Understanding and Using Current ASAM...
Transcript of Understanding and Using Current ASAM...
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Understanding and Using
Current ASAM Criteria
for Ce-Classes.com
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Learning Objectives
After completing this course, participants will:
Identify ASAM and the history of its development
Describe how ASAM criteria fit into the assessment process
Identify ASAM Levels of Care
Describe ASAM Dimensional Criteria
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The 3rd Edition of the ASAM
Criteria
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Overview of Training
What is ASAM and the history of its development
How ASAM fits into the assessment process
Levels of Care
Dimensional Criteria
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ASAM Criteria Background
In the late 1980’s a taskforce is assembled to integrate existing admission and continued stay criteria
Both NAATP and ASAM were involved
Ownership of the criteria was left with ASAM
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ASAM Criteria Background
Goal - unifying the addiction field to a single set of criteria
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ASAM Criteria Background
The criteria were developed through a collaborative process in which consensus was achieved
Clinical experts, researchers and a coalition of stakeholders were included in the process
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ASAM Criteria Background
The edition with which most practitioners are familiar is the Patient Placement Criteria-2R (2001) which replaced the 1996 version
A new edition came out in the Fall of 2013
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ASAM Criteria Background
The ASAM criteria are guidelines for:
– Assessment
– Service planning
– Placement
– Continued stay
– Discharge
For clients with substance abuse disorders
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ASAM Criteria Background
The ASAM criteria is a framework for patient assessment that is multidimensional
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ASAM Criteria Background
The ASAM criteria is also a description of levels of care
– Levels of care refers to the places within the service continuum from outpatient to intensive inpatient treatment.
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ASAM Criteria Background
The ASAM criteria provides a means for deciding upon the appropriate intensity of service based upon the patient’s severity of illness
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When to use ASAM
At first contact with client (at assessment,
when referral is made, to see if a referral is appropriate for your program)
During treatment
– If not doing well
– If achieving goals
At discharge
– To see what the client needs next
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How to Use the Criteria
To assign the appropriate level of service and level of care.
To make decisions about continued service or discharge by ongoing assessment and review of progress.
To do effective treatment planning and documentation.
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ASAM Criteria
Basic Concepts
The main goal of the system is to provide individualized – clinically driven – treatment
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ASAM Criteria
Basic Concepts
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ASAM Criteria
Basic Concepts
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ASAM Criteria
Basic Concepts
Each element of the process informs the next
This is a cyclical process
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ASAM Criteria Background
Intensity of Service is often referred to as IS
Severity of Illness is often referred to as SI
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ASAM’s New Definition of
Addiction
Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.
ASAM (2011). Public Policy Statement: Definition of Addiction
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ASAM’s New Definition of
Addiction Addiction is characterized by inability to
consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of relapse and remission. Without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death.
ASAM (2011). Public Policy Statement: Definition of Addiction
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Definition of Other Key Terms
Clinically managed: Directed by non physician addiction specialist rather than medical personnel. Appropriate for individuals whose primary problems involve emotional, behavioral, cognitive, readiness to change, relapse or recovery environment concerns. Intoxication/withdrawal/biomedical concerns are all minimal if they exist at all.
Shulman & Associates. (2007). American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) How and When to Use the Criteria.
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Definition of Terms
Medically Monitored: Services provided by an interdisciplinary staff of nurses, counselors, social workers, addiction specialist and other health and technical personnel under the direction of a licensed physician. Medical monitoring is provided through appropriate mix of direct patient contact, review of records, team meetings, 24 hour coverage by a physician and a quality assurance program. Shulman & Associates. (2007). American Society of Addiction
Medicine (ASAM) How and When to Use the Criteria. 23
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Definition of Terms
Medically Managed: Services that involve daily medical care, where diagnostic and treatment services are directly provided and/or managed by an appropriately trained and licensed physician.
Shulman & Associates. (2007). American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) How and When to Use the Criteria.
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Dimensional Assessment
ASAM Criteria should be utilized to:
– Determine the appropriate level of service and level of care
– Conduct effective treatment planning and documentation
– Make choices about continued service or discharge through ongoing assessment and review of progress notes
Shulman & Associates. (2007). American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) How and When to Use the Criteria.
