UMTS BASICS

3G Technologies Overview

Marconi Wireless

Multiple Access Systems

CDMA

FDMA TDMA

Power

Multiple Access Methods

f

pt

Code 1Code 2

Code 3

Code n

Marconi Wireless

Marconi Wireless

Depiction of GSM Technology UNITED NATIONS COCKTAIL PARTY

nihaw

F2>

Moshi-Moshi

F3>Kamusta?Mabuti

F4>

F1>

TS1

TS2 TS3

TS4

TSn

Marconi Wireless

Depiction of CDMA Technology UNITED NATIONS COCKTAIL PARTY

Kamusta?Mabuti

FILIPINO

Gud’Day, Mate

Wats up?

ENGLISH

EUROASIAN

nihaw

Moshi-Moshi

SAM!OVER HERE!

OK!

NOISE FLOOR

F1

Marconi Wireless

1G 2G 2.5G 3G

Japa

nE

urop

eA

sia/

Pac

Am

eric

as

INODEW-CDMA

Cdma2000(1xRTT,3xRTT)

EVDO/EVDV

IS-136 HS(EDGE Compact)

UMTS(W-CDMA)

EDGE?

IS-95B?

IS-136+

Phase II+GPRS

EDGE ?

PDC

D-AMPS

CdmaOne

GSM

Cellular System Evolution

AMPS

NAMPS

TACS

NMT

JTACS

Technology Roadmap

Marconi Internal Use Only

3rd Generation Systems


2 31

FORWARD LINKREVERSE LINK

CDMA 2000 Phase 23xRTT

SR3

f2 31CDMA 2000 Phase 1

1xRTTSR1

f

1 2 3

fUMTSFDD

- Carrier

Marconi Wireless

Multiple Access Systems3rd Generation Systems

ITU – International Telecommunications UnionProgram – IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000)Goals

Local (Stationary) rates > 2 MbpsLimited Mobility rates > 384 KbpsFull Mobility rates > 144 Kbps

Numerous proposals were submitted and led to two partnership projects3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project

UMTS (FDD, TDD)3GPP2 – 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2

CDMA 2000 and related technologies

Air Interface Selected by ITUUMTS FDD, UMTS TDD, CDMA 2000, EDGE/UWC-136

Fast Fact: 25 UMTS Networks Commercially launched5M Subscribers

Marconi Wireless

Multiple Access Systems- CDMA Evolution 1G to 3G3rd Generation Systems

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3G

Technology AMPSIS-95A

CDMAOneIS-95B HSPD

IS-2000 CDMA2000

1XRTT

IS-2000 CDMA2000

3XRTTMultiple Access FDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA

Modulation FM QPSK QPSK

HPSK/QPSK (Spreading

Modulation)

HPSK/QPSK (Spreading

Modulation)

Carrier 30KHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz

1.25MHz (grouped by 1 on reverse

link)

1.25MHz x 3 (grouped by 3 on

reverse link)

Users/Carrier 1

Variable - Freq. Reuse = 1 appx.

(34CH/Site-Carrier Typical)

Variable - Freq. Reuse = 1 appx.

(34CH/Site-Carrier Typical)

80 Voice and Data -Typical

200 Voice ad Data - Typical

Packet Data None None 64Kbps153.6Kbps (RC3), 307.2Kbps (RC4) 1 Mbps (RC9)

Features Analog

Digital Modulation, Privacy, Soft

Handoff Packet DataEnhanced Coding,

QoS Enhanced QoS

Services2.4K Data / Fax

(requires modem)

14.4Kbps Ckt Data, Increased

Capacity and Quality

64K Packet Data WAP, Internet High Speed Data High Speed Data

Marconi Wireless

- GSM Evolution to 3G3rd Generation Systems


Marconi Wireless

2G 2.5G 2.5G/3G ? 3GTechnology GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS FDDMultiple Access TDMA TDMA TDMA DS CDMAFrequency Range 450 Band 850 Band 900 Band IMT-2000 Band

450.4-486 (UL) 824-849 MHz (UL) 876-915 MHz (UL) 1920-1980 MHz (UE)460.4-467.6 MHz (DL) 869-894 MHz (DL) 921-960 MHz (DL) 2110-2170 MHz (NB)

Standard 900 Band DCS 1800 Band PCS 1900 Band890-915 (UL) 1710-1785 MHz (UL) 1850-1910 MHz (UE)935-960 MHz (DL) 1805-1880 MHz (DL) 1930-1990 MHz (NB)Extended 900 Band PCS 1900 PCS 1800 Band880-915 MHz (UL) 1850-1910 MHz (UL) 1710-1785 MHz (UE)925-960 MHz (UL) 1930-1990 MHz (DL) 1805-1880 MHz (NB)

Modulation GMSK GMSK 8-PSK/GMSK QPSK (Spreading)Channel Spacing 200 KHz 200 KHz 200 KHz 5 MHzSymbol/Chip Rate 270.833 Ksps 270.833 Ksps 270.833 Ksps 3.84 McpsData Rate 9.6 Kbps 9.05 - 21.4 Kbps/ts 384 Kbps 384 Kbps / 2Mbps StaticPlanning Frequency/TS Frequency/TS Frequency/TS Code

Features Digital Modulation Bandwidth on DemandAdaptive Modulation and Coding

Load Based / Packet Scheduler/ QOS

3rd Generation Systems


Technology UMTS FDD UMTS TDD CDMA2000(1X) CDMA2000(3X) EDGE

Multiple Access DS-CDMA FDD DS-CDMA TDD DS-CDMA / MC-CDMA DS-CDMA / MC-CDMA TDMA

Carrier Spacing 5MHz (200KHz Raster) 5MHz (200KHz Raster) 1.25MHz 3.75MHz200KHz (600KHz,2.4MHz)

Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps 3.84 Mcps 1.2288 McpsN*1.2288 Mcps (N=1,3,6,9)

Modulation

DataUL: Dual Channel QPSK / DL: QPSK QPSK UL: BPSK / DL: QPSK UL: BPSK / DL: QPSK 8-PSK/GMSK

Spreading QPSK QPSK UL: HPSK / DL: QPSK UL: HPSK / DL: QPSKFrameStructure (slots/frame) 15 15 16 16 8, 16, 64Length (ms) 10 10 20 20 4.615Chanelization Codes OVSF OVSF Walsh: 128 Walsh: 256

Quasi Orthogonal Functions

Quasi Orthogonal Functions

Synchronous No No Yes Yes Yes

3GPP 3GPP2

Marconi Wireless

Multiple Access SystemsUE

User Equipment

Node B

RNC

RadioNetwork

Controller

RNC

RadioNetwork

Controller

Node B

Core Network

MSCVLR HLR

AUC

SGSN

GGSN

UTRAN

PSTN

BTSBase Transceiver Station

BSC

BaseStation

Controller

NSS

MSCVLR HLR

AUC

BSS MS

MobileStation

2GGSM

BTSBase Transceiver Station

BSC

BaseStation

Controller

NSS

MSCVLR HLR

AUC

SGSN

GGSN

BSS

Internet

2.5GGSM

+GPRS

3GUMTS

- GSM to UMTS Transition3rd Generation Systems

Marconi Wireless

UMTS Functional DescriptionMixed 2G and 3G Network

Marconi Wireless

GGSN

Gn

2GSGSN

3GSGSN

3GRNC

2GBSS

UE

2GMSC/VLR

3GMSC/VLR

AGb

Gs

Gn

IuIu

Gn

Core Network

UTRAN

Air Interface

IP

UMTS Functional DescriptionRelationship of Physical Layer Functions by Specification

25.211

25.212

25.213

25.215measurements

25.214procedures

traffic

control

FDD

25.221

25.222

25.223

25.225measurements

25.224procedures

traffic

control

TDD

Multiplexing and Channel Coding

Physical channels and mapping of transport channelsonto physical channels

Physical layer procedures

Spreading andmodulation

Marconi Wireless

2.5/3G Data Rates Enable a Wide Range of Services

2M

384K

64K

32K

16K

9.6K

2.4K

1.2K

RemoteRemoteMedical Medical ServiceService

(Medical (Medical image)image)

InternetInternet

VideoVideoConferenceConference

(High quality)(High quality)

TelephoneTelephone(Voice)(Voice)

VoiceVoiceMailMail

EE--MailMail FaxFax

VideoVideoCatalogCatalog

ShoppingShopping

ElectronicElectronicNewspaperNewspaper

ElectronicElectronicPublishingPublishing

Video onVideo onDemand:Demand:

Sports, NewsSports, NewsWeatherWeather

ISDNISDNKaraokeKaraoke

Mobile TVMobile TV

MobileMobileRadioRadio

BiBi--DirectionalDirectional UniUni--DirectionalDirectional MultiMulti--CastCast

PointPoint--toto--PointPoint MultiMulti--PointPoint

BroadcastBroadcast

Weather, Traffic, News,Weather, Traffic, News,Sports, Stock updatesSports, Stock updates

ImageImage

Database Access ServicesDatabase Access Services

VoiceVoiceWeather, Traffic, News,Weather, Traffic, News,Sports, Stock updatesSports, Stock updates

DataDataWeather, Traffic, News,Weather, Traffic, News,Sports, Stock updatesSports, Stock updates

Distribution ServicesDistribution Services

Tra

nsm

issi

on S

peed

PagerPager

HSPD

2G

VideoVideoConferenceConference

(Lower quality)(Lower quality)

Source: NTTNote: Data rates shown are maximums (e.g. fixed applications). Data rates decrease as mobility speed increases.

