Understanding TaxonomyAcademic Biology

The 6 Kingdoms

Organisms are placed into kingdoms based on their type of cells, their ability to make food and the number of cells in their bodies

Prokaryotesorganisms whose cells lack a

nucleus Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.

Ecological Importance of Prokaryotes

• Decomposition• Nitrogen fixation• Mutualistic relationships• Parasitic relationships• Commercial uses

Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacteria which causes Syphilis in humans

Eukaryotes

organisms with cells that contain nuclei. Their chemical instructions are in the nucleus.

Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms

• Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)

Prokaryotes.• Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi,

plants, or animals• Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except

yeasts)• Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-

motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose

• Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall

Kingdoms and Domains

Bacteria

Archaea Eukarya

Bacteria

Archaea

Protista

Plantae Fungi Animali

a

MoneraProtis

taPlanta

e Fungi Animalia

The three-domain system

The six-kingdom system

The traditional five-kingdom system

Eubacteria

Archaea

Monera

The six-kingdom system

The traditional five-kingdom system

Kingdom Monera

Streptococcus mutans(can cause endocarditis and dental caries)

Bacillus anthracis(spores can live in soil for years)

The Kingdom Monera Eubacteria• Common name: Bacteria• Unicellular prokaryotes• Have cell wall• Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli,

spirilla

Eubacteria a. Can be found in yogurt

b. Unicellular bacteriac. Autotrophic or heterotrophicd. Most are helpful, some cause things

like strep throat

Bacteria which causes strep throat

Archaebacteriameans “ancient bacteria”

a. Unicellular bacteriab. Autotrophic or heterotrophicc. Live in places without O2

(ocean floor, salty water, hot springs, and your intestines!)

d. Prokaryotes

Entamoeba histolytica

The Kingdom Protista Slime molds

b. Autotrophic or heterotrophicc. Most unicellulard. Some multicellular,

sea weede. EukaryotesA classification problem

• Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia

• Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups

Euglena is both autotrophicand heterotrophic

Ecological Importance• Important foundation in food

chain.• Produce a lot of Oxygen• Decomposition• Symbiotic relationships

– Mutualistic– Parasitic

• Medicinal and Industrial Uses

PuffballDrops of rain trigger the release of spores

The Kingdom FungiMushrooms, molds and mildew

b. Most are Multicellular eukaryotes

c. Yeast is unicellular eukaryotesd. Most found on land, a few in

fresh watere. Heterotrophs—feed on

decaying organismsPholiota spp Degrades wood very quickly

Ecological Importance• Decomposers• Symbiotic

– Parasitic• On plants• On animals

– Mutualistic• Lichens• Mycorrhizae

Epidermophyton floccosum, fungi causing athlete’s foot

The Kingdom Plantae Dandelions, mosses, tomatoes

b. Multicellular eukaryotesc. Autotrophsd. Some produce flowers some

do not.e. Can be small or grow tall like

a sequoia tree

Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota

Major Groups of Plants• Three traditional groupings:

– Bryophytes—nonvascular plants

– Tracheophytes — vascular, – Seed plants

• Gymnosperms• Angiosperms

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old.

Importance of Plants to Humans

• Food source – Wheat, grains, fruits, vegetables

• Medicine – Aspirin, cancer treatments, stimulants

• Industry – Agriculture, wood products, cotton

Sugarcane

The Kingdom Animalia

Dogs, fleas, rabbits, Human, turtles mosquitoes…

• Multicellular eukaryotes.• Heterotrophs Baby

Chicks

Invertebrates and Vertebrates

• Invertebrates– 97% of the Animal Kingdom– Absence of backbone– Includes sponges, cnidarians,

mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinoderms

• Vertebrates– Internal skeleton (bone or

cartilage)– Includes fish, amphibians,

reptiles, birds, and mammals

Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis

Notice the “false” white eye markings behind the head.

Colony of sponges

Chambered Nautilus

Invertebrate Animals

• Sponges• Cnidarians• Worms• Mollusks• Arthropods• Echinoderms

Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum

Txodes scapularisDeer tick

Invertebrate Animals• Sponges• Cnidarians• Worms• Mollusks• Arthropods• Echinoderms

Vertebrate Animals• Chordates• Fish

– Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)– Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)– Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)

• Amphibians• Reptiles• Birds• Mammals Ardea herodias

Great Grey Heron

Name 6 Kingdoms

Name 6 Kingdoms

Bacteria

Archaea

Protista

Plantae Fungi Animali

a

The six-kingdom system

What is a prokaryote?

Prokaryotes

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.

Which 2 kingdoms only have prokaryotes?

Eubacteria

Archaea

Monera

The six-kingdom system

The traditional five-kingdom system

Kingdom Monera

Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic organisms?

Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic organisms?

• Fungi and animalia