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Dimensional Assessment
Dimension 1: Acute Intoxication/Withdrawal Potential
Dimension 2: Biomedical Conditions and Complications
Dimension 3: Emotional/Behavioral/Cognitive Conditions and Complications
Dimension 4: Readiness to Change
Dimension 5: Relapse/Continued Use/Continued Problem Potential
Dimension 6: Recovery Environment
Shulman & Associates. (2007). American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) How and When to Use the Criteria.
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ASAM Criteria
Assessment
Assessment of Biopsychosocial Severity and Level of Function
This is the first step in the process
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Assessment of Severity &
Level of Function
First identify if there is acute intoxication and/or withdrawal potential
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Assessment of Severity &
Level of Function
Evaluate
–Biomedical conditions & complications
–Behavioral conditions & complications
–Cognitive conditions & complications
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Assessment of Severity &
Level of Function
Evaluate
–Readiness to change
–Relapse/continued use potential
–Recovery environment
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What is ASAM PPC?
The Patient Placement Criteria provide: –A tool to use along with your clinical
judgment
–Criteria for how bad the problem is and what the client needs
–A framework for determining who needs what level of care
–Standard descriptions of levels of care and who might need them
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Client-Directed, Outcome
Informed Enhances efficient use of limited resources Variable length of stay determined by client need and
progress Can increase retention and reduce drop outs and relapse Broad flexible levels of care, such as mixing IOP and
housing to get a residential type program Creative use of resources to develop a treatment package
for each client Client and clinician have a choice about treatment levels –
least intensive while safe and effective Can enter the system at any level of care and move as
needed If there are limited levels of care in your area, link with
other providers as needed
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The Heart of Client-Directed Tx
Build a therapeutic alliance… it is the greatest determinant of treatment outcome
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The Heart of Client-Directed Tx
Come to agreement with your client about the treatment
–Goals
–Strategies
–Methods
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The Heart of Client-Directed Tx
If the client is not with you, your treatment will not be effective
Help the client accomplish what is important to them, which will likely involve staying clean and sober
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The Heart of Client-Directed Tx
Court-ordered or leveraged treatment can be effective
The goal may be to satisfy the court order!
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Assessment
1. What does the client want? Why now?
2. Multidimensional assessment including strengths, supports, resources, risks and deficits
3. Imminent danger
– Relates to all dimensions
– Immediate Need Profile
– Risks that require immediate attention
Consider the 3 H’s
– History
– Here and now
– How concerned are you Posze, L . ASAM PPC-2R Patient Placement Criteria 101 37
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The Three H’s of Assessment
History
Here and Now
How uncomfortable are you?
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Rating Risk in the 6 Dimensions
0 – no or very low risk. Stable.
1 – mild discomfort, can be stabilized, functioning restored easily
2 – moderate risk/difficulty functioning but can understand support services
3 – serious difficulties – in or near imminent danger
4 – highest concern – severe, persistent, poor ability to cope with illness, life threatening
Can also rate as LOW, MEDIUM, and HIGH
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How do the Dimensions lead
to a level of care?
Dimensions 1, 2 and 3 – high risk/severity =
immediate need for high intensity services
Dimensions 4, 5, and 6 – balance out
strengths and challenges in these dimensions
interact – combine and contrast to determine
the lowest intensity service level that is safe
and effective for the client (and others)
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Dimension 1 – Acute
Intoxication/Withdrawal
What risk is associated with the patient’s current level of acute intoxication?
Are there current signs of withdrawal?
Does the patient have supports to assist in ambulatory detoxification, if medically safe?
Lee, Editor (2001) ASAM PPC-2R, ASAM Patient Placement Criteria for the Treatment of Substance Related Disorders, 2nd Ed Revised,
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Dimension 1 – Acute
Intoxication/Withdrawal
Is there significant risk of severe withdrawal symptoms or seizures, based on the patients previous withdraw history, amount, frequency chronicity and recent discontinuation or significant reduction of alcohol or other drug use.