Voice

Image

Data

Key:

1XRTT3XRTT

6XRTT

Marketing Information

Marconi Wireless


* Source: UMTS Forum www.umts-forum.org

Global Market Deployment Update Country Operator Date Status More InformationAustria 3 May-03 Service

Launched3 website

Austria mobilkom austria Apr-03 Service Launched

mobilkom austria website

Austria T-Mobile Dec-03 Service Launched

T-Mobile website

Belguim Proximus May-04 Service Launched

Proximus website

Croatia VIPnet May-03 TrialCzech Republic Eurotel Feb-03 Trial Eurotel website Denmark 3 Oct-03 Service

Launched3 website

Estonia EMT Sep-03 Trial EMT websiteFinland TeliaSonera Dec-03 Trial TeliaSonera websiteFrance Orange Feb-04 Trial Orange websiteFrance SFR May-04 Service

LaunchedSFR website

Germany O2 Apr-04 Service Launched

O2 website

Germany Vodafone Feb-04 Service Launched

Vodafone website

Germany T-Mobile Apr-04 Service Launched

T-Moblie website

Germany E-Plus Jun-04 Service Launched

E-Plus website

Greece Telestet Jan-04 Service Launched

Telstet website

Greece COSMOTE May-04 Service Launched

COSMOTE website

Ireland 3 Oct-03 Trial 3 websiteIreland Vodafone Jul-04 Service

LaunchedVodafone website

Ireland O2 Dec-03 Trial O2 websiteIsle of Man Manx Telecom Dec-01 Trial Manx Telecom web site

Europe, Middle East & Africa Italy 3 Mar-03 Service Launched

3 website

Italy Vodafone Feb-04 Service Launched

Vodafone website

Italy TIM May-04 Service Launched

TIM website

Luxembourg P&T Luxembourg

Jun-03 Trial P&T Luxembourg web site

Luxembourg Tango May-03 Trial Tango web siteMonaco Monaco

TelecomJun-01 Trial Monaco Telecom website

Netherlands KPN Mobile Jul-04 Service Launched

KPN Mobile website

Netherlands Vodafone Feb-04 Service Launched

Vodafone website

Portugal Vodafone Feb-04 Service Launched

Vodafone website

Portugal TMN Apr-04 Service Launched

TMN website

Slovenia Mobitel Dec-03 Service Launched

Mobitel website

Spain Telefónica Móviles España

Feb-04 Service Launched

Telefónica Móviles España website

Spain Vodafone Feb-04 Service Launched

Vodafone website

Sweden 3 May-03 Service Launched

3 website

Sweden Vodafone Feb-04 Service Launched

Vodafone website

Sweden Tele2 Jun-04 Service Launched

Tele2 website

UAE Etisalat Dec-03 Service Launched

Etisalat website

UK 3 May-03 Service Launched

3 website

UK Vodafone Feb-04 Service Launched

Vodafone website

UK T-Mobile Feb-04 Trial T-Mobile websiteUK Orange Jul-04 Service

LaunchedOrange website

Marconi Wireless


* Source: UMTS Forum www.umts-forum.org

Global Market Deployment Update

Country Operator Date Status More InformationAustralia 3 Apr-03 Service

Launched3 website

Hong Kong 3 Jan-04 Service Launched

3 website

Japan NTT DoCoMo Oct-01 Service Launched

NTT DoCoMo website

Japan Vodafone K.K. Dec-02 Service Launched

Vodafone K.K. website

Malaysia Telekom Malaysia

Jul-03 Trial Telekom Malaysia website

Malaysia Maxis Mar-04 Trial Maxis websiteSingapore SingTel Sep-03 Trial SingTel websiteSouth Korea KTF Dec-04 Service

LaunchedKTF website

South Korea SKT Dec-04 Service Launched

SKT website

Asia Pacific

Marconi Wireless

Trade Associations• UMTS Forum

– http://www.umts-forum.org/• GSM Association

– http://www.gsmworld.com/index1.html• CDMA Development Group

– http://www.cdg.org/• GSM Suppliers Association

– http://www.gsacom.com/home.html• Universal Wireless Communications Consortium

– http://www.uwcc.org/

Industry Bodies

Marconi Wireless

• 3GPP– UMTS FDD and TDD– Standards Development– http://www.3gpp.org/

• 3GPP2– cdma2000– Standards Development– http://www.3gpp2.org/

• 3GIP– promoting all-IP solution for

3GPP Release 2000– Mobile Wireless internet Forum– IP Core Network– http://www.3gip.org/

Standards Groups

Industry Bodies

Marconi Wireless

• ERO (EU) European Radio Office– http://www.ero.dk/

• FCC (USA) Federal Communications Commission– http://www.fcc.gov/

• ITU International Telecommunications Union– http://www.itu.int/

• RA (UK) Radiocommunications Agency– http://www.radio.gov.uk/

Radio Regulatory

Industry Bodies

Marconi Wireless

• ARIB (Japan) Association of Radio Industries and Businesses– http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/

• CWTS (China) China Communications Standards Association– http://www.cwts.org/english/index.php

• ETSI (EU) European Telecommunications Standard Institute– http://www.etsi.org/

• T1 (USA) – Creates network interconnections and interoperability standards– http://www.t1.org/

• TTA (Korea) Telecommunications Technology Association– http://www.tta.or.kr/

• TTC (Japan) Telecommunications Technology Committee– http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/

3GPP Member Organizations

Industry Bodies

Marconi Wireless

UMTS Systems Overview

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

GeneralDefinitionUTRA Mode of OperationSpectrumCharacteristics

ArchitectureInterfaceChannelsSpreading and ModulationCodesFramesHandoverPower ControlUMTS Standards

3GPP Specifications and reports by themselves have no legal standing. It onlybecomes official when published by the partner organizations. ETSI – UMTSARIB/TTC - FOMA

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)• Air Interface is W-CDMA (Wideband-CDMA)

– Chip Rate is 3.84 Mcps– Channel Spacing is 5 MHz– Channel Raster is 200 KHz– UTRA Mode of Operation

FDD – Frequency Division DuplexTDD – Time Division Duplex

– TX-RX Separation FDD (25101-3b0 subclause 5.2a) is 190 MHzFDD (25101-3b0 subclause 5.2b) is 80 MHz

General

UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System


FDD:A duplex method whereby uplink and downlink transmissions use two separated radio frequencies. In the FDD, each uplink and downlink uses the different frequency band. A pair of frequency bands which have specified separation shall be assigned for the system.

TDD:A duplex method whereby uplink and downlink transmissions are carried over same radio frequency by using synchronised time intervals. In the TDD, time slots in a physical channel are divided into transmission and reception part. Information on uplink and downlink are transmitted reciprocally.

General

* Source 25201-340

UTRA Mode of Operation


• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

– Uplink: 1920 – 1980 MHz (60 MHz)– Downlink: 2110 – 2170 MHz (60 MHz)

Paired uplink60 MHz

Unpaired20 MHz

19001900 19201920 19801980 20102010 20252025

Paired downlink60 MHz

21102110 2200 MHz2200 MHz21702170

Unpaired15MHz

• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) – Region 2 (USA)

– Uplink: 1850 – 1910 MHz (60 MHz)– Downlink: 1930 – 1990 MHz (60 MHz)

* Node B frequency Band is just the reverse

Spectrum - UE

General


• TDD (Time Division Duplex)

– Uplink/Downlink: 1900 – 1920 MHz (20 MHz)– Uplink/Downlink: 2010 – 2025 MHz (15 MHz)

• TDD (Time Division Duplex) – Region 2

– Uplink/Downlink: 1850 – 1910 MHz (60 MHz)– Uplink/Downlink: 1930 – 1990 MHz (60 MHz)

• TDD (Time Division Duplex) – Region 2

– Uplink/Downlink: 1910 – 1930 MHz (20 MHz)

General

Spectrum - UE


General

FDD - UE CharacteristicsTransmitter

Power Class1 + 33 dBm2 + 27 dBm3 + 24 dBm4 + 21 dBm

Power ControlThe UE shall have the capability to change the output power by 1, 2, or 3 dB step sizeTPC Command 1dB step size 2dB step size 3dB step size

L U L U L U+1 + 0 .5 + 1.5 + 1 + 3 + 1.5 + 4.5

0 - 0.5 + 0.5 - 0.5 + 0.5 - 0.5 + 0.5- 1 - 0 .5 - 1.5 - 1 - 3 - 1.5 - 4.5

ReceiverReference Sensitivity LevelThe BER shall not exceed 0.001Parameter LevelDPCH_Ec -117 dBm/3.84 MHzIor -106 dBm/3.84 MHz


General

FDD – Node B Characteristics

TransmitterThe Node B shall have the capability to change the output power by 1 dB mandatory and0.5 dB optionalTPC Command 0.5 dB step size 1 dB step size

L U L U1 + 0.25 + 0.75 + 0.5 + 1.50 - 0.25 - 0.75 - 0.5 - 1.5

ReceiverReference Sensitivity LevelThe BER shall not exceed 0.001

Channel Data Rate Level12.2 Kbps -121 dBm


GeneralQ & A

• What are the two UTRA mode of operation?

• What is the UMTS uplink and downlink UE frequency range and TX-RX separation for USA?

• What is the chip rate for UMTS?

•FDD, TDD•UL: 1850-1910, DL: 1930-1990, 80MHz•3.84 Mcps


UMTS ARCHITECHTURE


General Architecture

Architecture


GGSN

SGSN

RNC

MSC/VLRGn

IuCore Network

UTRANRNC

Node BNode BNode BNode BNode B

IP

HLR

UE

IWF

PSTN

cells

TC


DCNtGC

UTRANUE Core Network

Access Stratum (AS)

Non-Access Stratum (NAS)

Radio(Uu) Iu

DCNtGC

DCNtGC DCNtGC DCNtGC DCNtGC

end AS entity end AS entity

Relay

UuStratum(UuS)

IuStratum

L2/L1

RRC

L2/L1

RRC

Architecture

* Source 25301-3b0

L3 Lower

L3 Upper



Architecture

The figure shown is a high level architecture of UMTS. The architecture is depicted in terms of its entities. The three main entities are:

UE (User Equipment)UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)CN (Core Network)

The high level functional groupings are:

AS (Access Stratum)Pertains to the protocols specific to the access technique. Examples of which are: coordination of radio resources, protocols for transferring radio information, etc.

NAS (Non Access Stratum)Refers to core network related signaling and services.



Architecture

UEs

UTRAN CN

Node B

Node B

Node B

RNC

RNC

MSC/VLR

SGSN

HLR

PSTN

Packet Network

TE

Terminal Equipment

USIM

UMTS SIM

Radio Network Controller

Radio Network Controller Serving GSN

GGSN

Gateway GSN

GMSC

Gateway MSC

Mobile Switching

Centre

Home Location Register

AIR

INT

ER

FAC

E

Node B



Architecture

UE (User Equipment)The user’s radio terminal used to access the UMTS system via the UMTS air interface

USIM (UMTS Subscriber Identity Module) – similar to GSM SIM that holds subscriber specific information such as subscriber number, encryption keys, and services (applications) available.Terminal Equipment – User’s human interface to the radio network where high level applications can be displayed and accessed.

UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)UTRAN provides radio coverage, radio management, and access point to the core network

RNC (Radio Network Controller) – Similar to BSC in GSM and CDMAOne, it provides radio management of radio resources and Node B management (ie. Alarms). It serves as the access point to the Core NetworkNode B – Radio Base Station. It provides radio coverage on the UMTS system



Architecture

CN (Core Network)Provides switching functions of user traffic to other UTRANs, to the fixed circuit switched network, or packet switched network (Internet). It holds all UMTS subscriber database (HLR,VLR).

MSC (Mobile Switching Center) – Switch for circuit switched information and services.GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Center) - Switch and interface to the external circuit switched network (ie POTS)SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) – A router for packet switched information and servicesGGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) – Gateway to external packet switched networksHLR (Home Location Register) – A database that holds a master copy of the subscriber’s profile.VLR (Visitor Location Register) – A database that holds a copy of visitor subscriber’s profile.


OSI Protocol Layer Stack

Architecture


A B

L1

L7

L6

L5

L4

L3

L2

PHYSICAL

DATALINK

NETWORK

TRANSPORT

SESSION

APPLICATION

PRESENTATION

PHYSICAL

DATALINK

NETWORK

TRANSPORT

SESSION

APPLICATION

PRESENTATION

Physical Layer

Medium Access Control (MAC)

Radio Link Control (RLC)

Radio Resource

Control (RRC)

Control Plane Signalling User Plane Information

OSI

L3Network Layer

L2Data Link Layer

L1Physical Layer

Transport Channels

Logical Channels

Radio Interface Protocol Architecture

Architecture


Radio Interface Protocol Architecture

Architecture


end to end session

RRC

Destination

RRC

MM MM

Appli Appli

UE SRNC SGSNVLR

MobilityManagement

L2 Radio ResourceControl

RLC RLCL2 Radio LinkControl

Node B

L1L1Layer 1Physical

Ra d

i o in

terf

ace

UTRAN

CN

ArchitectureQ & A

• What are the three main entities of UMTS and briefly explain their functions ?

• When we speak of logical channels, where exactly are these channels on the protocol architecture ? Transport channels ?

•UE, UTRAN, CN•L2; between RLC and MAC, Between L2 and L1


UMTS INTERFACES


General

Interfaces

ATM is commonly used as the transport network layer for UMTS. The transport network layer can be IP or ATM but if IP is required, then it will be IP v6 due to improved QoS.

ATM is the layer 2 (data link layer) connection across the network.

- ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

2

1

Data Link LayerATM Layer

ATM Adaptation Layer

Higher Layer Protocols

Physical Layer

N:


General

Interfaces- ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

ATM Service Classes

UMTS network uses AAL2 for synchronous connection based service and AAL5 for asynchronous connectionless service.

ATM Adaptation Layer Bit Rate Connection ModeAAL 1 Constant Connection OrientedAAL 2 Variable Connection OrientedAAL 3 Variable Connection OrientedAAL 4 Variable ConnectionlessAAL 5 Variable Connectionless


Uu Air Interface

Iub Interface between the RNC and the Node B.

Iu Interface between the RNS and the Core Network

Iucs

Iups

Iur Interface between RNCs.

UMTS Network Interfaces

Interfaces

RNC

Core Network

Iu

Node-B

UE

Uu

Iub

IurRNC



Interfaces

Q.2150.1

Q.2630.1

RANAP Iu UP ProtocolLayer

TransportNetwork

Layer

Physical Layer

TransportUser

NetworkPlane

Control Plane User Plane

TransportUser

NetworkPlane

Transport NetworkControl Plane

RadioNetwork

Layer

ATM

SSCOP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-NNI

AAL2AAL5

MTP3bMTP3b

SCCP

SSCF-NNI

Iu-cs (circuit)•AAL5•ATM•Physical



Interfaces

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

IP

SCTP

SCCP

SSCF-NNI

MTP3-BM3UA

RANAPIu UP Protocol

Layer

TransportNetwork

Layer

Physical Layer

TransportUser

NetworkPlane


TransportUser

NetworkPlane


RadioNetwork

Layer

ATM

AAL5

IP

UDP

GTP-U

Physical Layer

ATM

Iu-ps (packet)•AAL5•ATM•Physical



Interfaces

IurA point-to-point logical connection between any two RNCs within the UTRAN.

RNSAP (Radio Network Subsystem Application Part) – Signaling protocol used across the Iur

•AAL5•ATM•Physical

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

MTP3-B

AAL5

IP

SCTP

SCCP

AAL5

SSCF-NNI

STC (Q.2150.1)

RNSAP Iur DataStream(s)

TransportNetwork

Layer

Physical Layer

TransportUser

NetworkPlane


TransportUser

NetworkPlane


RadioNetwork

Layer

ATM

ALCAP(Q.2630.1)

AAL2

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

MTP3-B

IP

SCTPSSCF-NNI

M3UA M3UA



Interfaces

Iub The logical interface between the RNC and Node B.

•AAL5

•AAL2

•ATM

•Physical Node BApplication Part

(NBAP)

AAL Type 2

ALCAP

TransportLayer

Physical Layer

RadioNetworkLayer

Radio NetworkControl Plane

TransportNetwork

Control Plane

DC

H FP

RA

CH

FP

ATM

DSC

H FP

AAL Type 5

User Plane

SSCF-UNI

SSCOP

AAL Type 5

SSCF-UNI

SSCOP

Q.2630.1

Q.2150.2

FAC

H FP

PCH

FP

USC

H FP

CPC

H FP

TFCI2 FP


Q & A

• What are the two ATM service classes used by R99 version of UMTS ?

• What are the five main interfaces ?

•AAL2, AAL5•Uu, Iub, Iur, Iups, Iucs

Interfaces


UMTS CHANNELS


BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH DCHCPCH

BCCH PCCH CCCHDCCH

Control Channels

CTCH DTCH

Traffic Channels

DPDCHS-CCPCHP-CCPCH PCPCH PRACH PDSCH

DPCH

DPCCH

PICHAICHCPICHSCH

Physical

Transport

Logical

Channels


Logical Channels

BCCH – Broadcast Control ChannelPCCH – Paging Control ChannelDCCH – Dedicated Control ChannelCCCH – Common Control ChannelCTCH – Common Traffic ChannelDTCH – Dedicated Traffic Channel

Transport ChannelsCommonBCH – Broadcast ChannelPCH – Paging ChannelCPCH – Common Packet ChannelRACH – Random Access ChannelFACH – Forward Access ChannelDSCH – Downlink Shared ChannelDedicatedDCH – Dedicated Channel

Physical Channels

P – CCPCH – Primary Common Control Physical ChannelS – CCPCH – Secondary Common Control Physical ChannelPCPCH – Physical Common Packet ChannelPRACH – Physical Random Access ChannelPDSCH – Physical Dedicated Shared ChannelDPDCH – Dedicated Physical Data Channel

SCH – (Primary and Secondary) Synchronization ChannelCPICH – (Primary and Secondary) Common Pilot ChannelAICH – Acquisition Indication ChannelPICH – Paging Indicator ChannelDPCH – Dedicated Physical ChannelDPCCH – Dedicated Physical Control Channel

Abbreviations

Channels


Definitions*

Channels

Common Transport Channel types:

Random Access Channel (RACH)A contention based uplink channel used for transmission of relatively small amounts of data, e.g. for initial access or non-real-time dedicated control or traffic data.Contains control information such as a request to setup an RRC connection.Common Packet Channel (CPCH)A contention based channel used for transmission of bursty data traffic. This channel only exists in FDD mode and only in the uplink direction. The common packet channel is shared by the UEs in a cell and therefore, it is a common resource. The CPCH is fast power controlled.Forward Access Channel (FACH)Common downlink channel without closed-loop power control used for transmission of relatively small amount of data.Downlink channel than can carry control information to known terminals in a cell or used for transmission of small amount downlink packet data. It may support slow power control.Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)A downlink channel shared by several UEs carrying dedicated control or traffic data.

* Source 25301-3b0


Definitions

Channels

Uplink Shared Channel (USCH)

An uplink channel shared by several UEs carrying dedicated control or traffic data, used inTDD mode only.

Broadcast Channel (BCH)

A downlink channel used for broadcast of system information specific to the UTRA or a cell.

Paging Channel (PCH)

A downlink channel used for broadcast of control information into an entire cell allowing efficient UE sleep mode procedures. Currently identified information types are paging and notification. Another use could be UTRAN notification of change of BCCH information.

Dedicated transport channel type:

Dedicated Channel (DCH)

A channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink.

An uplink or downlink channel dedicated to one UE. It carries all user information (speech, data, etc.) and can support variable bit rate and service multiplexing with closed loop power control and supports soft/er handoff.


Logical Control ChannelsControl channels are used for transfer of control plane information only.

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)A downlink channel for broadcasting system control information.Paging Control Channel (PCCH)A downlink channel that transfers paging information. This channel is used when the network does not know the location cell of the UE, or, the UE is in the cell connected state (utilising UE sleep mode procedures).Common Control Channel (CCCH)Bi-directional channel for transmitting control information between network and UEs. This channel is commonly used by the UEs having no RRC connection with the network and by the UEs using common transport channels when accessing a new cell after cell reselection.Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel is established through RRC connection setup procedure.Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH)Bi-directional channel that transmits control information for uplink and downlink shared channels between network and UEs. This channel is for TDD mode only.

Definitions

Channels


Definitions

Channels

Logical Traffic ChannelsTraffic channels are used for the transfer of user plane information only.

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

A Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) is a point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink.

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

A point-to-multipoint unidirectional channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs.


Definitions

Channels

Downlink Physical Channels

Channels Spreading Factor Channelization Scrambled ?? Function Other informationCPICH (Common Pilot Channel 256 Phase Reference

Primary 256 C,256,0 Primary Scrambling CodeSecondary 256 Arbitrary Primary or Secondary Scrambling Code

CCPCH (Common Control Physical Channel) 256Primary 256 C,256,1 Carries the BCH Pure Data ChannelSecondary 256 - 4 Carries the FACH and PCH

SCH (Synchronization Channel) Used in Cell Search Pure Physical ChannelPrimary 256 Downlink Slot SynchSecondary 256 Downlink Frame Synch

AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel) 256 reception of PRACH preambles

PICH (Paging Indicator Channel) 256 Carries Paging indicators Always associated with S-CCPCH


ChannelsQ & A

• What are the three different classifications of channels in the access stratum?

