UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol: key issues 12 July 2010 Szentendre, Hungary Maria Khovanskaya Climate...
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Transcript of UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol: key issues 12 July 2010 Szentendre, Hungary Maria Khovanskaya Climate...
UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol:
key issues
12 July 2010
Szentendre, Hungary
Maria Khovanskaya
Climate Change Topic Area
REC
Outline
1. General overview: current issues
2. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change:1. Annexes of the Convention;2. Subsidiary Bodies of the Convention
3. Kyoto Protocol1. Annexes to the Protocol;2. Subsidiary Bodies3. GHG accounting and monitoring for Parties from different Annexes4. Flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol
4. Regional groups
5. Lobbying country groups in the climate negotiation process
6. More exciting topics on future – te other preseners today and omorrow
A bit of history…1988 – International Panel on Climate Change established
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
(Signed 1992, entered into force 1994)
1997 – COP 3: Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC signed
2001 – COP 7: Marrakesh Accords (rulebook for the Kyoto Protocol implementation)
2005 – Kyoto Protocol entered into force; AWG-KP established
2007 – COP 13: Bali Action Plan, AWG-LCA established
2009 – COP 15: COP 15/CMP 5
Copenhagen Accord as a non-UNFCCC document
UNFCCC & KP - Structure
COP, COP/MOP, SBSTA, SBI, AWG-lCA, and AWG-KP are led by an elected bureau of officers with representatives from the five UN regional groups + AOSIS
UNFCCCConference of Parties - COP
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice
(SBSTA)
Subsidiary Body for Implementation
(SBI)
Secretariat
AWG-LCAAd HocAd Hoc Working Group on Working Group on
Long Term Cooperative ActionLong Term Cooperative Action
AWG-KPAd Hoc Working Group on
Further Commitments from Annex I Parties
Kyoto ProtocolConference of parties Serving as meeting of Parties - CMP
CDM EB JISC Compliance
UNFCCC: a freestanding entity
Main objective; overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate change. It recognizes that the climate system is a shared resource whose stability can be affected by industrial and other emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
Signed 1992,entered into force1994. Ratified by 192 Parties
The Parties to the UNFCCC: 1. 1. Gather and share information on GHG, national policies and best practices 2. Launch national strategies for addressing GHG emissions and adapting to expected impacts, including the provision of financial and technological support to developing countries 3. Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change Conference of Parties (COP) – supreme body of the UNFCCC. Decisions of the COP are binding documents for the Parties
UNFCCC is NOT a UN subsidiary
UNFCCC: Annexes
Annex I:committed return their greenhouse-gas
emissions to 1990 levels :
Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Demark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania ,Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, USA, and European Community
Annex II:special obligation to provide financial resources and facilitate technology transfer to developing
countries
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxemburg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA, and European Community
Non-Annex I
Without historic responsibility for carbon pollution
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia….China, Brazil, India, South Africa…and others
UNFCCC: subsidiary bodies and agenda
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA)
Technology & Technology Transfer (EGTT), Education and
Outreach, Observation, CCS, New Gases, LULUCF, REDD,
Nairobi Work Programme on Adaptation, Interface IPCC
Subsidiary Body for Implementation Reporting & Review, Adequacy of Commitments, Capacity
Building, Financial Mechanisms, Budgets, Meetings
UNFCCC – ongoing processAd-Hoc Working Group on Long Term Cooperative Action under
the UNFCCC (AWG-LCA): UNFCCC implementation beyond 2012
Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC:binding targets promote cooperation
Drafted in 1997, signed in 1998, entered into force in 16 February 2005 after the Parties possessing at least 55% of global GHG emissions have ratified the Protocol
Ratified by 191 countries
Main objective: binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the range of 0% (not exceeding: Russia, Ukraine) - 8%
Supreme Body – Conference of Parties serving as a Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP)
Flexible Mechanisms – the way to cost effective GHG emission reductions
Kyoto Protocol: Annexes
ANNEX A:
GHG gases and emission sources
Greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide C02), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N20), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
Sectors/source categories
Energy
Industrial processes
Agriculture
Waste
Other
ANNEX B (37 Parties)
Bulgaria* 92%
Croatia* 95%
Czech Republic* 92%
Estonia* 92%
European Community 92%
Hungary* 94%
Latvia* 92%
Lithuania* 92%
Poland* 94%
Romania* 92%
Slovakia* 92%
Slovenia* 92%
And others
Kyoto Protocol Subsidiary Bodies and Agenda
1. CDM Executive Board
2. Joint Implementation Steering Committee (JISC)
3. Compliance Committee: Enforcement Branch Facilitative Branch
4. Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP).
Kyoto target and Kyoto quota: how much a country has the rights to emit (Annex B)
0102030405060708090
100
Baseyear 2008 2012
1990 level
Target
92%
Kyoto Quota 2008-2012
Kyoto quota is measured in Assigned Amount Units1 AAU = 1 CO2 equivalent
Source: Claire Breidenich, UNFCCC, presentation at REC workshop, October 2006
Kyoto Protocol accountingKyoto Protocol accounting
>=<
Emissions2008 - 2012
Secretariat compilation
and accountingdatabase
Article 3.1 complianceassessment
Review and compliance processes
National systems
Annex I Partysystems
Emissionsinventories
Reportingprocess
National registries
Kyoto Protocol units
Assigned amount
2008 - 2012
Eligibility requirements
Reporting of an new EU MS (Annex I, Annex B) under the UNFCCC and KPTypes of reports by period of submission
National Communications (every 5 years);
Initial report to establish assigned amount (once prior to commitment period);
Report on demonstrable Progress (once in 2006);
Inventories for GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks (annually);
Annual report (submitted only in the first committment period, annually)Small trick: the Annual report is not mandatory in the years 2008-2009. However, to get full eligibiity it is…still mandatory.