Lee, Editor (2001) ASAM PPC-2R, ASAM Patient Placement Criteria for the Treatment of Substance Related Disorders, 2nd Ed Revised,
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
0= no intoxication or withdrawal or already resolved
Level of Care
Does not affect placement
Posze, L . ASAM PPC-2R Patient Placement Criteria 101
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
1= minimum to moderate intoxication or withdrawal with minimal risk
Level of Care
Level 1D – outpatient (some onsite monitoring)
Posze, L . ASAM PPC-2R Patient Placement Criteria 101
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
2= has some difficulty coping with moderate intoxication or withdrawal, some risk of more serious symptoms
Level of Care
Level 2D – outpatient (extended onsite monitoring)
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
3= has significant difficulty coping with severe signs and symptoms of intoxication or withdrawal, risk of more severe symptoms
Level of Care
Level 3.2D – residential (social setting detox) or
Level 3.7D (social setting detox with medication support)
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
4= incapacitated with severe signs and symptoms, continued use poses clear danger, withdrawal poses clear danger
Level of Care
Level 4D – inpatient (hospital)
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Dimension 2: Biomedical
Conditions & Complications
Are there current physical illnesses, other than
withdrawal, that need to be addressed because
they create risk or complicate treatment?
Are there chronic conditions that affect
treatment?
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Dimension 2: Biomedical
Conditions & Complications
Hypertension, cardiac disorders, vascular
disorders, diabetes, and seizure disorders are all
high on the list
Chronic benign pain syndromes are often an
issue
There are a range of chronic disorders that may
need to be considered in placement decisions
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
0: no biomedical
problems
Level of Care
Does not affect
placement
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
1= adequate ability to
cope, mild to moderate
signs and symptoms
Level of Care
Level 1
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
2= some difficulty coping,
problems may interfere
with treatment, fails to
care for serious
biomedical problems
Level of Care
Level 1, 2 or 3
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
3= poor ability to cope
with serious biomedical
problems
Level of Care
Level 4
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
4= incapacitated with
severe biomedical
problems
Level of Care
Level 4
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Dimension 3: Emotional, Behavioral, or
Cognitive Conditions & Complications
Are there current psychiatric illnesses or psychological, behavioral, emotional, or cognitive problems that need to be addressed because they create risk or complicate treatment?
Are there chronic conditions that affect treatment?
Do any emotional, behavioral, or cognitive problems appear to be an expected part of the addictive disorder, or do they appear to be autonomous?
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Dimension 3: Emotional, Behavioral, or
Cognitive Conditions & Complications Even if connected with the addictive
disorder, are they severe enough to warrant specific mental health treatment?
Is the individual capable of managing the activities of daily living?
Does the individual have the resources to cope with the emotional, behavioral, or cognitive problems?
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
0= no emotional or
mental health problem
or if it exists, it is
stable
Level of Care
Does not affect
placement
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
1= diagnosed mental
disorder requiring
intervention but does not
interfere with treatment
Level of Care
Level 1
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
2= persistent mental
illness with symptoms
that interfere with
treatment but do not
constitute immanent risk
Level of Care
Level 2
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
3= serious symptoms,
disability, and impulsivity
but not requiring
involuntary hospitalization
Level of Care
Level 3
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Matching assessment of
severity with level of care
Assessment of Severity
4= serious symptoms,
disability and impulsivity
requiring involuntary
hospitalization.
Level of Care
Level 4
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Dimension 4- Readiness /
Motivation
What is the individual’s emotional and cognitive awareness of the need to change?
What is his or her level of commitment to and readiness for change?
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Dimension 4- Readiness /
Motivation
What is or has been his or her degree of cooperation with treatment?
What is his or her awareness of the relationship of alcohol or other drug use to negative consequences?
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Dimension 4: Readiness to Change
Pre-contemplation: does not know they have a problem. “In denial.” Avoids thinking about their behavior. Risk rating: 4
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Dimension 4: Readiness to Change
Contemplation: aware of problem but ambivalent. Teeter between cost and benefit of continued use. Risk rating: 3
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Dimension 4: Readiness to Change
Preparation: intending to take action in the immediate future Risk rating: 2
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Dimension 4: Readiness to Change
Action: specific overt changes have been made in the last 6 months to reduce risk. Risk rating: 1
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Dimension 4: Readiness to Change
Maintenance: achieved change goals for 6+ months. Risk rating: 0
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Matching assessment of severity with
level of care
Not as direct a correlation between Dimensions 4, 5, and 6 and levels of care
May need to use motivational strategies to attract them into treatment
Resistance is expected and does not exclude clients from treatment
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Matching assessment of severity with
level of care
If risk is low in other dimensions, may work on increasing motivation in a lower level of care first to prepare for treatment: a “discovery plan”
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Matching assessment of severity with
level of care
If high risk/severity in other dimensions, may need to “contain” the client and do motivational enhancement in a higher level of care
Look for strengths
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Dimension 5: Relapse, Continued Use
or Continued Problem Potential
Is the patient in immediate danger of continued severe mental health distress and or alcohol and drug use?
