UMKC t file

8/14/2019 UMKC t file

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UMKC SDI 2008 TopicalityCulp/Easley Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase

alternative energy incentives in the United States

TOPICALITYMass Noun In the US 2Mass Noun The USFG 3

US Gov 4Federal = National 5

Incentives = Reward 6Incentive not command-and-control 7Incentives Induce Action 8Incentives = Cost-Saving 9Incentives Voluntary 10Incentives = Offers 11Incentives = Economic 12Incentives Not = Punishment 13

Substantial = 3 Percent 14

Alt Energy = No Natural Resources 15Alt Energy = Not Fossil Fuels 16Alt Energy = USFG Defined 17Alt Energy = Not Nuclear 18

T in the US (Natives) 19Wind ASPEC 20Wind (not increase) 21

US = USA 22Federal = Not States 22USFG = Checks and Balances 23

Substantially Definitions 24Increase Definitions 25

Incentives not Monetary 26Positive/Negative Incentives 27

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Mass Noun In The United States

Definition:

the is a mass noun

American Heritage Dictionary 2000

Used before a singular noun indicating that the noun is generic: The wolf is an endangered species.

Interpretation: the that is a part of in the United States is a mass noun indicating that incetives

must be offered in all of the United States, not just one part.

Standards

Ground: The affirmative must defend passage in all 50 states and territories. This allows for key

disad or counterplan ground on specific states or territories.

Predictability: If the aff is able to choose a specific region, the negative would never be able to get

specific enough case arguments.

Limits: while limiting out small cases, this interpretation would allow for cases that influence the

whole United States. This would improve debates because the cases would more substantially affect

the status quo.

T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction

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Mass Noun The USFG

Definition:

the is a mass noun

American Heritage Dictionary 2000

Used before a singular noun indicating that the noun is generic: The wolf is an endangered species.

The US federal government is all three branches, legislative, judicial and executive

USA.GOV No Date

http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtmlusa.gov, Official information and services from the U.S.government

U.S. Federal Government

The three branches of U.S. governmentlegislative, judicial, and executivecarry out

governmental power and functions. View a complete diagram (.PDF) of the U.S. government'sbranches.

Interpretation: the that is a part of The United States federal government is a mass noun

indicating that actor must all of the United States federal government, not just one part.

The plan must pass through all three branches of the United States.

Standards

Ground: Politics and agent disads and counterplans are key negative ground. Without defending

all three branches, the negative would be able to link out of any implementation or enforcementdebate.

Predictability: Affs that dont define their actor in the plan text, they would be to shift our of agent-

specific disads and counterplans in the 2ac.

Education: implementation and enforcement are key parts to the policy-making process. Without

this part of debate, we would education that is universal to every debate topic.

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

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http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtmlhttp://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtmlhttp://www.usa.gov/external/external.jsp?url=http://bensguide.gpo.gov/files/gov_chart.pdfhttp://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtmlhttp://www.usa.gov/external/external.jsp?url=http://bensguide.gpo.gov/files/gov_chart.pdf


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T US Government

Interp: The affirmative must use the government body of the United States

Definition: The United States Federal Government is the governmental body as set forth by theConstitution

WIKIPEDIA no date

(redirected from United States Federal Government)This article describes the government of the United States. For other issues, seePolitics of the United

States.

The federal government of the United States is the United States governmental body that carries outthe roles assigned to the federation ofindividual states established by the Constitution. The federalgovernment has three branches: theexecutive,legislative, andjudicial. Through a system ofseparation ofpowers or "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, someauthority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by theother branches. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by theConstitution, which leaves a great deal of authority to the individual states.Federal government of the United States

Standards:

Ground Alternate actors to the USFG are the negatives group we lose DA and Counterplan

ground.

Limits the US Constitution limits the USFG which is clearly defined can has a textual litmus test

Education Because the majority of the topic literature assumes the USFG, we will be able to have

access to more and better debates.