• Through which physical channel do you get system control information ?

•Logical, Transport, Physical•P-CCPCH


UMTSSPREADING

andMODULATION


Spreading and Modulation

The UTRA modulation scheme is QPSK. Pulse shaping is specified in the TS 25.100 series.With CDMA nature the spreading (& scrambling) process is closely associated with modulation. In UTRA different families of spreading codes are used to spread the signal:

- For separating channels from same source, channelisation codes derived with the code tree structure as given in TS 25.213 and 25.223 are used.

- For separating different cells the following solutions are supported.

* FDD mode: Gold codes with 10 ms period (38400 chips at 3.84 Mcps) used, with the actual code itself of length 218-1 chips, as defined in TS 25.213.

* TDD mode: Scrambling codes with the length 16 used as defined in TS 25.223.

- For separating different UEs the following code families are defined.

* FDD mode: Gold codes with 10 ms period, or alternatively S(2) codes 256 chip period.

* TDD mode: codes with period of 16 chips and midamble sequences of different length depending on the environment.

General



General


• Transmitter- The symbols (user information) are applied to a spreading code - The spread signal are then applied to a scrambling code- The resulting chip-rate signal modulates the transmitter

• Receiver - RF and demodulator recovers the signal- the same scrambling code de-scrambles the received signal- the spreading code de-spreads the signal, recovering the original symbol-rate

source information

Channelization and Scrambling

X X ModulatorRF

(OVSF)Spreading

Code

(PN (Gold))Scrambling

Code

Source

SymbolRate

ChipRate

OutX XRFDemodulator

(PN (Gold))Scrambling

Code

(OVSF)Spreading

Code

ChipRate

SymbolRate



Uplink


IΣ

j

cd,1 βd

Sdpch,n

I+jQ

DPDCH1

Q

cd,3 βd

DPDCH3

cd,5 βd

DPDCH5

cd,2 βd

DPDCH2

cd,4 βd

DPDCH4

cd,6 βd

DPDCH6

cc βc

DPCCH

Σ

S

S

Im{S}

Re{S}

cos(ωt)

Complex-valuedchip sequencefrom spreadingoperations

-sin(ωt)

Splitreal &imag.parts

Pulse-shaping

Pulse-shaping

* Based on 25213-380

One DPCCH and up to six parallel DPDCHs can be transmitted simultaneously


Uplink


Each physical channel is separated into its so called “I” and “Q” branches. The real-valued

symbol data on each physical channel is spread using OVSF codes, Cd,n. For DPDCCH and

DPCCH, the binary value "0" is mapped to the real value +1, while the binary value "1" is

mapped to the real value –1. The spreading process results in two things. First, it increases the

bandwidth of the input data symbol by the chip rate. The number of chips per data symbol is

called the spreading factor (SF). Second it makes each channel unique from a single source

(UE). After channelization, the spread signals are weighted by gain factors βc . The stream of

real-valued chips from both the I and Q branches are then combined (summed) t form a complex-

valued stream of chips, I + jQ. The complex-valued signal is then scrambled by a complex-

valued scrambling code Sch,n. The scrambling process is necessary to uniquely define the UE

from the system. After spreading, it goes to the modulator and its corresponding RF sub section

for transmission.


Downlink


I

Any downlinkphysical channelexcept SCH

S→P

Cch,SF,m

j

Sdl,n

Q

I+jQ S

Different downlinkPhysical channels

Σ

G1

G2

GP

GS

S-SCH

P-SCH Σ(point T inFigure 11)

T

Im{T}

Re{T}

cos(ωt)

Complex-valuedchip sequencefrom summingoperations

-sin(ωt)

Splitreal &imag.parts

Pulse-shaping

Pulse-shaping

* Based on 25213-380

S


Downlink


A serial to parallel operation is performed for each input pair of two consecutive real-valued

symbol. The even numbered symbols are mapped to the “I” branch while the odd numbered

symbol goes to the “Q” branch. The I and Q branches are then spread using real-valued OVSF

codes. The spread I and Q branches are then combined and treated as a single complex-valued

sequence. After spreading, the complex-valued sequence is scrambled by a complex-valued

scrambling code. Each complex-valued spread and scrambled channel is weighted by a weight

factor Gi . All downlink physical channels are combined using complex addition and is

modulated using QPSK.

The spreading process uniquely defines each channel in a cell while scrambling identifies the cell

from other cells.


Q & A

• What is Dual Channel QPSK ?

• What is the channelization code (spreading process) of the synchronization channel ?

•In the uplink, the “I” and “Q” branches carry separate data channels •None. SCH is a pure physical channel. It does not go through the channelization process



UMTSCODES


The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is used in cell search procedure. It allows the UE to initially synchronize to the Node B. Synchronization is done in two steps, slot synchronization and frame synchronization.

Primary SCHThe primary synchronization code (PSC) allows downlink slot synchronization in the cell.

PSC is common to all cells and is transmitted on every slot at the start of a timeslot.length = 256 chipsduration = 66.67uS

Secondary SCHThe Secondary SCH consists of a modulated code known as Secondary Synchronization

Codes (SSC). SSC allows the UE to acquire frame synchronization and provides information on which code group the cell is using as its downlink primary scrambling code.

Cs i,k where i = 0..63 (scrambling code group number) and k = 0..14 (slot number)

length = 256 chipsduration = 66.67uS

Codes

Synchronization Code


Codes

Synchronization Code

Cp

256 chips66.67µs

Csi,0

2560 chips666.7µs

slot # 0 slot # 1 slot # 14

P-SCH

S-SCH Csi,1

Cp Cp

Csi,14

SCH frame10 mS


Codes

Channelization Codes

• Channelization codes have orthogonal properties of variable length used for

Uplink - Used to separate the physical channels from one UE. It allows the UE tosimultaneously transmit multiple physical channels.

Downlink -Used to separate the channel set of a cell

• OVSF – Orthogonal Variable Spreading FactorThe code length is directly related to the the spreading factor (SF) and depends onthe channel and the bit rate required by the service

FDD TDDUplink : 256 – 4 Uplink: 16 - 1Downlink: 512 – 4 Downlink: 16 - 1

Spreading - Channelization Codes


Codes

Spreading - Code Tree Generation for OVSF

−

=

−

=

1111

0,1,

0,1,

0,1,

0,1,

1,2,

0,2,

ch

ch

ch

ch

ch

ch

CC

CC

CC

( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

−

−

−

=

−−

−−

−++

−++

+

+

+

+

12,2,12,2,

12,2,12,2,

1,2,1,2,

1,2,1,2,

0,2,0,2,

0,2,0,2,

112,12,

212,12,

3,12,

2,12,

1,12,

0,12,

:::

nnchnnch

nnchnnch

nchnch

nchnch

nchnch

nchnch

nnch

nnch

nch

nch

nch

nch

CCCC

CCCCCCCC

CC

CCCC

• The OVSF matrix can be built by replicating and inverting• Faster symbol rates require shorter OVSF codes


Codes

1

-1

1

1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1 -1 -1

-11 -11

-11 -1 1-11 -1 1 -11 -1 1

-11 -1 1 -1 1 -11

-11 -11

-11 -11

-11 -11

-11-1 1

1 1 -1 -1

1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1

1 1-1 -1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1

Cch1,1

Cch2,1

Cch2,2

Cch4,3

Cch4,2

Cch4,1

Cch4,4

Cch8,5

Cch8,6

Cch8,7

Cch8,8

Cch8,4

Cch8,3

Cch8,2

Cch8,1Cch512,1Cch512,2

Cch512,511Cch512,512

Spreading - Code Tree Generation for OVSF

Higher rates Lower rates

Cch2,1

spreading factor number code tree branch number


Codes

Spreading - OVSF Code Usage

x

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

C ch,1,0 = (1)

C ch,2 ,0 = (1 ,1)

C ch,2 ,1 = (1 ,-1)

C ch,4 ,0 = (1 ,1 ,1 ,1)

C ch,4 ,1 = (1 ,1 ,-1 ,-1)

C ch,4 ,2 = (1 ,-1 ,1 ,-1)

C ch,4 ,3 = (1 ,-1 ,-1 ,1)

√IN USE

√√ √

√√√√x

If a short OVSF code is used such as in 384K data channel, the branches (descendants) after the chosen code cannot be used. This greatly reduces the number of physical channels available on a cell


Codes

Scrambling Uplink• All uplink physical channels are scrambled using a complex-valued scrambling code.• The DPCCH/DPDCH may be scrambled by either long or short scrambling codes• There are 224 long and 224 short scrambling codes

Long codes - complex-valued Gold codes from a long sequence 224 of 38400 chip segments codes available: 16,777,216code length: 38,400 chips

Short codes - a sequence from the family of periodically extended S(2) codes.codes available: 16,777,216code length: 256 chips

Downlink• A total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes, numbered 0…262,142 can be generated but not

all are used. Only 512*16 = 8191 codes are used.• There are 512 (0..511) sets. Each set consists of primary codes and 15 (1..15) secondary codes

associated with each primary code• The primary CCPCH, primary CPICH, PICH, AICH, AP-AICH, CD/CA-ICH, CSICH and

S-CCPCH carrying PCH are always transmitted using the primary scrambling code


Codes

Scrambling Code - Downlink


Q & A

• How is the channelization code differ in the uplink and downlink ?

• How do you generate the OVSF code tree ?

• For higher data rate, what should be the size of the channelization code ?

• How many primary scrambling codes in the downlink ?

•Uplink: separate channels from one UE; Downlink: separate channels from a cell ••small•512



Frame

Uplink / Downlink

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 14Slot 4

Superframe (72 frames)

10 ms frame

Tslot = 666.7µs = 2560 chips

Tframe = 720ms

Radio Frame: A radio frame consists of 15 slots with a frame length of 38400 chips.

Slot: The length of a slot is 2560 chips.