How aware is the patient of relapse triggers, ways to cope with cravings to use, and skills to control impulses to uses or impulses to harm self or others?
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Dimension 5: Relapse, Continued Use
or Continued Problem Potential
Does the patient have any recognition of, understanding of, or skills with which to cope with his or her addictive or mental disorder in order to prevent relapse, continued use or continued problems such as suicidal behavior?
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Dimension 5: Relapse, Continued
Use or Continued Problem Potential
Relapse: stops using on purpose and begins again
Continued use: never stops using to begin with
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Dimension 5: Relapse, Continued
Use or Continued Problem Potential
Would continued use/relapse be dangerous to the client or to others
– Children
– Other adults in their lives
– Others in the world
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Dimension 5: Relapse, Continued
Use or Continued Problem Potential
How severe are the problems if the individual is not successfully engaged in treatment at this time?
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Dimension 5: Relapse, Continued
Use or Continued Problem Potential
How aware is the individual of relapse triggers:
– Ways to cope with cravings to use,
– Skills to control impulses to use or,
– Impulses to harm self or others?
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Matching assessment of severity with
level of care
Have to consider in relation to other dimensions
High severity can indicate need for higher intensity of services but not necessarily
Consider the lowest intensity that is safe and effective
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Dimension 6: Recovery/Living
Environment
Assess for risks, issues, strengths, skills, and
resources in:
– Recovery supports
– Living environment
– Family, friends, social network
– Work/school
– Finances
– Transportation
– Legal mandates/requirements
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Matching assessment of severity
with level of care
Consider in relation to other dimensions
High severity can indicate need for higher intensity of services but not necessarily
Consider the lowest intensity that is safe and effective
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Continued Treatment
Guidelines Keep the client in the current level of
care if: – They are making progress but have not yet achieved
their goals
– They are not yet making progress but have the capacity to resolve their problems, are actively working on goals, and continued treatment is necessary to reach their goals
– New problems have been identified that can be treated at this level
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Discharge & Transfer Criteria
Consider transferring if:
– They have achieved their goals and resolved the problem (transfer to a lower level of care)
– They are unable to resolve the problem despite adjustments to the treatment plan (increase level of care)
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Discharge & Transfer Criteria
Consider transferring if:
– They demonstrate a lack of capacity to resolve the problems (increase level of care)
– If their problems get worse or
– If more problems emerge that can’t be effectively treated at this level of care (increase level of care)
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Discharge Planning
Discharge planning is part of treatment planning
It isn’t a separate or isolated activity
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Discharge Planning
A discharge plan is really a deferred treatment plan
It should be as specific and concrete as any other treatment plan
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Levels of Service
Each level of care has specific parameters which define it
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Outpatient with Supportive Living
Provides structure and support
Primary medical services not necessary
Patients not in “Imminent Danger”
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Residential Treatment
Provides 24 hour:
–Structure and support (except 3.1 24
hours)
Primary medical services not necessary
Patients in “Imminent Danger” Shulman & Associates. (2007). American Society of Addiction
Medicine (ASAM) How and When to Use the Criteria. 88
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Inpatient Treatment
Provides 24 hour:
–Structure and support
–Access to medical & nursing services
Patients in “Imminent Danger”
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What is Imminent Danger?
A strong probability that certain behaviors will occur (e.g., continued alcohol or drug use or non-compliance with psychiatric medications)
These behaviors will present a significant risk of serious adverse consequences to the individual and/or others (as in a consistent pattern of driving while intoxicated)
The likelihood that such adverse events will occur in the very near future
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What is Imminent Danger?
In order to constitute “Imminent Danger” ALL THREE ELEMENTS must be present
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Imminent Danger
Requires In-patient treatment
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Immediate Need
A criteria to be considered in determining level of care
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Immediate Need Profile
Dimension #1: Acute Intoxication/Withdrawal Potential:
(a) Have you ever had life-threatening
withdrawal signs or symptoms?