T is a voter:

Fairness, Education and Jurisdiction

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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Politics+of+the+United+Stateshttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Politics+of+the+United+Stateshttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Politics+of+the+United+Stateshttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/United+Stateshttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/United+Stateshttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/governmenthttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/governmenthttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/U.S.+statehttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/U.S.+statehttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/United+States+Constitutionhttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/United+States+Constitutionhttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Executive+(government)http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Executive+(government)http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Executive+(government)http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Legislaturehttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Judiciaryhttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Separation+of+powers+under+the+United+States+Constitutionhttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Separation+of+powers+under+the+United+States+Constitutionhttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Politics+of+the+United+Stateshttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Politics+of+the+United+Stateshttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/United+Stateshttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/governmenthttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/U.S.+statehttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/United+States+Constitutionhttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Executive+(government)http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Legislaturehttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Judiciaryhttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Separation+of+powers+under+the+United+States+Constitutionhttp://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Separation+of+powers+under+the+United+States+Constitution


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T - Federal Government means National Government

Interp: Federal government means the national government

COLLINS ESSENTIAL 2006

Federal Government

Noun

the national government of a federated state, such as that of Canada located in Ottawa or of Australiain Canberra

published.Collins Essential English Dictionary 2nd Edition 2006 HarperCollins Publishers 2004, 2006

Violation: The aff doesnt use the federal government

Standards

Ground: the aff steals agent counterplan/disad ground as well as congressional action disads.

Education: Depth is better than breadth. The alternative energy literature is dominated by USFG solvencyevidence. Alternative solvency actors switch the debate to an area with fewer and worse cards.

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/misc/HarperCollinsProducts.aspx?Englishhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/misc/HarperCollinsProducts.aspx?English


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alternative energy incentives in the United StatesIncentives Reward

Interpretation Incentives reward behavior

Investorwords.com No Date

http://www.investorwords.com/2394/incentive.html

incentive

Definition

Areward for a specificbehavior, designed to encourage that behavior. also calledinducement.

Violation: The affirmative case discourages behavior instead of encouraging it

Standards

Ground: Key Counterplan and Disad ground revolves around discouraging behavior. We also loseour market-approaches bad links, which is core case debate.

Bi-directionality: The literature on taxes, caps and regulations talks is completely different,

different alternative energies are not viable within an incentives world. If the topic can go both

ways, the negative would have to double their research burden.

T is a Voter

Fairness, Education, Jurisdiction

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http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/reward.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/reward.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/reward.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/behavior.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/behavior.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/behavior.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2441/inducement.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2441/inducement.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/reward.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/behavior.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2441/inducement.html


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Command and control not incentives

Interpretation:

command-and-control approaches are not incentives

Hahn and Stavins, 92 (Robert W., Robert N., Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection:Integrating Theory and Practice, The American Economic Review, Vol. 82, No. 2, Papers andProceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, (May,1992), pp.464-468, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117445, accessed 22/07/2008)//amandaEconomists frequently divide policy instruments for achieving environmental objectives into two

categories:those that provide firms with little flexibility in achieving goals (so-called "command-and-control" approaches) and those that provide firms with greater flexibility and incentives to lookfor more effective ways of making sustained environmental progress (so-called market- based orincentive-based mechanisms).Comparisons between conventional command-and-control regulation (including technology standards andperformance standards) and market-based approaches (including taxes and markets in pollution rights)have repeatedly noted that conventional regulations fail to achieve environmental objectives in the leastcostly manner. In contrast, well-designed market-based approaches provide an incentive for firms toequate abatement costs at the margin, thus achieving a given level of environmental quality at least cost.For example, simulations suggest that the proposed emissions- rights market for curbing acid rain in theUnited States could save $1 billion annually in comparison to a command-and-control approach in whichscrubbers would be required on selected power plants. In theory, a similar result could be achievedthrough the introduction of an appropriately scaled emission tax.

Violation: The affirmative has a command-and-control approach, not market-based incentives

Standards

Ground: Key Counterplan and Disad ground revolves around discouraging behavior. We also lose

our market-approaches bad links, which is core case debate.

