Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction: What Science Says
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Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction:Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction: What Science SaysWhat Science Says
Developed by theDeveloped by theNational Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, MarylandBethesda, Maryland
www.drugabuse.gov
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DRUG ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX ILLNESSDRUG ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX ILLNESS
www.drugabuse.gov
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www.drugabuse.gov
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www.drugabuse.gov
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www.drugabuse.gov
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www.drugabuse.gov
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www.drugabuse.gov
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www.drugabuse.gov
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Positron Emission TomographyPositron Emission Tomography
(PET)(PET)
www.drugabuse.gov
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controlcontrol on cocaineon cocaine
www.drugabuse.gov
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www.drugabuse.gov
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Components of Comprehensive Drug Components of Comprehensive Drug Addiction TreatmentAddiction Treatment
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Matching Patients to Matching Patients to Individual NeedsIndividual Needs
No single treatment is appropriate for all No single treatment is appropriate for all individualsindividuals
Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his/her drug usethe individual, not just his/her drug use
Treatment must address medical, Treatment must address medical, psychological, social, vocational, and legal psychological, social, vocational, and legal problemsproblems
www.drugabuse.gov
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Duration of TreatmentDuration of Treatment
Depends on patient problems/needsDepends on patient problems/needs
Less than 90 days is of limited/no effectiveness Less than 90 days is of limited/no effectiveness for residential/outpatient settingfor residential/outpatient setting
A minimum of 12 months is required for A minimum of 12 months is required for methadone maintenancemethadone maintenance
Longer treatment is often indicatedLonger treatment is often indicated
www.drugabuse.gov
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Medical DetoxificationMedical Detoxification
Detoxification safely manages the physical Detoxification safely manages the physical symptoms of withdrawalsymptoms of withdrawal
Only first stage of addiction treatmentOnly first stage of addiction treatment
Alone, does little to change long-term drug useAlone, does little to change long-term drug use
www.drugabuse.gov
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Counseling and Other Behavioral TherapiesCounseling and Other Behavioral Therapies
DrugResistance
Skills
Replace Drug UsingActivities
Motivation
Problem Solving Skills
Interpersonal Relationships
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Medications for Drug AddictionMedications for Drug Addiction
BuprenorphineBuprenorphine
MethadoneMethadone
LAAMLAAM
NaltrexoneNaltrexone
Nicotine ReplacementNicotine Replacement
patchespatches gumgum buproprionbuproprion
www.drugabuse.gov
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Motivation to Enter/Motivation to Enter/Sustain TreatmentSustain Treatment
Effective treatment need not be voluntaryEffective treatment need not be voluntary
Sanctions/enticements (family, employer, Sanctions/enticements (family, employer, criminal justice system) can increase criminal justice system) can increase treatment entry/retentiontreatment entry/retention
Treatment outcomes are similar for those Treatment outcomes are similar for those who enter treatment under legal pressure vs who enter treatment under legal pressure vs voluntaryvoluntary
www.drugabuse.gov
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HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis and Other HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis and Other Infectious DiseasesInfectious Diseases
Drug treatment is disease preventionDrug treatment is disease prevention
Drug treatment reduces likelihood of HIV Drug treatment reduces likelihood of HIV infection by 6 fold in injecting drug usersinfection by 6 fold in injecting drug users
Drug treatment presents opportunities for Drug treatment presents opportunities for screening, counseling, and referral screening, counseling, and referral
www.drugabuse.gov
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Effectiveness of TreatmentEffectiveness of Treatment
Goal of treatment is to return to productive Goal of treatment is to return to productive functioningfunctioning
Treatment reduced drug use by 40-60% Treatment reduced drug use by 40-60%
Treatment reduces crime by 40-60% Treatment reduces crime by 40-60%
Treatment increases employment prospects Treatment increases employment prospects by 40% by 40%
Drug treatment is as successful as treatment Drug treatment is as successful as treatment of diabetes, asthma, and hypertensionof diabetes, asthma, and hypertension
www.drugabuse.gov
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Self-Help and DrugSelf-Help and DrugAddiction TreatmentAddiction Treatment
Complements and extends treatment effortsComplements and extends treatment efforts
Most commonly used models include 12-Step Most commonly used models include 12-Step (AA, NA) and Smart Recovery(AA, NA) and Smart Recovery
Most treatment programs encourage self-help Most treatment programs encourage self-help participation during/after treatmentparticipation during/after treatment
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Cost-Effectiveness of Drug Cost-Effectiveness of Drug TreatmentTreatment
Treatment is less expensive than not treating or Treatment is less expensive than not treating or incarceration (1 yr methadone maintenance = $4,700 vs. incarceration (1 yr methadone maintenance = $4,700 vs. $18,400 for imprisonment)$18,400 for imprisonment)
Every $1 invested in treatment yields up to $7 in reduced Every $1 invested in treatment yields up to $7 in reduced crime-related costscrime-related costs
Savings can exceed costs by 12:1 when health care costs Savings can exceed costs by 12:1 when health care costs are includedare included
Reduced interpersonal conflictsReduced interpersonal conflicts Improved workplace productivityImproved workplace productivity Fewer drug-related accidentsFewer drug-related accidents
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For More InformationFor More Information
NIDA Public Information Office: NIDA Public Information Office: 301-443-1124301-443-1124
Or Or www.nida.nih.gov
www.drugabuse.gov
National Clearinghouse on Alcohol and National Clearinghouse on Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI): Drug Information (NCADI):
1-800-729-66861-800-729-6686
www.drugabuse.gov