___ No ___Yes
(b) If yes, are you currently having similar
withdrawal symptoms?
___No ___Yes
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Immediate Need Profile
Dimension #2: Biomedical Conditions and
Complications:
(a) Do you have any current, untreated severe physical problems?
___No ___Yes
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Immediate Need Profile
Dimension #3: Emotional/Behavioral Conditions & Complications:
(a) Do you feel that you are imminently in danger and could harm yourself or someone else?
___No ___Yes
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Immediate Need Profile
Yes to Dimension 1, 2, and/or 3 Questions:
Requires that the caller/client immediately receive medial or psychiatric care
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Immediate Need Profile
Dimension #4: Treatment Acceptance/Resistance: (a) Do you feel that you are in immediate need of alcohol/drug treatment?
__No __Yes
(b) Have you been referred or required to have an assessment and/or enter treatment by the criminal justice system, health or social services, work/school, or family/significant other?
__No __Yes
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Immediate Need Profile
Yes to Dimension 4 Alone:
Client to be seen for an assessment as soon as possible – must be within 48 hours,
Client assessed for motivational strategies, unless client imminently likely to walk out and needs containment strategies
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Immediate Need Profile
Dimension #5: Relapse/Continued Use Potential
(a)Are you currently under the influence?
__No __Yes
(b) Are you likely to continue use of alcohol and/or other drugs, or to relapse, in an imminently dangerous manner? __No __Yes
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Immediate Need Profile
Yes to Dimension 5, Question (a):
Requires the client receive assessment for withdrawal potential
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Immediate Need Profile
Dimension #6: Recovery Environment:
(a) Are there any dangerous family, significant others, living/working situations threatening your safety, immediate well-being and/or sobriety? __No __Yes
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Immediate Need Profile
Yes to Dimension 5 and/or 6 without Yes in Dimensions 1, 2, and/or 3:
Requires the caller/client be referred to a safe or supervised environment
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ASAM Criteria
Also details level of care or service
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Levels of Care / Service
The basic levels of service are:
Level 0.5- Early Intervention
Level 1- Outpatient
Level 2- Intensive Outpatient/Partial Hospitalization
Level 3- Residential/Inpatient Treatment
Level 4- Medically Managed Intensive Inpatient Treatment
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Levels of Service
Within each basic level of service, there are additional levels to provide even greater specification
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Continuum of levels of
treatment care
Level .5 – Early Intervention
Level 1 – Outpatient Treatment
Level 2 – Intensive Outpatient/Partial Hospitalization
Level 3 – Residential/Inpatient Treatment
Level 4 – Medically Managed Inpatient Treatment
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.5 Early Intervention /
Prevention
For those individuals who are at high risk for
developing substance use disorders or for whom there is insufficient information to document a substance use disorder.
Should have the capacity to move individuals in imminent danger to an appropriate level of care or provide outpatient treatment together with an early intervention for those needing it
Examples: DUI education, basic education, early intervention with adolescents
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Level 1: Outpatient Treatment
Less than 9 hours of services/week (6 for adolescents)
Recovery and/or motivational enhancement strategies
Are appropriate for individuals with low severity in all dimensions of assessment with the exception of dimension 4 (readiness to change)
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Level 2: Intensive
Outpatient/Partial Hospitalization
IOP is 9+ hours/week; partial hospitalization is 20+ hours/week
For clients not needing 24 hour care
Provide treatment during the day, after work, or school, in the evenings or weekends
Have capacity to provide medical and psychiatric consultation, psychopharmacological consultation, medication management, and crisis services
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Level 3: Residential/Inpatient
Treatment
They provide 24 hour treatment services in a safe environment
Level 3.1: clinically managed low intensity (5 clinical hrs/wk)
Level 3.3: clinically managed medium intensity (lower intensity milieu for cognitive/other impairments)
Level 3.5: clinically managed high intensity
Level 3.7: medically monitored inpatient
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Level 4: Medically Managed
Inpatient
24 hour medical and nursing care with staff credentialed in mental health and addiction
Has the capability of an acute care hospital or psychiatric hospital
For severe, unstable problems in Dimensions 1, 2, and 3
Must be dual diagnosed enhanced (DDE)
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Medication Assisted Treatment
Methadone, Suboxone
Can also be meds such as Naltrexone or antabuse
Generally provided in Level I
Clients on MAT can be in OP, IOP, residential treatment, detox
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Revision of the Criteria
The revision process was done by small committees and workgroups who developed drafts
They used a field review process that was conducted online
The Coalition for National Clinical Criteria provided input
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Revision of the Criteria
The latest version was released in October of 2013
Criteria was updated to reflect the most current science.
