Unification of Sciences:Astronomy, Physics, and Chemistry

I

Takeshi Oka

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysicsand Department of Chemistry,

the Enrico Fermi Institute, the University of Chicago

Tokyo Institute of Technology, 10:40 – 12:10, October 16, 2007

http://Fermi.uchicago.edu/http://Fermi.uchicago.edu/~oka/FTP

Experiments, Observations

Empirical rule

Fundamental theory

PV = nRTPV1662 Boyle

T 1778 Charles= nR1811 Avogadro

Thermo 　 Dynamics

The Ideal Gas Law

1802 Gay-Lussac

1860 Cannizzaro

273 K

Boltzmann

Battery 1800

Alessandro Volta1745 - 1827

Luigi Galvani

Unification of Concepts

Electricity

Michael Faraday

Electromagnetism Light

Electricity Chemistry

Electrochemistry

Electricity Gravity

×

Ion, cation, anion, cathode, anode,electrode, electrolysis,…

Magnetism

James Clerk Maxwell

1791 - 1867

1831 - 1879

• I have long held an opinion, almost amounting to conviction, in common I believe with many other lovers of natural knowledge, that the various forms under which the forces of matter are made manifest have one common origin; or, in other words, are so directly related and mutually dependent, that they are convertible, as it were, one into another, and possess equivalents of power in their action.

• Action of magnets on light Michael Faraday Philosophical Transactions, 1846, p. 1

Molecule, Ion, Gas. Liquid. Salt, Solution, Colloid, Crystal, Steel, Glass, Force, Motion, Electricity, Magnetism, Electrolysis, Light, Field, Discharge.

A P C B

Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei

Isaac Newton 1666

Friedrich Wöhler

Synthesis of urea, 1828

Unification of Field ｓ

A P C B

Statistical thermodynamics

Quantum mechanicsWillard Gibbs

Physics and Chemistry

PV = nRTPV1662 Boyle

T 1802 Gay-Lussac= nR1811 Avogadro

Thermo Dynamics Chemistry

A P C BSpectroscopy

X-ray Crystallography,……

Joseph von Fraunhofer 1787 – 1826

Approximavit Sidera

"The most remarkable discovery in all of astronomy is that the stars are made of atomsof the same kind as those on the earth." Feynman Lectures on Physics I, 3-6 (1963)

Astronomy, Physics, and Chemistry

1814

A P C B

P

C

A B

P

C

BA

Who discovered H3+ ?

1766 Henry Cavendish

1861 Anders Ångstrom

1911 J. J. Thomson

1913 Niels Bohr

1928 堀　健夫

1935 Charles Coulson

1980 岡　武史

1967 Gerhard Herzberg

Discovery of Hydrogen

Spectrum of H

Discovery of H3+

Theory of H

Analysis of H2 spectrum

Theory of H3+

Search for H3+

Spectrum of H3+

Astronomy 　　　 　　　　 Chemistry

Nuclear fusion

Ion – neutral reactions

H ３＋

Star, Galaxy, Universe Atom, Molecule, Matter

H → He → C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S,…..Fe…

Star ← Molecular cloud

Interstellar chemistry

HCO ＋

William Klemperer

Star formation

Formation of molecules Star

Diffuse cloud

Dense cloud

H3+

kT

E

e

CollisionSpontaneous emission

Astronomers’ Periodic Table

Ben McCall

HHe

C N O Ne

Si S ArMg

Fe

Molecules everywhere

CO

HC5NHC7NHC9N

Ungerechts & Thaddeus, ApJS 63, 645 (1987)

●

Plasmas everywhere

Cosmic Ray 0.6 primary particles cm-2s-1

H2 → H2+ + e- [H2] ~ 10-17s-1

H2 H2

e

-H -H

H2+ + H2 → H + H3

+ kL[H2][H2+]

H3+ + O → OH+ + H2 kL[H3

+][O] kL~ 10-9 cm3 s-1

OH+ → H2O+ → H3O+ → H2O

O + H2 → OH + H