Bi-directionality: The literature on taxes, caps and regulations talks is completely different,

different alternative energies are not viable within an incentives world. If the topic can go both

ways, the negative would have to double their research burden.

T is a Voter

Fairness, Education, Jurisdiction

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Incentives Induce Action

Interpretation: The aff must induce action or motivate effort

Definition:The American Heritage Dictionary 2005.

4th edition Published by: Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.

[Middle English, from Late Latin incentvum, from neuter of incentvus, inciting, from Latin, setting thetune, from incentus past participle of incinere, to sound, in-, intensive pref.; see in2, + canere, to sing.]

(noun)

Something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or

motivates effort.

(adjective)

Serving to induce or motivate: an incentive bonus for high productivity.

Violation: The affirmative stops a behavior (like coal or something)

Standards

Ground: Core negative ground is a disad to new energy sources. It also spikes out of state bad

critique links and the biz con DA.

Limits: Just getting rid of current bad behavior would allow for a million different cases that just

reduce behavior making uniqueness disads impossible.

Bright Line: By having to increase new fuels, the negative can have predictable link ground and

uniqueness claims.

Effects topicality: Its impossible to predict if behavior will happen and allows the aff to grant out

solvency in the 2ar. This is an independent voter on fairness.


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Incentives are Cost-Saving

Interpretation: Incentives are cost-saving programs

The North Carolina State Department of Commerce, no date

http://www.nccommerce.com/en/BusinessServices/LocateYourBusiness/WhyNC/Incentives/ -

North Carolinas targeted, performance-based incentive programs greatly lessen the tax burden and lowerthe overall costs for companies who are locating and doing business in our state.

Companies that meet certain requirements can take advantage oftax credits and other incentivesincluding sales and use tax discounts, exemptions and refunds, discretionary programs , and other

cost-saving programs. See the sections and links below for more information on these programs.

Violation: The affirmative doesnt save costs.

Standards

Ground: The negative should be able to run de-dev and capitalism critiques in every round. This is

core neg ground on the topic.

Bright Line: Its simple the direct of a you save money link should always go negative.


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T Incentives Voluntary

Interpretation:

Incentives offer payoff and are voluntary

Grant, 2002 (Professor of Political Science at Duke University), The ethics of incentives: historicalorigins and contemporary understandings, 3/14/2002,, accessed on 7/22/08//prarthana

Increasingly in the modern world, incentives are becoming the tool we reach for when we wish to bringabout change. In government, in education, in health care, between and within institutions of all sorts,incentives are offered to steer people's choices in certain directions. But despite the increasing interest inethics and economics, the ethics of the use of incentives has raised very little concern. From a certain

point of view, this is not surprising. When incentives are viewed from the perspective of marketeconomics, they appear to be entirely unproblematic. An incentive is an offer of something of value,sometimes with a cash equivalent and sometimes not, meant to influence the payoff structure of a

utility calculation so as to alter a person's course of action. In other words, the person offering theincentive means to make one choice more attractive to the person responding to the incentive thanany other alternative. Both parties stand to gain from the resulting choice. In effect, it is a form of trade,and as such, it meets certain ethical requirements by definition. A trade involves voluntary action by allparties concerned to bring about a result that is beneficial to all parties concerned. If these

conditions were not met, the trade would simply not occur. And as inducements in a voluntarytransaction, incentives certainly have the moral high ground over coercion as an alternative.

Violation: the negative creates a force choice for actors to create alternative energy

Standards

Ground: Core negative solvency turns and solvency takeouts are based on incentives being weak.

Without these solvency attacks, we miss the heart of the resolution.

Limits: Locking in a solvency mechanism is crucial to being able to research all of the possible

alternative energy sources.


