UNCERTAINTY AVERSION VS. COMPETENCE: AN

EXPERIMENTAL MARKET STUDY

Carmela Di Mauro

Università di Catania, Italy

General research question:

Does ambiguity aversion arise and persist in markets?

Ambiguity effects in marketsTheoretical foundations

• Dow and Werlang (1992)

• Epstein and Wang (1994)

• Epstein (2000)

• Mukerji and Tallon (2001)

• Mukerji and Tallon (2003)

Evidence from experimental markets

• Camerer and Kunreuther (1989), J. Risk and Uncertainty

• Sarin and Weber (1993),Management Science• Di Mauro and Maffioletti (2004), Applied

Economics• Di Mauro (2005), under review

Making uncertainty operational

• Ellsberg’s urn

• Second order probabilities

• Real event uncertainty

Chance processes

Source preference [Heath and Tversky (1991), Wakker and Tversky (1995),

Tversky and Fox (1995)]

Ambiguity attitude is determined not by the fact that the decision maker lacks the knowledge about some aspects of the stochastic structure of a problem, but rather by the fact that one source of uncertainty is preferred over another.

The Competence hypothesis [Heath and Tversky (1991)]

Individuals prefer betting on their own judgment over an equiprobable chance event when they consider themselves knowledgeable, but not otherwise.

Competence effects are inconsistent with ambiguity aversion because judgmental probabilities are more ambiguous than chance events

Evidence on competence effects

• Heath and Tvesky (1991)

• Fox and Tversky (1995)

• Kuehberger and Perner (2003)

• Keppe and Weber (1995)

• Kilka and Weber (2000)

Specific research questions

- Does competence effects or ambiguity aversion persist in the face of market specific discipline?

- Are market prices and volumes affected?

Market organization

• Computerised Double Auction market run for 12 periods, plus 2 dry runs

• each market period lasts 4 minutes• 8 traders per session • 3 couples of complementary two-outcome assets are

traded• Both chance based and natural event based bets are

traded• Uncertainty is solved at the end of each market period• Traders are allowed to buy and sell all traded assets• Initial endowment: cash + risky position in assets • Earnings are based on profits gained in a randomly

selected period (average earning €15).

Making event uncertainty operational in the experiment

• The resolution of uncertainty is tied to the realization of natural events about which the decision maker is more or less knowledgeable

• Choice/valuation of natural events is then contrasted with comparable chance events

Experiment 1

E1 (5 sessions)

As in Heath and Tversky’s experiment 5, it is assumed that subjects are more knowleadgeable about home, rather than foreign events

A – You win 10,000 francs if a white ball has been drawn from an urn containing 10 white and 10 black balls, you win zero otherwise.

B – You win 10,000 francs if a black ball has been drawn from an urn containing 10 white and 10 black balls, you win zero otherwise.

C - You win 10,000 francs if the maximum temperature in Paris on 10th July 2004 was higher than 20° C (the historical average), you win zero if it was lower.

D - You win 10,000 francs if the maximum temperature in Paris on 10th July 2004 was lower than 20° C (the historical average), you win zero if it was higher.

E - You win 10,000 francs if the maximum temperature in Missoula (USA) on 10th July 2004 was higher than 20° C (the historical average), you win zero if it was lower.

F - You win 10,000 francs if the maximum temperature in Missoula (USA) on 10th July 2004 was lower than 20° C (the historical average), you win zero if it was higher.

Example of lotteries traded

Pricing predictions

No arbitrage – Arbitrage should push the sum of prices of complementary assets to equal the aggregate payoff irrespective of risk and ambiguity attitude.

Ambiguity aversion – The sum of prices for complementary ambiguous lotteries is lower than that for chance lotteries.

Competence effects – The sum of prices for higher knowledge lotteries exceeds that for chance lotteries, but not otherwise

Sum of mean prices – E1(average over periods)

S1* S2* S3 S4 S5*

SUM(chance) 31015(12226)

21687(6164)

12923(3439)

19770(5918)

22213(4571)

SUM(EU) 21541(10276)

17964(4873)

15515(6526)

15690(3774)

11891(6746)

SUM(US) 20483(6408)

11774(4745)

15314(6148)

18117(9122)

13471(4561)

SUM(chance) > SUM(EU): S1, S2, S4, S5

SUM(chance) > SUM(US): S1, S2, S4, S5

SUM(EU) > SUM(US): S1, S2, S3

Estimated eq: Pt = + Pt-1 + t

stationary price = /(1- )

session chance EU US

1 32569.6 21703.5 20924.2

2 23481.8 18755.1 12058.4

3 13341.6 16169.7 49084.9

4 18568.4 15154.7 17721

5 22067.5 10975.3 13846.5

Prices for chance betshigher than those for ambiguous bets in four sessions out of five

What may explain the different result with respect to Heath and Tversky’s experiment?

Maybe traders in experiment 1 consider questions relating to US and EU weather as equally ambiguous.

Frequency of preference to bet on own judgement/chance event (%)

response Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5

judgement 59.4 46.9 59.4 34.4 46.9

indifferent 12.5 31.3 18.8 31.3 6.3

chance 28.1 21.9 21.9 34.4 46.9

Frequency of preference for complementary bets (%)

response Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5

judgement 56.3 46.9 71.9 65.6 59.4

indifferent 28.1 37.5 12.5 15.6 3.1

chance 15.6 15.6 15.6 18.8 37.5

Experiment 2

E2 (5 sessions) Before market trading begins, participants

state whether they feel knowledgeable /unknowledgeable with respect to 70 EU and US cities. Only known EU cities and unknown US cities are used to build lotteries traded in subsequent markets

Sum of mean prices – E2

S1* S2 S3 S4 S5*

SUM

(chance)

15241

(5293)

13908

(1760)

13149

(3714)

17637

(4243)

16851

(701)

SUM(EU) 25220

(14227)

12267

(4702)

13294

(4200)

18471

(8541)

17160

(3309)

SUM(US) 17862

(11390)

13390

(6406)

10927

(2045)

17755

(4478)

15190

(961)

SUM(EU) > SUM(chance): S1, S3, S4, S5

SUM(chance) > SUM(US): S2, S3, S5

SUM(EU) > SUM(US): S1, S2, S3, S5

stationary prices

session chance EU US

1 15124 21475 15329

2 13969 14152 13610

3 12340 13361 11620

4 15594 15140 14834

5 16810 17348 15273

SUM(EU) > SUM(US): S1, S2, S3, S4, S5SUM(EU) > SUM(chance): S1, S2, S3, S5SUM(chance) > SUM(US): S2, S3, S4, S5

Conclusions and research agenda

• Evidence of a competence effect in Exp. 2, but need to check its robustness across alternative specification of “knowledge”

• Judged probabilities are not elicited, so doubts exist whether the natural and chance events are considered equiprobable

• No convergence to the no arbitrage value is observed– Re-run experiment with experienced subjects– Pre-market tutorial on how to arbitrate