a game: who is winning? who has the better strategy? ...• substantially: what are the arguments? what is the bestsolution?
The first is obviously more fun. . .. . . but is it the best solution for political actors and for democracy?
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 58: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Horse-race framing in US media in 2010
http://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/frame_coverageFraming the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
In Europe, strategic frames (as opposed to issue frames) arepresent in between a third and half of the election coverage.
Strömbäck, J. & Van Aelst, P. (2010). Exploring some antecedents of the media’s framing of election news: Acomparison of Swedish and Belgian election news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 41-59.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
In Europe, strategic frames (as opposed to issue frames) arepresent in between a third and half of the election coverage.
Strömbäck, J. & Van Aelst, P. (2010). Exploring some antecedents of the media’s framing of election news: Acomparison of Swedish and Belgian election news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 41-59.
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Is this bad news?
Maybe.
Strategic news frames can (in some cases) increase cynicismBut: One can also think of positive outcomes: For example,conflict framing might aid recallAnd also, certain frames might help motivate people to participate
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). The Spiral of Cynicism Reconsidered. European Journal of Communication, 20(3),283–301. doi:10.1177/0267323105055259Valkenburg, P.M., Semetko, H.A., & De Vreese, C.H. (1999). The effects of news frames on readers’ thoughts andrecall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550-569. doi:10.1177/009365099026005002
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 62: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Is this bad news?
Maybe.
Strategic news frames can (in some cases) increase cynicismBut: One can also think of positive outcomes: For example,conflict framing might aid recallAnd also, certain frames might help motivate people to participate
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). The Spiral of Cynicism Reconsidered. European Journal of Communication, 20(3),283–301. doi:10.1177/0267323105055259Valkenburg, P.M., Semetko, H.A., & De Vreese, C.H. (1999). The effects of news frames on readers’ thoughts andrecall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550-569. doi:10.1177/009365099026005002
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 63: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Is this bad news?
Maybe.Strategic news frames can (in some cases) increase cynicism
But: One can also think of positive outcomes: For example,conflict framing might aid recallAnd also, certain frames might help motivate people to participate
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). The Spiral of Cynicism Reconsidered. European Journal of Communication, 20(3),283–301. doi:10.1177/0267323105055259Valkenburg, P.M., Semetko, H.A., & De Vreese, C.H. (1999). The effects of news frames on readers’ thoughts andrecall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550-569. doi:10.1177/009365099026005002
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 64: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Is this bad news?
Maybe.Strategic news frames can (in some cases) increase cynicismBut: One can also think of positive outcomes: For example,conflict framing might aid recall
And also, certain frames might help motivate people to participate
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). The Spiral of Cynicism Reconsidered. European Journal of Communication, 20(3),283–301. doi:10.1177/0267323105055259Valkenburg, P.M., Semetko, H.A., & De Vreese, C.H. (1999). The effects of news frames on readers’ thoughts andrecall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550-569. doi:10.1177/009365099026005002
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 65: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 2: Strategic framing vs Issue framing
Is this bad news?
Maybe.Strategic news frames can (in some cases) increase cynicismBut: One can also think of positive outcomes: For example,conflict framing might aid recallAnd also, certain frames might help motivate people to participate
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). The Spiral of Cynicism Reconsidered. European Journal of Communication, 20(3),283–301. doi:10.1177/0267323105055259Valkenburg, P.M., Semetko, H.A., & De Vreese, C.H. (1999). The effects of news frames on readers’ thoughts andrecall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550-569. doi:10.1177/009365099026005002
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 3: Framing Immigration
Case 3: Framing Immigration
Frames in Press and Parliament
• Frames in press coverage and parliamentary debates:multicultural frame, emancipation frame, restriction frame,victimization frame, islam-as-threat frame
• “An increase in the use of a frame in one arena leads to anincrease in the other arena only if this frame has already beenused regularly in the latter arena. External events have moreconsiderable and consistent impact on issue salience andframing in both arenas.”
Vliegenthart, R., & Roggeband, C. (2007). Framing immigration and integration: Relationships between press andparliament in the Netherlands. International Communication Gazette, 69(3), 295-319. doi:10.1177/1748048507076582
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 3: Framing Immigration
Case 3: Framing Immigration
Frames in Press and Parliament
• Frames in press coverage and parliamentary debates:multicultural frame, emancipation frame, restriction frame,victimization frame, islam-as-threat frame
• “An increase in the use of a frame in one arena leads to anincrease in the other arena only if this frame has already beenused regularly in the latter arena. External events have moreconsiderable and consistent impact on issue salience andframing in both arenas.”
Vliegenthart, R., & Roggeband, C. (2007). Framing immigration and integration: Relationships between press andparliament in the Netherlands. International Communication Gazette, 69(3), 295-319. doi:10.1177/1748048507076582
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 68: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 3: Framing Immigration
Case 3: Framing Immigration
Frames in Press and Parliament
• Frames in press coverage and parliamentary debates:multicultural frame, emancipation frame, restriction frame,victimization frame, islam-as-threat frame
• “An increase in the use of a frame in one arena leads to anincrease in the other arena only if this frame has already beenused regularly in the latter arena. External events have moreconsiderable and consistent impact on issue salience andframing in both arenas.”
Vliegenthart, R., & Roggeband, C. (2007). Framing immigration and integration: Relationships between press andparliament in the Netherlands. International Communication Gazette, 69(3), 295-319. doi:10.1177/1748048507076582
Framing the News Damian Trilling
![Page 69: Unisca framing](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/555a585cd8b42a47748b4e89/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Case 3: Framing Immigration
Case 3: Framing Immigration
Vliegenthart, R., & Roggeband, C. (2007). Framing immigration and integration: Relationships between press andparliament in the Netherlands. International Communication Gazette, 69(3), 295-319. doi:10.1177/1748048507076582
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
To conclude
Framing . . .
• means that certain aspects of a topic are highlighted• a frame implies specific interpretation (and different actions)• can be deliberatively chosen by political actors• but their acceptance by journalists or public is subject to a lotof factors
• establishing an own frame can be a key to succes
Framing the News Damian Trilling
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What’s framing? Towards a definition The process of framing Cases Questions
Any questions?
Damian Trilling
[email protected]@damian0604
Framing the News Damian Trilling