Power control: 1500 per second


The SCH has two sub channels and are transmitted in parallel

The SCH, CPICH, CCPCH, and PDSCH have identical frame timing

The S-CCPCH timing offset is always a multiple of 256 chips from P-CCPCH

The DPCH timing offset is always a multiple of 256chips from P-CCPCH

The PICH timing is always 7680 chips prior to S-CCPCH

Timing Relationship

Frame

P-CPICH

P-CCPCH

PICH

S-CCPCH

P-CCPCH

PDSCH

n*256chips

7680 chips

n*256chips

Primary SCH

Secondary SCH

DPCH

- Physical Channels

S-CPICH


I/Q code multiplexed with complex scrambling codeUplink Structure

Downlink Structure

DPDCH

Frame

One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

TPC NTPC bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)

Data2Ndata2 bits

DPDCHTFCI

NTFCI bitsPilot

Npilot bitsData1

Ndata1 bits

DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH

Time multiplexed with complex scrambling

Pilot Npilot bits

TPC NTPC bits

DataNdata bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

DPDCH

DPCCHFBI

NFBI bitsTFCI

NTFCI bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6)


DPDCH

Frame

UPLINK

SFUser bit rate

(Kbps)Multiplexed

Services Transport Format

256 DPCCH Always

64 12.2 AMR speech Convolution coding

3.4 DCCH

32 28.8 28.8 ModemCS data / Turbo coding / 40ms TTI

3.4 DCCH

16 12.2 AMR speech Turbo Coding / 20ms TTI

64 Packet Data3.4 DCCH

16 57.6 FaxCS data / Turbo coding / 40ms TTI

3.4 DCCH





DOWNLINK

SFUser bit rate

(Kbps)Multplexed

Services Transport Format

512

256

128 12.2 AMR speech Convolutional coding

3.4 DCCH

64 28.8 ModemCS data / Turbo coding / 40ms TTI

3.4 DCCH


64 Packet Data

3.4 DCCH

32 57.6 FaxCS data / Turbo coding / 40ms TTI

3.4 DCCH


144 Packet Data

3.4 DCCH


384 Packet Data

3.4 DCCH

- Symbol Rates and Services


Q & A

• How many power control groups in one frame ?

• Name the physical channels that have identical frame timing ?

• To achieve 384Kbps downlink data rate, what shouldbe the size of the spreading factor ? For 144Kbps ? AMR speech?

• How many primary scrambling codes in the downlink ?

•15 •P-SCH, S-SCH, CPICH, P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH, PDSCH•8, 16, 128*•512

Frame


UMTSHANDOVER


UE tracks cells/sectors in two main cell sets:

Active Set All UTRAN cells involved in soft or softer connection on a UE.

Monitored Set / Neighbor Set contains all cells that the UE is monitoring which are not in the active set but have potential for handover (soft, softer or hard handover)

Two measurement Reporting Modes

Event Triggered - measurement report sent by the UE when measurement reporting criteriaare met

Periodical – Periodic measurement report sent by the UE

Event Triggered Periodical

HandoverIntroduction

Node B Node B


Uplink/Downlink Signal MeasurementsThis is the standard cause for the soft handover algorithm. It is also a valid handover method for hard handover.

DistanceDistance between UE and the Cell

LocationActual location of the UE

QualityBER, BLER

Cell Topology CauseThis cause will be used for hard handover between two frequencies (FDD to FDD or UMTS to GSM)

1%

UMTS - f1

UMTS - f2

UMTS

GSM

CITY

SUBURBS

Handover Causes

Handover


Intra-Frequency Events (MEHO)Handoff between cells in the same WCDMA carrier

Event 1a: Cell (P-CPICH) enters the Reporting Range

10*log10MNew =< W*10*log10(∑Mi) + (1-W)*10*log10MBest – (Rla – Hla/2)

Event 1b: Cell (P-CPICH) leaves the Reporting Range

10*log10MOld =< W*10*log10(∑Mi) + (1-W)*10*log10MBest – (Rlb – Hlb/2)

Event 1c: A Non-active cell (P-CPICH) becomes better than an active cell (P-CPICH)

When a non-active cell becomes better than the worst active cell in a full active set. It is used to replace the worst cell.

Event 1d: Change of best cellEvent 1e: A cell (P-CPICH) becomes better than an absolute threshold + Hysteresis (optional)Event 1f: A cell (P-CPICH) becomes worse than an absolute threshold – Hysteresis (optional)

HandoverHandover Reporting Events



AS_Th – AS_Th_HystAs_Rep_Hyst

As_Th + As_Th_Hyst

Cell 1 ConnectedEvent 1A

⇒ Add Cell 2Event 1C ⇒

Replace Cell 1 with Cell 3Event 1B ⇒

Remove Cell 3

CPICH 1

CPICH 2

CPICH 3

Time

MeasurementQuantity

∆T ∆T ∆T

* Based on 25922-370


1

3

2 UE HEADING >>

>>>


Reportingevent 1C

Reportingevent 1C

Measurementquantity

Time

P CPICH 2

P CPICH 1

P CPICH 3

P CPICH 4

A primary CPICH that is not included in the active set becomes better than a primary CPICH that is in the active set

* Based on 25331-3c0


Reportingevent 1D

Measurementquantity

Time

P CPICH 2

P CPICH 1

P CPICH3

A primary CPICH becomes better than the previously best primary CPICH


Absolutethreshold

Reportingevent 1E

Measurementquantity

Time

P CPICH 1

P CPICH 2

P CPICH 3

Event-triggered report when a Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold

Absolutethreshold

Reportingevent 1F

Measurementquantity

Time

P CPICH 1

P CPICH 2

P CPICH 3

Event-triggered report when a Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold



HandoverHandover Modes

• Mode CBA - Advanced mode of operation, with UE cell dominance functionality

• Mode CFE - Basic mode of operation using threshold levels. This has no UE cell

dominance functionality

• Mode BA - Variation of Mode CBA

• Mode CB - For non-mobile operation such as WLL

• Mode CF - For non-mobile operation such as WLL

- Intra-frequency Handover


Inter-Frequency Events (NEHO)

Handoff between cells on different WCDMA carrier

Event 2a: Change of best frequency

Event 2b: Estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain

threshold AND estimated quality of the non-used frequency is above a certain

threshold

Event 2c: Estimated quality of the non-used frequency is above a certain threshold

Event 2d: Estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain

threshold

Event 2e: Estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certain threshold

Event 2f: Estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain

threshold




Inter-System Events (NEHO)

Handoff between different radio access technologies such as for WCDMA and GSM or between different radio access modes such as between FDD and TDD

Event 3a: Estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain

threshold AND the estimated quality of the other system is above a certain

threshold

Event 3b: Estimated quality of other system is below a certain threshold

Event 3c: Estimated quality of other system is above a certain threshold

Event 3d: Change of best cell in other system


Softer Handover

Softer (intra-cell site) handover entails data splitting/combining operations inside the Node B. The Node B supports the splitting function in the downlink and Maximal Ratio Combining in the uplink

Soft Handover

Soft (inter-cell site) handover is mainly transparent to the Node B

Radio NetworkController

Handover Types

Handover

Radio NetworkController


Handover Algorithm

Handover

Meas_Sign > Best_Ss– As_Th –

as_Th_Hyst for a period of ∆T

Yes

No(Event 1B)

Remove Worst_Bs inthe Active Set

Meas_Sign > Best_Ss – As_Th+ as_Th_Hyst

for a period of ∆T

No

Yes(Event 1A)

Add Best_Bs in the ActiveSet

Best_Cand_Ss > Worst_Old_Ss +As_Rep_Hyst

for a period of ∆T

Yes(Event 1C)

No

Active Set Full

NoYes

Add Best BS in ActiveSet and Remove WorstBs from th Active Set

Begin

flow-chart of a Soft Handover algorithm* Based on 25922-370

- Soft Handover


Neighbour CellNeighbour list

Intra frequency

The UE must be able to monitor at least 32 cells within the same WCDMA carrier

Inter frequency

The UE must be able to monitor at least 32 cells total on two WCDMA carrier

Intersystem

A maximum of 32 inter frequency neighbours must be supported


Q & A

• What are the two measurement reporting modes ?

• Name at least two that causes a handover ?

• What intra-frequency handover mode that has cell dominance functionality ?

• What handover type done at the Node B level ?

•Event, Periodic •Quality (BER/BLER), Distance•CBA•Softer

Handover


UMTSPOWER CONTROL


Power ControlGeneral

Power control ensures that all users (BSS and UEs) in the system transmits and receives just enough power to send/receive data. This is very important as it minimizes the interference in the system. Without precise power control, CDMA technology will not work.

Power ControlOpen Loop

The uplink open loop power control involves both the UE and the UTRAN. It requires parameters being broadcast by the cell.

Closed loopThe closed loop power control is for losses due to Raleigh/Rician (fast) fading, interference level variation (e.g. loading, VAF, etc.), and other losses. It aims to maintain a minimum transmit power from the UE for a desired quality of service.

Inner - fast power control for UL and DL- once every power control group = 1500 times per second- addresses the near-far problem

Outer - The outer loop takes into account changing requirements in SIR with respect tolong term QoS or average erasure rates


Preamble Initial Power

PRACH_Initial_Power = CPICH_Tx_Power – CPICH_RSCP + UL_interference + UL_required_CI + open_loop_constant

ACCESS (PRACH)Neighbour listOpen Loop Power Control

Power Control- Uplink

∆Pp-m

∆Po∆Po Message

4096 chips 4096 chips 4096 chips 10 ms

Preamble

time

∆Po (deltaPo) – Power Step (UE)

∆Pp-m (deltaPpm) - Power offset between the preamble and the message part

PreambleMaxRetrans - max PreambleTransmissions in one ramping cycle

NbOfRampingCyclesMax – max number of ramping cycles


Open Loop Power Control

Power Control- Uplink

DPCCH Initial Power

DPCCH_Initial_Power = CPICH_Tx_Power – CPICH_RSCP + UL_interference + SIRDPCCH - 10*log10(SFDPCCH)

Parameter Source Source Parameter Unit

CPICH_Tx_Power System Information Cpich Power dBm

CPICH_RSCP UE Layer 1 measured at UE dBm

UL_interference System Information measured at node B dBm

UL_required_CI System Information ul initial target per service type per SF

dB

1. UE determines RACH from the BCH2. UE selects a sub-channel and one of the signatures 3. UE measures downlink power and sets the initial power level 4. UE sends up the 1ms preamble 5. UE waits for the AICH with the correct response – preamble is sent in next slot if no

response is received6. UE sends the 10-20ms message part of the RACH


RX

RXpilotsymbols

ComputeSIR

Metric

Decoderdatasymbols

OuterloopPC

Encoder TXInfo Bits

FQI, BER metric

SIRmetric

TPCDecode& Voting

Open LoopEstimator

K-NoW

Pr=NoW

Accum.