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T -- Incentives = Offers

Interpretation: Incentives are not persuasion, they must make an offer

Grant, 2002 (Professor of Political Science at Duke University), The ethics of incentives: historicalorigins and contemporary understandings, 3/14/2002,

, accessed on 7/22/08//prarthana

Incentives are one of the various ways in which people can get other people to do what they want

them to do. They involve relations of power; power which is exercised in a mannerdistinguishable frompersuasion as well as from coercion. In some situations, of course, incentives are the preferredalternative to coercion. But in others, where persuasion might be an effective alternative, it is an insultto be offered an incentive: it implies either that you are crass that is, that there is no good reason to dothe thing you are being asked to do, but that your compliance can be bought; or that you are stupid andwould not be able to appreciate the good reasons for doing what you are being asked to do so that an

appeal to your selfish interests must take the place of argument; or that you are not well-intentioned andmust be induced to do the right thing by extrinsic benefits.

Violation: The affirmative merely encourages behavior without actually offering economic benefits

or otherwise

Standards

Ground: Investor confidence and politics disads are core negative ground. Just encouraging

behavior squirrels out of the link.

Limits: this interpretation limits out cases that dont do anything while still maintaining substantialaffirmative solvency ground


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alternative energy incentives in the United StatesIncentives = Economic

Interpretation: incentives should be economic

Global Power Report, 07[Global Power Report; April 12, 2007; Gingrich calls for economic incentives, not cap-and-trade, to tackle global warming; Global Power Report; Renewable Energy; L/N] ANN

Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, who is mulling a bid for the White House in 2008, this week, said the United States should use economicincentives, rather than a mandatory cap on emissions, to combat global warming. Gingrich, a Republican who led theHouse from 1995 to 1999, said he did not advocate the type of laissez-faire approach that would do nothing to dissuade the power sector and other industries from continuing to pump

billions of tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Instead, he said the government should make widespread use oftax incentives and other "non-coercive" economic tools to spur development oflow-carbon technologies,Gingrich said. "Regulation and litigation are the least-effective methods" of addressing global warming, Gingrich said, arguing that the approach would create a huge federalbureaucracy that would not solve the problem. A better approach, he said, would make use of "entrepreneurial incentives" such as federal tax credits for power plants that capture andstore their CO2 emissions.Gingrich made his remarks dur ing a global-warming debate with Massachusetts DemocraticSenatorJohn Kerry, John Kerry, who narrowly lost his ownbid for the White House in 2004. Kerry faulted Gingrich for underestimating the threat posed by global warming, saying the Republican fails to understand that the phenomenon is a"crisis" requiring urgent action. Kerry said the US and other countries must soon make deep reductions in their greenhouse gas emissions to avoid reaching a climatic "tipping point"that would result in widespread coastal flooding and other "catastrophic" consequences. "This is a crisis," Kerry said. "No coal-fired power plant should be built anywhere that doesn'tcapture and sequester carbon dioxide. Period." Gingrich acknowledged that global warming is a "problem," and that human activities are contributing to the phenomenon. Butherepeatedly said that global warming cannot be addressed effectively through a mandatory regulatory scheme, such as a cap-and-trade program for greenhouse gas emissions. Thatwould create a "breathtakingly complex" bureaucracy that would fail to address the problem,Gingrich said.

Violation: The affirmative uses a form of incentives that are not economic.

Limits: topic specific solvency ground is tied to economic incentives. Any other form of incentive wouldexplode the topic.

Ground: non-economic means should be the negatives ground. Allow the aff to claim it makes solvencyand DA links impossible and counterplan ground unpredictable.


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http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/search/XMLCrossLinkSearch.do?bct=A&risb=21_T4020273668&returnToId=20_T4020275470&csi=8146&A=0.9112117851572379&sourceCSI=9369&indexTerm=%23PE0009XOR%23&searchTerm=John%20Kerry,%20&indexType=Phttp://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/search/XMLCrossLinkSearch.do?bct=A&risb=21_T4020273668&returnToId=20_T4020275470&csi=8146&A=0.9112117851572379&sourceCSI=9369&indexTerm=%23PE0009XOR%23&searchTerm=John%20Kerry,%20&indexType=Phttp://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/search/XMLCrossLinkSearch.do?bct=A&risb=21_T4020273668&returnToId=20_T4020275470&csi=8146&A=0.9112117851572379&sourceCSI=9369&indexTerm=%23PE0009XOR%23&searchTerm=John%20Kerry,%20&indexType=P


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Incentives = Not Punish

Interpretation: The plan should not punish someone for opting out of the incentives.