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Things That Remain the
Same
The way in which the criteria are determined is a collaborative process
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Things That Remain the
Same
The 6 assessment dimensions
The overall levels of care
The decision rules which link Intensity of Service back to the Severity of Illness (there are a couple of changes in detox)
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Things That Are New
The title – The ASAM Criteria – Treatment Criteria for Substance-Related, Addictive, and Co-Occurring Conditions.
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Things That Are New
Major theoretical shift from “placement criteria” to “treatment criteria”
This is based upon an assumption that substance abuse treatment requires more than just placement
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Things That Are New
The table of contents has been reordered
It now moves from
Historical Foundations to
Guiding Principles to Assessment, Service Planning and Placement decisions.
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Things That Are New
Adolescent criteria is no longer separate from adult criteria
The reasoning behind this was to minimize redundancy (while maintaining adolescent specific content).
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Things That Are New
There are also new appendices
– Instruments for withdrawal management
–Dimension 5 constructs
–Glossary
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Things That Are New
Terminology is updated and revised
The new terminology is based on:
–Contemporary use
–Strengths
–Recovery oriented
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Things That Are New
Terminology changes examples:
– Inappropriate use of substances is now high risk use of substances
–Dual diagnosis is now co-occurring disorders
–Opioid Maintenance Therapy is now Opioid Treatment Services (OTS)
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Things That Are New
Detoxification is now called Withdrawal Management
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Things That Are New
Wording in the levels of care has changed in Withdrawal Management
Levels are now called
–WM-1
–WM-2
–WM-3
–WM-4
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Things That Are New
In Withdrawal Management – there are now new approaches described designed to support increased use of less intensive levels of care for the safe and effective management of withdrawal.
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Things That Are New
In Withdrawal Management – there is now a broader range of severity of withdrawal syndromes in the criteria that can be safely and appropriately managed on an outpatient basis.
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Things That Are New
In Withdrawal Management – A risk rating assessment format is now used
This helps to link severity, function, and service needs when determining treatment plans and level of care.
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Things That Are New
Content has been added to improve addiction treatment for special populations – including –Older adults
–Persons in the criminal justice system
–Persons with safely sensitive occupations
–Parents with children
–Pregnant women
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Things That Are New
Content has been added to address the treatment of other conditions that have not been included in specialty addition treatment services, such as
–Tobacco use disorder
–Gambling disorder
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Things That Are New
Content has been revised to include emerging issues:
The role of physicians on the addiction treatment team
Physicians who are addiction specialists
–Addiction medicine physicians
–Addiction psychiatrists
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Things That Are New
Content has been revised to include:
Healthcare reform
Integration of addiction treatment into general medical care
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References
ASAM (2011). Public Policy Statement: Definition of Addiction. Retrieved from: http://www.asam.org/docs/publicy-policy-statements/1definitionofaddictionlong4-11.pdf?sfvrsn=2
ASAM (2013). What’s New in the ASAM Criteria? Retrieved from: http://www.slideshare.net/ChangeCo/whats-new-in-the-asam-criteria-22205861
Lee, Editor (2001) ASAM PPC-2R, ASAM Patient Placement Criteria for the Treatment of Substance Related Disorders, 2nd Ed Revised,
Posze, L . ASAM PPC-2R Patient Placement Criteria 101 Retrieved from: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=asam%20criteria&source=web&cd=13&ved=0CDMQFjACOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdbhdid.ky.gov%2Fdbh%2Ffiles%2FASAM2R.pptx&ei=KIG3Uev8Bo7m9gSox4DoCA&usg=AFQjCNHHx_4E-Hen7ULhOppN6OwSGCJ9HQ on 10/10/13
Shulman & Associates. (2007). American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) How and When to Use the Criteria. Training and Consulting in Behavioral Health. Retrieved from:
Walton, (2012) ASAM Patient Placement Criteria for the Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders. Making It Real, Making It Work. Retrieved from: ww.ndci.org/conferences/2012/Sessions/SB_sessions/SB-27.pdf
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