Info BitsTX Encoder

POther

-

+inne r loopSIRtarge t

TPC

tol

Ptcl

Pt

RNC

NODEB UE±Pstep

MAP

QE, CRCI metricOf Nodes B in the active set

QE - Quality EstimateBER - Physical Channel Bit Error Rate of the

decoded frameCRCI - Cyclic Redundancy Check IndicatorPt - total received power Pt

cl - closed loop power estimate componentPt

ol - open loop power estimate component.

Uplink closed loop power control operation UE-UTRAN


Uplink inner loop power control

The inner loop compares the estimated SIR on the pilot symbol on every DPCCH slot vs. the

target SIR and provides feedback to the UE via the TPC command:

SIR ≥ SIR_target

the Node B should set the TPC bits in the next transmitted

downlink slot period such that the UE will lower its transmit power,

SIR < SIR_target

the Node B should set the TPC bits in the next transmitted

downlink slot period such that the UE will increase its transmit power.

Close Loop Power Control

Power Control


Uplink outer loop power control

The outer loop power control attempts to meet a bit error rate (BER) or BLER for each type service (real time, non-real time) by producing adequate target SIR for each individual inner loop PC. The BER is mapped into a block error rate (BLER), which is implemented in a lookup table in the SRNC.

The core network (CN) provides SRNC the SDU error rate in RAB Assignment Request. This is converted to BER or BLER. The service type is used to choose the type of outer loop power control algorithm to implement. Outer power control loop adjusts the SIR_target for the inner loop comparison down in the node B. An algorithm based on CRC of the data stream is used as a measure of the quality.


Power Control


Downlink outer loop power control

The downlink outer loop power control function is done in the UE. The value of the quality target in the UE is controlled by the admission control. The target SIR for the downlink inner loop PC s adjusted by the UE. If the CPCH used, the SRNC will provide the UE with the BLER target for the downlink outer loop power control.

The UTRAN controls the forward link gains and controls the range of power available. It is set per real time or non-real time service and for each spreading factor for each soft handoff state.


Power Control


Downlink Common Channels

Power Control

DL Channel Typical Power Level (dBm) RemarksP-CPICH 27-33 RF Design/OptimizationSCHPrimary -3 relative to P-CPICHSecondary -3 relative to P-CPICH (SF=256)CCPCHPrimary -5 relative to P-CPICHSecondary -5 relative to P-CPICHPICH -8 relative to P-CPICH (Np = 72)AICH -8 relative to P-CPICH


Q & A

• Which power control loop provides the target SIR for the inner-loop power control ?

• How fast is the closed loop inner power control ?

• Is fast power control implemented only on the uplink or downlink or both ?

• How does the mobile know how much power to transmit during initial access?

•Outer loop power control •1500 Hz•Both•PRACH_Initial_Power = CPICH_Tx_Power –CPICH_RSCP + UL_interference + UL_required_CI

Power Control


UMTSTERMINALS


UMTSSTANDARDS


5 Document structure of physical layer specification

5.1 OverviewThe physical layer specification consists of a general document (TS 25.201), five FDD mode documents (TS 25.211 through 25.215), five TDD mode documents (TS 25.221 through 25.225). In addition, there are two technical reports (TR 25.833 and 25.944).

5.2 TS 25.201: Physical layer – General descriptionThe scope is to describe:

- the contents of the Layer 1documents (TS 25.200 series);- where to find information;- a general description of Layer 1.

5.3 TS 25.211: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)The scope is to establish the characteristics of the Layer-1 transport channels and physical channels in the FDD mode, and to specify:

- the different transport channels that exist; - which physical channels exist; - what is the structure of each physical channel, slot format etc.; - relative timing between different physical channels in the same link, and relative timing between uplink and downlink; - mapping of transport channels onto the physical channels.


5.4 TS 25.212: Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)

The scope is to describe multiplexing, channel coding and interleaving in the FDD mode, and to specify:

- coding and multiplexing of transport channels into CCTrCHs;

- channel coding alternatives;

- coding for Layer 1 control information, such as TFCI;

- the different interleavers;

- how is rate matching done;

- physical channel segmentation and mapping.

5.5 TS 25.213: Spreading and modulation (FDD)

The scope is to establish the characteristics of the spreading and modulation in the FDD mode, and to specify:

- the spreading (channelisation plus scrambling);

- generation of channelisation and scrambling codes;

- generation of RACH and CPCH preamble codes;

- generation of SCH synchronisation codes;

- modulation.

RF channel arrangements and Pulse shaping are specified in TS 25.101 for UE and in TS 25.104 for Node-B.


5.6 TS 25.214: Physical layer procedures (FDD)

The scope is to establish the characteristics of the physical layer procedures in the FDD mode, and to specify:

- cell search procedures;

- power control procedures;

- random access procedure.

5.7 TS 25.215: Physical layer – Measurements (FDD)

The scope is to establish the characteristics of the physical layer measurements in the FDD mode, and to specify:

- the measurements that Layer 1 is to perform;

- reporting of measurements to higher layers and network;

- handover measurements, idle-mode measurements etc.

5.8 TS 25.221: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD)

The scope is to establish the characteristics of the Layer-1 transport channels and physical channels in the TDD mode, and to specify:

- transport channels;

- physical channels, structure and contents;

- mapping of transport channels onto the physical channels.


5.9 TS 25.222: Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)The scope is to describe multiplexing, channel coding and interleaving in the TDD mode, and to specify:

- channel coding and multiplexing of transport channels into CCTrCHs; - channel coding alternatives;- coding for Layer 1 control information, such as TFCI;- interleaving; - rate matching; - physical channel segmentation and mapping.

5.10 TS 25.223: Spreading and modulation (TDD)The scope is to establish the characteristics of the spreading and modulation in the TDD mode, and to specify:

- data modulation; - spreading; - generation of synchronisation codes. RF channel arrangements and Pulse shaping are specified in TS 25.102 for UE and in TS 25.105 for Node-B.


5.11 TS 25.224: Physical layer procedures (TDD)The scope is to establish the characteristics of the physical layer procedures in the TDD mode, and to specify:

- cell synchronisation; - timing advance; - power control procedures; - idle mode tasks.

5.12 TS 25.225: Physical layer – Measurements (TDD)The scope is to establish the characteristics of the physical layer measurements in the TDD mode, and to specify:

- the measurements that Layer 1 is to perform;- reporting of measurements to higher layers and network;- handover measurements, idle-mode measurements etc.


5.13 TR 25.833: Physical layer items not for inclusion in Release ‘99The scope is to collect materials on UTRA physical layer items not included in the Release ’99 specification documents, such as DSCH control channel, FAUSCH, Hybrid ARQ, 4-state SCCC turbo coding and ODMA.

5.14 TR 25.944: Channel coding and multiplexing examplesThe scope is to describe examples of channel coding and multiplexing for transport channels of various types and cases.


In IS95A/B, the duration of one spreading chip is 1/1.2288MHz = 814 ns, or 244 meters.Multipath differences less than this will lead to flat fading; greater will lead to resolvedmultipath, which will be diversity combined by the receiver. What is the minimum distance in UMTS for the rake receiver to be able to decode ?

Q & A


UMTS CALL PROCESSING

MODULE 2 CALL PROCESSING

GeneralIdle ModeCell Search ProcedureUE Initiated Call Flow RRC Connection Management ProceduresRadio Bearer Control ProcedureRRC Connection Mobility ProcedureMeasurement ProceduresSample Call FlowsTimers and Counters


Call Flow

General Information

UE switch-on

GSMconnected

GSM TS 04.18

GPRSPacket TransferGSM TS 04.60

UEconnected

3GPP TS 25.331

UE Idle3GPP TS25.304

GSM idleGSM TS

05.08

UE idle3GPP TS 25.3043GPP TS 25.331

URA_PCH3GPP TS 25.3313GPP TS 25.304

CELL_FACH3GPP TS 25.3313GPP TS 25.304

CELL_PCH3GPP TS 25.3313GPP TS 25.304

CELL_DCH3GPP TS25.331

Mapping of UE state to 3GPP Specifications



Call Flow

Idle Mode

When the UE camps on a cell in idle mode,

• Allows the UE to receive system information from the camped PLMN and cell broadcast services.

• If the UE is registered, the PLMN knows where to forward a call as it knows where the UE is currently camped on.

Similar to other systems, if the UE is unable to find a suitable cell due to either the USIM is not inserted or the registration was a failure, the UE tries to camp to any PLMN and enters to a “limited service” state on which only emergency calls can be made.


Call Flow

Idle Mode

Three processes in Idle Mode

PLMN Selection/ReselectionThe first time a UE is switched “ON”, the UE selects a public land mobile network (PLMN) and searches for a suitable cell to camp on. The NAS shall provide a list of equivalent PLMNs contained on the USIM, if available, that the AS shall use for cell selection and cell reselection.

Cell Selection/ReselectionAfter choosing the PLMN, the UE camps on a cell belonging to the chosen PLMN. It does this by searching and choosing a suitable cell that can provide services that the UE may require, and tunes to its control channel and camps in. The UE may reselect to another cell if it finds another suitable one.

Location RegistrationThe UE may then register its presence, by means of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of the chosen cell.

The UE may do PLMN reselection at regular time intervals and searches for more suitable cells. Likewise, if the UE loses coverage to any cell belonging to the current PLMN, either a new PLMN is selected manually through a list of available PLMNs or automatically.


InitialCell Selection

Any CellSelection

go herewhen noUSIM inthe UE

USIM inserted

Camped onany cell

go here whenever anew PLMN is

selected

1no cell information

stored for the PLMNcell information

stored for the PLMN

Storedinformation

Cell Selectionno suitable cell found

no suitablecell found

Cell Selectionwhen leaving

connectedmode

suitable cell found 2

suitablecell found

Campednormally

suitable cell found


leaveidle mode

return toidle mode

Connectedmode Cell

ReselectionEvaluation

Process

suitablecell found

trigger


1

Cell Selectionwhen leaving

connectedmode

no acceptable cell found

acceptablecell found


suitablecell found 2

leaveidle mode

return toidle mode

Connectedmode

(Emergencycalls only)

CellReselectionEvaluation

Process


trigger

no acceptablecell found

NAS indicates thatregistration on selected

PLMN is rejected(except with cause #14

or #15 [5][16])

Idle Mode Cell Selection and Reselection

Call Flow

Idle Mode

* Based on 25304-3b0


3 steps in Cell Search Procedure

• Slot SynchronizationUE listens to any cell’s P-SCH to acquire slot synchronization. This is done through the UEs matched filter, detecting the peaks on the output.