Long 1996

William, prof at Georgia Institute of Technologys Sam Nunn School of International Affairs,International Studies Quarterly spring 1996 p83

In contrast, the offer of an economic incentive providing new gains from trade and technologytransfer does not create in the recipient a strong desire to undermine the influence attempt by

seeking an alternative supplier. Furthermore, incentives do not create economic conditions that

encourage new entrants or third-party suppliers to offset the senders efforts. When an incentive is

offered, the potential recipient can choose to reject it and maintain its political autonomy, leaving it

no worse off than before.

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Substantial = 3 Percent

Interpretation: Substantial is 3 percent change

Definition:

A 3 percent change in gas use would be substantial

The Washington Times, Executive Director, 12/6/2006,

http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.mnl.umkc.edu/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T4217063484&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T4217063402&cisb=22_T4217063488&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8176&docNo=1 AlternativeFuels 7/22/08//S. Walker

The otherwise fine editorial "'25-by-'25' assumptions" (Thursday) unfortunately mangled the distinctionbetween fossil energy use and petroleum use. Corn ethanol requires a lot of energy to make, but very little

petroleum. Thus, the renewable fuels requirements of the Energy Policy Act will reduce the nation'sgasoline use by about 3 percent six times as much as you reported, citing the CompetitiveEnterprise Institute.

Substantially larger biofuels contributions will be possible through the use of agricultural residues

such as wheat straw and highly productive nonfood crops such as switch grass.

Standards

Limits: By limiting out cases that affect use by less than three percent, the negative is provided

adequate Disad ground.

Predictability: Because alternative energy is so prolific, nearly anything could change its use. This

would make just about anything topic.

Bright Line: The 3-percent test can be easily applied and is a standard that would be predictable for

all affirmatives.

T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction

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15/27



Alt Energy = No Natural Resources

Interpretation:

Alternative energy is any energy derives from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm

the environment

The Free Dictionary, Princeton, Farlex, 2008,

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/solar+energy The Free Dictionary//S.WalkerNoun 1. alternative energy - energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources orharm the environment

energy, free energy - (physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical systemto do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; "energy can take a wide variety of forms"solar energy, solar power - energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "theamount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made ofsolar energy"wind generation, wind power - power derived from the wind (as by windmills)

Noun 1. solar energy - energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the amountof energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solarenergy"solar poweralternative energy - energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm theenvironment

Violation: the affirmative uses a fuel that uses up natural resources

Standards

Limits: This interpretation prevents millions of small cases that could use natural resources, just in

a different way (ie: clean coal)

Ground: natural resource use should be neg ground allowing the affirmative to have it makes the

topic bidirectional and gives the negative an impossible research burden.

T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction.

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Alt Energy = Not Fossil Fuels

Interpretation:

Alternative energy is anything not derived from fossil fuels

MMS, 07/16/2008 (MMS, Definitions,http://www.mms.gov/offshore/alternativeenergy/definitions.htm, Date accessed 7/22/08)

Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically usedinterchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.

Violation: The affirmative derives energy from fossil fuels

Standards

Limits: This interpretation prevents millions of small cases that could use natural resources, just in

a different way (ie: clean coal)

Ground: natural resource use should be neg ground allowing the affirmative to have it makes the

topic bidirectional and gives the negative an impossible research burden.

T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction.

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http://www.mms.gov/offshore/alternativeenergy/definitions.htmhttp://www.mms.gov/offshore/alternativeenergy/definitions.htm


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interpretation: Incentives have to be incentives defined by the USFG

US Department of Energy, 2008 [United States (Federal) Incentives and Lawshttp://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/fed_summary.php/afdc/US/0]Lathrop

Our federal incentives and laws arecategorized here as either Incentives, Lawsand Regulations, or Programs, which could befunding opportunities or other federalinitiatives related to alternative fuels andvehicles, advanced technologies, or air quality.