Submissions of the Parties under various Decisions of COPs and COP/MOPs (as hoc basis)
Current reporting obligations of the non-Annex I PartiesConvention (Articles 4.1 and 12): all Parties must report on the steps they are taking or envisage undertaking to implement the Convention .
In accordance with the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities", the required contents of these national communications and the timetable for their submission is different for Annex I and non-Annex I Parties.
Each non-Annex I Party shall submit its initial communication within three years of the entry into force of the Convention for that Party, or of the availability of financial resources
Core elements of the non-Annex I National Communications:
emissions and removals of greenhouse gases (GHGs) – year 1990 or 1994 for the initial NC and year 2000 for the Second NC ;details of the activities a Party has undertaken to implement the Conventionnational circumstancesvulnerability assessment,financial resources and transfer of technology, and education, training and public awareness
Bi-annual reporting on the state of transposition of the environmental EU Directives into national legislation
Kyoto Flexible Mechanisms: playing with the Quota, looking for eligibility
1. Joint Implementation (JI) – project based mechanism: Regulated by the Art. 6 of the Kyoto Protocol Can occur only between Annex B Parties Regulatory body – JISC (JI Steering Committee) Resulting units – ERU (Emission Reduction Units) Required simultaneous transfer of AAUs as back up Track 1 and Track 2 (CDM like)
2. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – project based mechanism: Regulated by the Art. 12 of the Kyoto Protocol Can occur between Annex B Party and non-Annex B Party Regulatory boy – CDM Executive Board Resulting Units CERs (Certified Emission Reductions) Simultaneous transfer of AAUs is NOT required
3. International Emission Trade – market mechanism Regulated by Art. 17 Traded Unit – AAU Green Investment Scheme possible
Regional Grouping(elections to the Bureau of Officers)
African States
Asian States
Eastern European States
Latin American and the Caribbean States
Western European and Other States (Australia, Canada, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland and USA)
+AOSiS
Party Grouping: interests lobbying1. G-77 +China – tremendous negotiation power
Alliance of Small Island States Least Developed countries
2. European Union: Gathering of EU-27 every morning to discuss and coordinate An EU member which holds the presidency negotiates for all the group European Community is a Party, the only non-country Party to the Protocol but without
voice In 2008-2012 EU will have to meet obligations made by EU-15
3. Environment Integrity group - a recently formed coalition comprising Mexico, the Republic of Korea and Switzerland.
4. Umbrella group (non-EU developed countries)
5. Central Group–2 (former CG-11)
6. Mountainous Land-Locked Countries (Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan)
7. OPEC
8. CACAM (problem with status – non-Annex I but “developing” or not?)
Open Balkan Group – is it a history already?
More history: main achievements and failures
COP Year Location Main Achievements
COP 1 1995 Berlin, Germany Berlin Mandate
COP 2 1996 Geneva, Switzerland
The findings of the IPCC Second Assessment Report accepted
COP 3 1997 Kyoto, Japan Kyoto Protocol drafted
COP 4 1998 Buenos-Aires, Argentina
2-year Action Plan
COP 5 1999 Bonn, Germany Technical meeting
COP 6-a and COP 6-bis
2000-2001 The Hague, Netherlands
+Bonn, Germany
After the failure in the Hague, the agreements in Bonn have been reached on flexmex, carbon sinks, compliance
COP 7 2001 Marrakech, Morocco
Marrakech Accords – rulebook for KP implementation
COP 8 2002 New Delhi, India New Delhi Working Programme on the Article 6 of UNFCCC
COP 9 2003 Milano, Italy
History: cont
COP 10 2004 Buenos-Aires, Argentina
COP 11/
MOP 1
2005 Montreal, Canada First MOP, JISC established
COP 12/
MOP 2
2006 Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi Working Programme on Adaptation
COP 13/
MOP 3
2007 Bali, Indonesia Bali Action Plan
COP 14/
MOP4
2008 Poznan, Poland Operationalization of Adaptation Fund
COP 15/
MOP 5
2009 Copenhagen, Denmark
Copenhagen Accord: successor failure – still to be decided
Other international Organization within and outside UN:
UN Secretary General UN Department of Economic and Social Affaires UN Habitat UN Industrial Development Organization World Bank World Health Organization World Trade Organization Food and Agriculture Organization And others
International Processes: Climate Change
United Nations
GEFUNFCCC
Assessment FinanceConvention
IPCC
UNEP WMO
COP is supreme body of UNFCCC
UNFCCC is a freestanding entity - not a “subsidiary” of UN
Climate change diplomacy: main issues
How to create solid scientific basis for climate change science (observations, models, projections, forecasts)?
How to establish reliable system of Greenhouse gases (GHG) accounting, monitoring and reporting?
How to mitigate the emissions of GHG?
How to adapt to the consequences of climate change?
How to involve all the stakeholders into solving the climate change problem?
What is the most appropriate institutional set-up?
How to finance the whole process?
Main message
Climate Change does not belong to one sector, one industry, one stakeholder group, one Ministry or even one Party grouping!
Communicate!