• Frame Synchronization (code group identification)After acquiring slot synchronization, the UE listens to the S-SCH. The S-SCH consists of a sequence of repeated modulated codes. By correlating the repeated modulated code received with all known secondary synchronization code sequences, the UE can then determine which code group (downlink primary scrambling code group) the cell belongs. By this time the UE now has acquired frame synchronization.

• Scrambling Code IdentificationAs the UE is now frame synchronized, it now tries to determine the exact primary scrambling code that identifies the cell through which the UE is trying to camp on to. It does this through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the P-CPICH with all the codes that belong to the code group determined during frame synchronization. After the determining the primary scrambling code, the UE can now listen to P-CCPCH for BCH information (system and cell specific information).

Matched Filter

Call Flow

Cell Search Procedure

P/S-CPICH

P-CCPCH P-CCPCH

Primary SCH

Secondary SCH


Call Flow

Cell Search Procedure


Call Flow

UE Initiated Normal Call FlowNotes Message Type Downlink Uplink RemarksCall Attempt RRCU CCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_REQUEST"

RRCD CCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP" Call Setup FailureRRCU DCCH "DCCH_RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP_COMPLETE"RRCU DCCH "INITIAL_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3U DCCH "CM_SERVICE_REQUEST"

RRCD DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3D DCCH "AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST"

RRCU DCCH "UPLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3U DCCH "AUTHENTICATION_RESPONSE"

RRCD DCCH "SECURITY_MODE_COMMAND"RRCU DCCH "SECURITY_MODE_COMPLETE"RRCU DCCH "UPLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3U DCCH "SETUP"

RRCD DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3D DCCH "CALL_PROCEEDING"

RRCD DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3D DCCH "FACILITY"

RRCD DCCH "RADIO_BEARER_SETUP" Call Setup FailureCall Setup Complete RRCU DCCH "RADIO_BEARER_SETUP_COMPLETE"

RRCD DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER" Dropped CallL3D DCCH "ALERTING"

RRCD DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3D DCCH "CONNECT"

RRCU DCCH "UPLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3U DCCH "CONNECT_ACKNOWLEDGE"

RRCU DCCH "MEASUREMENT_REPORT"RRCD DCCH "ACTIVE_SET_UPDATE"RRCU DCCH "ACTIVE_SET_UPDATE_COMPLETE"RRCD DCCH "MEASUREMENT_CONTROL"RRCU DCCH "MEASUREMENT_REPORT"RRCD DCCH "ACTIVE_SET_UPDATE"RRCU DCCH "ACTIVE_SET_UPDATE_COMPLETE"RRCD DCCH "MEASUREMENT_CONTROL"

:::

RRCU DCCH "UPLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER" Dropped CallCall Completed L3U DCCH "DISCONNECT"

RRCD DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3D DCCH "RELEASE"

RRCU DCCH "UPLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"L3U DCCH "RELEASE_COMPLETE"


Call Flow

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:06.901 BCCH_BCH "SYSTEM_INFORMATION_BCH" HEX MESSAGES


RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:06.931 BCCH "SCHEDULING_BLOCK_1" HEX MESSAGES



RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:06.961 BCCH "MASTER_INFORMATION_BLOCK" HEX MESSAGES

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:06.961 BCCH "SYSTEM_INFORMATION_BLOCK_TYPE_2" HEX MESSAGES



*** NEMO PRIME #.##.## ff ver #.## MM.DD.YYYY HH:MM:SS

#ID Id tag for simultaneous measurement files : {HEX NUMBER}

#AG External antenna gain (dBi) : 0.00

#BF BTS filename :

#CF Call list filename : C:\Nemo Tools\….

#CL External cable loss : 0.00

#CM Call mode : Originate

#HV Handler version : #.##.##

#MF Map filename :

#MT Mobile type : XXX-#

#NN Network name :

#NT Network type : GSM 900/GSM 1800/UMTS 2100 FDD

#PN Test call phone number : ###

#SW Device software version : NTM ##.#.####, MM-DD-YYYY, XXX-#, V ##.##

#HW Device hardware version :

UE Initiated Call - Actual Messaging


Call Flow

RRCU LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.061 CCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_REQUEST" HEX MESSAGES

RXPC LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.361 12 -87 -87 -32.0 255.0 0 0 0

RACHI LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.361 12 5 2 1 11 8 -102

ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.361 12 1 10762 -93 4 1 10762 208 -3 1 1 10762 216 -16 0 0 0

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.391 CCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP" HEX MESSAGES

RRCU LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.662 DCCH "DCCH_RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES

RRCU LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.662 DCCH "INITIAL_DIRECT_TRANSFER" HEX MESSAGES

L3U LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.662 DCCH "CM_SERVICE_REQUEST" HEX MESSAGES

CHI LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.762 12 5 10762 -1 -1 2.5 100 4.0 640 1.0 100

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.263 DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER" HEX MESSAGES

L3D LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.263 DCCH "AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST" HEX MESSAGES

RXPC LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 -90 -89 4.8 255.0 0 621 597

TXPC LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 -4 0 1 0 602 615

PHDAS LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 3700

ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 1 10762 -93 4 1 10762 208 -3 0 1 10762 216 -16 0 0 0

BER LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 6.7 3.1

RRCU LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.523 DCCH "UPLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER" HEX MESSAGES



Call Flow

L3U LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.523 DCCH "AUTHENTICATION_RESPONSE" HEX MESSAGES

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.773 DCCH "SECURITY_MODE_COMMAND" HEX MESSAGES

RRCU LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.773 DCCH "SECURITY_MODE_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES


L3U LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.773 DCCH "SETUP" HEX MESSAGES


L3D LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.104 DCCH "IDENTITY_REQUEST" HEX MESSAGES


L3U LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.104 DCCH "IDENTITY_RESPONSE" HEX MESSAGES


L3D LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.374 DCCH "CALL_PROCEEDING" HEX MESSAGES

RXPC LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 -94 -95 4.2 255.0 0 600 900

TXPC LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 -11 0 1 0 747 754

PHDAS LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 6000

ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 1 10762 -89 4 1 10762 208 -3 0 1 10762 216 -18 0 0 0

BER LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 4.5 3.1



Call Flow

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:09.905 DCCH "RADIO_BEARER_SETUP" HEX MESSAGES

RXPC LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 -87 -87 3.3 255.0 0 612 887

TXPC LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 -4 0 1 0 753 746

PHDAS LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 1200

ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 1 10762 -90 4 1 10762 208 -3 0 1 10762 216 -17 0 0 0

BER LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 9.1 3.1

RRCU LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.626 DCCH "RADIO_BEARER_SETUP_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES

CAC LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.626 1 4 -1

BLER LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.766 0.0

BER LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.766 12 9.1 3.1


L3D LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:10.896 DCCH "ALERTING" HEX MESSAGES

CAC LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:10.896 2 4 -1

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:10.977 DCCH "MEASUREMENT_CONTROL" HEX MESSAGES


L3D LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:11.027 DCCH "CONNECT" HEX MESSAGES


L3U LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:11.027 DCCH "CONNECT_ACKNOWLEDGE" HEX MESSAGES



Call Flow


L3U LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:56.422 DCCH "DISCONNECT" HEX MESSAGES


L3D LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:56.672 DCCH "RELEASE" HEX MESSAGES


L3U LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:56.672 DCCH "RELEASE_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:57.013 DCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_RELEASE" HEX MESSAGES

RRCU LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:57.013 DCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_RELEASE_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES



RXPC LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 -77 -76 3.9 255.0 0 447 1052

TXPC LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 -20 0 1 0 749 751

PHDAS LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 19000

ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 1 10762 -77 4 1 10762 208 -3 0 0 0 0

BER LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 0.9 0.0



UMTS Planning and Optimization


PLANNING

Multilayer Networks

* Radio Planning of Third Generation Nwtworks in Urban Areasby P R Gould


Microcell Only Network >>>

<<< MultiLayer Network

GENERAL INFORMATION

UMTS Commercial DeploymentInitial System Design

(Link Budget & Simulations)

PLANET

System Rollout / Site Integration

Single Cell Functional Test

Cell / Node B Issues?

Clustering

Initial Cluster Coverage Survey

Cluster Coverage Design Issues

?

Cluster Metric Drive Test

ClusterMetric Drive Issues

?

Update Systems Design/Retune ModelPLANET

Noise Floor Test

Drive Routes

Optimize

Optimize

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

A

Network Coverage Survey

NetworkCoverage Design Issues

?

Network Metric Drive Test

NetworkMetric Drive Issues

?

Update Systems DesignPLANET

KPI

Network Coverage TestForward Link loaded Conditions

Friendly UserPerformance Test

User Issues?

Commercial Service

Trouble Tickets

Optimize

N

N

N

Y

Y

A

Optimize

Prepare Master RF Database

Update Master RF Database




Y


UESTATES


Detached

CS-Connected PS-Connected

Idle

• The UE operates in one of three basic states– Detached

•Not registered to the network

– Idle•Registered to the network and performing both LA and RA updates

– Connected•CS-Connected

– Does not perform LA updates– CS Signalling/Traffic Link

Established•PS-Connected

– PS Signalling/Traffic Link Established

– RA updates for boundary crossings

UE STATES

Service States


Idle mode is when the UE has:– Selected a PLMN– Selected a cell– Carried out Location Registration

Once in Idle mode the UE continually reassess its serving cell – Monitoring the serving cell’s and neighboring cells radio performance

• The UE should be served by the most reliable cell– Monitoring signaling information

• P-CCPCH for cell and system parameters which could provoke cell reselection• S-CCPCH for paging or notification resulting in connection establishment

UE STATES

Idle Mode


In order to select a PLMN or cell the UE must first be synchronized to the network

As discussed in Module 2, the procedure for this is:– Derive slot synchronization from P-SCH– Derive frame synchronization and scrambling code group from S-SCH– Derive scrambling code from CPICH

Once the UE acquires the information above, it can now decode the P-CCPCH

UE STATES

Synchronization


MEASUREMENTS


• UTRA carrier RSSI– Received Signal Strength Indicator, wideband received power within the channel bandwidth

• CPICH RSCP– CPICH Received Signal Code Power, received power on CPICH after despreading

• CPICH Ec/No– CPICH Energy/chip to Noise power spectral density,

• (CPICH Ec/Io) = (CPICH RSCP) / RSSI

• CPICH ISCP– CPICH Interference on Signal Code Power, interference on received signal after despreading

• CPICH SIR– CPICH Signal to Interference Ratio,

• (CPICH SIR) = (CPICH RSCP) / (CPICH ISCP)

MEASUREMENTS

UE

* Based on 25302-3e0


• SIR– Signal to Interference Ratio,

• SIR = (DPCCH RSCP) / (DPCCH ISCP)

• Transport channel BLER– Estimation of transport channel block error rate

• UE transmitted power– Total transmitted power of the UE measured at the antenna connector/indication of TX power

reaching threshold

MEASUREMENTS


UE


• Transport channel BLER– Estimation of transport channel block error rate

• Physical channel BER– Physical channel BER measured on control part after RL combining

• Transport channel BER– Transport channel BER measured on data part after RL combining

• RSSI– Received Signal Strength Indicator, the wideband received power within the UL channel

• Transmitted carrier power– The transmitter carrier power is the ratio between the total transmitted power on one DL

carrier and the maximum power to use on that carrier

• Transmitted code power– The transmitted power on one carrier, scrambling and channelisation code combination

MEASUREMENTS

UTRAN



OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES


Optimization Techniques

Coverage

site parameters set correctlyCPICH

?

Low RSSI / RSCP?

Blocked Sector?

DM / UE Failure?

Overshooting Coverage?

Check Downlink Coverage

(Scanner Data)

Adjust Antenna ParametersRelocate AntennaRelocate Site

Fix/Calibrate DMRedo Metric Drive

Adjust Antenna ParametersAdjust CPICH Power

Check Uplink Coverage

(DM Data)

High UE Tx?

Blocked Sector?

High FER / BER / Io?

DM / UE Failure?

Y

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

N

N

Y Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Fix/Calibrate DMRedo Metric Drive

U

M

U- Downlink and Uplink

Multi Pilot?

HighInterference

?

M Check Noise FloorData

Y Y

N N

N

Check w/ NetworkRelated Problems(Node B issues ?)

Check w/ NetworkRelated Problems(Node B issues ?)

Adjust Antenna ParametersRelocate AntennaRelocate Site



General Process· RSSI and RSCP

. Pilot Quality (Ec/Io)

· Uplink Interference

· UE transmit power

· Neighbor List

. BLER

· call set-up success and failure rates

· session establishment success rates

· drop call rates

· SHO failure rates

· SHO regions

· Throughput

- Goals


Optimization Techniques- Interference, Ec /Io

Handoff Mode?

# of SCs > 3w/in Tcomp of Best Server

?

InterferenceMulti Pilotlow Ec/Io

Reduce overshooting SCs Coverage- 4th,5th , 6th, etc. Best Server

•Change Antenna Parameters•CPICH Power

Y

# of SCs > 3Above Threshold

?

CFEAbsolute Thresh

CBAMulti Dominance Y

Reduce overshooting SCs Coverage

- SCs with highest hit count above threshold

•Change Antenna Parameters•CPICH Power

Multi Pilot Reduction

M

N



Neighbor List Generation

UMTS can have up to 32 Neighbors defined per cell. Improper Neighbor List can cause access failures and drop calls.

Initial Phase• Based on simulation or visual inspection from maps.• Distance of nearby cell (Proximity)• Direction of nearby cell (Orientation)• Line of Site (Visibility, no natural or man-mad blockage)• Drive Route

Optimization PhaseAs above with the following considerations• Actual drive test data showing cells visible to the UE during drive- re-prioritize or eliminate cells initially defined but was not visible during drive test

• missing neighbor information from drive test data- include missing neighbors in the neighbor list with corresponding priority based on Ec/Io and RSCP

• call failure messaging- either include or exclude cells in the neighbor list that resulted to the call failure- check active set and best candidate before and after the call failure



Access Failures• Missing Neighbors

- UE attempts to handoff during access attempt to a strong cell not in neighbor list- call fails due to high interference caused by cell not in neighbor list

• Origination on a far cell- overshooting cells

Drop Calls• Missing Neighbors

- UE cannot handoff to strong nearby cells

• UE handoffs to a far cell and cannot handoff back- overshooting cells- combined neighbor list is filled up by neighbors coming from far cells; no room for new

cells within the area where the UE is in.




Create Neighbor List

Create initial list based onsimulation and visual inspection

• Obtain Metric Drive Data• Check the best serverand cells on the active set

• Re prioritize the original list based on the metric drive.

• Obtain the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc best serversand put them on the top of the list.

Demote cells on the list that donot appear in the active set often

Eliminate the cells in the neighbor list that do not appearon the active or candidate list

Maintain the size of the neighborlist of a cell between 10-15 neighbors, unless otherwise

Neighbor List Generation N




Composite Neighbor List

When in soft/er handoff, the system combines the neighbor list of all cells on the active list. The maximum combined neighbor list is 32. Implementation of the combined neighbor list is not standardized and is vendor specific. It is therefore recommended to consult the vendor’s documentation.

General Rule:1. The first ten (10) defined neighbors for each cell should be the most important ones and must be based

on actual drive test data. They have to be keyed-in in order of importance at the RNC. This will allow all important neighbors to be included in a full 3-way handoff.

2. Typically, three scenarios are implementeda.) All the defined and visible neighbor list of the best server is included and arranged based on how it was arranged at the RNC database. If it is less than 32 neighbors, then the 2nd best server’s list is appended. If it is still less than 32, then the 3rd best server’s list is appended. b.) The combined neighbor list is generated by allocating equal number of neighbor list from all cells in the active set. The priority will still be based on how the neighbor list was arranged at the RNC. The combined list starts with the best server then the 2nd best server and lastly the 3rd best server. c.) The system automatically arranges the neighbor list based on measured Ec/Io values.



Neighbor List GenerationA B C

1 A1 B1 C12 A2 B2 C23 A3 B3 C34 A4 B4 C45 A5 B5 C56 A6 B6 C67 A7 B7 C78 A8 B8 C89 A9 B9 C910 A10 B10 C1011 A11 B11 C1112 A12 B12 C1213 A13 B13 C1314 A14 B14 C1415 A15 B15 C1516 A16 C1617 A17 C1718 A18 C1819 A19 C1920 A20 C2021 C2122 C2223 C2324 C2425 C2526272829303132

Neighbor List CombinedNeighbor ListScenario a

CombinedNeighbor ListScenario b

CombinedNeighbor ListScenario c

1 A12 A23 A34 A45 A56 A67 A78 A89 A910 A1011 A1112 A1213 A1314 A1415 A1516 A1617 A1718 A1819 A1920 A2021 B122 B223 B324 B425 B526 B627 B728 B829 B930 B1031 B1132 B12

1 A12 A23 A34 A45 A56 A67 A78 A89 A910 A1011 A1112 A1213 B114 B215 B316 B417 B518 B619 B720 B821 B922 B1023 C124 C225 C326 C427 C528 C629 C730 C831 C932 C10

1 A12 A23 C14 B25 A56 C47 B18 C29 B910 C911 A712 C313 A314 :15 :16 :17 :18 B1219 A1020 :21 :2223242526272829303132

Danger: Neighbor list of site C will never appear >>>

First two is always the adjacent cells



Antenna ConfigurationTypeDifferent types of antennas are used for different purposes. If an option, choose the correct antenna type during the initial design phase. Antenna Parameters that are important during optimization phase are

1. Operational BandwidthUMTS, MultiBand

2. PolarizationVertical, Horizontal, Cross Polar

3. BeamwidthVertical Beamwidth, Horizontal Beamwidth

4. TiltElectrical (with remote capability?), Mechanical

5. Gain

InstallationHow the antennas are installed also play a major role in minimizing interference.Two major considerations are

1. Antenna Height2. Antenna Mount

Tower Mount, Rooftop, and Flush MountTiltElectrical or MechanicalDowntilt or Uptilt



Antenna Configuration

Main Lobe must not hit the rooftop with the desired tilt.

Roof Mount Tower Mount

Weak coverage areaWeak coverage area

Flush Mount

The document “THE INFLUENCE OF REFLECTIONS ON RADIATION PATTERNS”by KATHREIN ANTENNAS” is a good reference on the effects of different mounting configurations of antennas and its radiation patterns

- Antenna Mounting



Antenna Configuration

0 Etilt and 0 Mtilt n° EDTilt n° MDTilt n° EDtilt and n° MDtilt n° EDtilt and n° MUtilt

Good

Low Antenna Height High Antenna Height High Antenna Height High Antenna Height High Antenna HeightRequires Narrow H Beamwidth Requires wide H Beamwidth Medium H Beamwidth Medium H BeamwidthDecrease Backlobe Radius Increase Backlobe Radius Increased Downtilt Minimum Backlobe radius

Medium Backlobe Strength

BadHigh Antenna Height Low Antenna Height Low Antenna Height Requires Narrow H Beamwidth Aesthetics

Requires Wide H Beamwidth Requires Narrow Beamwidth Requires Wide H Beamwidth

Typical ApplicationsHighway Coverage only sites High Site Density Area – CBD Low Site Density Area – Suburb Medium Site Density Area Very High Sites – Hills

Backlobe creates handoffproblems

- Antenna Tilts


CPICH Power Optimization


Most of the other channel’s power is based on the Common Pilot Channel’s (CPICH) power.

General Optimization Rule,

1. For overshooting cells, adjust CPICH power only when changing antenna parameters is not an option, ie, the antenna is shared by other technology or carrier.

2. Adjust CPICH in +/- 1dB steps.3. Adjusting CPICH is not an effective way of decreasing the coverage radius of the cell in line of sight

situations. It is best to adjust antenna parameters than CPICH power.4. Adjusting CPICH may increase or decrease in-building penetration.5. Adjusting CPICH may increase or decrease coverage due to reflection/refraction from nearby

obstructions.6. Too high CPICH values will increase system noise (Io) and may lead to increased access failures.7. Typical network starting values for CPICH

Typical value: 30dBm (1W)Typical adjustment range: 27dBm – 33dBm or (500mW to 2W)


Understanding Layer 3 and Layer 2 Messaging


Understanding Layer 3 and Layer 2 Messaging

Handoff Call Flow Analysis

Example of Handoff Scenario : EVENT 1b

Previous Handoff Message: >> measurement control: :: :Current Handoff Messages: << measurement report

>> active set update<< active set update complete>> measurement control

Link


UMTS BASICS

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