To sort information by sponsoring agency instead of category, click the Agency radio buttonbelow. Additional incentives may also be available on the Clean Cities Financial OpportunitiesWeb page.

Organize Results By: Category Agency

IncentivesAlternative Fuel Excise Tax Credit

Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax CreditBiobased Transportation Research FundingBiodiesel Income Tax CreditBiodiesel Mixture Excise Tax CreditBiomass Research and Development InitiativeFuel Cell Motor Vehicle Tax CreditHeavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) TaxCreditLight-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) andAdvanced Lean Burn Vehicle Tax CreditQualified Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle(QAFMV) Tax CreditRenewable Energy Systems and Energy

Efficiency Improvements GrantSmall Agri-Biodiesel Producer Tax CreditSmall Ethanol Producer Tax CreditValue-Added Producer Grants (VAPG)

Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit(VEETC)

Laws and Regulations AftermarketAlternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV)ConversionsAlternative Fuel DefinitionAlternative Fuel Definition - Internal Revenue CodeAlternative Fuel Tax ExemptionClean Air Act Amendments of 1990Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane ExemptionIdle Reduction Facilities RegulationImport Duty for Fuel EthanolRenewable Fuel Standard (RFS) ProgramTier 2 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur ProgramUpdated Fuel Economy Test Procedures and LabelingVehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for Federal Fleets

Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for Private and LocalGovernment FleetsVehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for State and AlternativeFuel Provider FleetsVehicle Incremental Cost Allocation

ProgramsAir Pollution Control ProgramAlternative Transportation in Parks and Public Lands ProgramBiobased Products and Bioenergy ProgramClean Agriculture USAClean CitiesClean Construction USAClean Fuel Fleet Program (CFFP)Clean Fuels Grant ProgramClean Ports USAClean School Bus USACongestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement ProgramLoan Guarantee ProgramNational Clean Diesel Campaign (NCDC)National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Program (NFCBP)Pollution Prevention Grants ProgramSmartWay Transport PartnershipState Energy Program (SEP) FundingVoluntary Airport Low Emission (VALE) Program

Standards:

Predictability: The federal incentives list is comprehensive and allows for the negatives to know

what solvency mechanism to prepare for.

Ground: incentives outside of the federal list are unimportant to policymakers and are likely just

used to squirrel out of most topic solvency attacks and Das. All other incentives should be negative

DA and Counterplan ground.


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18/27



Alt Energy not Nukes

Interpretation:

Alternative Energy excludes nuclear power

Huevel, 2008

RICHARD VANDEN, Letters to the Editorhttp://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=121805B1A1E7FA38&p_docnum=28&p_queryname=3 ,News

bank]

Consequently, students at Middlebury College in Vermont have started a worldwide movement called 350.org (their Web site) to spur people to action. Theirmessage: We need to stop: Building coal-fired power plants and phase them out. Environmentally destructive oil production. Making biofuels from food

crops. Subsidizing oil companies. Instead, we need to promote and subsidize solar, wind and other forms of

alternative energy (not nuclear power).

Standards:

1) Predictability: the literature base agrees that nuclear power isnt alternative energy. We cant comeprepared for something thats not an alternative energy.

2) Limits: there are already too many alternative energy sources, getting rid of nuclear will make the negsjob easier.

3) Ground: Nuclear power should be negative ground as disads, counterplans and case turns.


18 / 27
http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=121805B1A1E7FA38&p_docnum=28&p_queryname=3http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=121805B1A1E7FA38&p_docnum=28&p_queryname=3http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=121805B1A1E7FA38&p_docnum=28&p_queryname=3http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=121805B1A1E7FA38&p_docnum=28&p_queryname=3http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=121805B1A1E7FA38&p_docnum=28&p_queryname=3http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=121805B1A1E7FA38&p_docnum=28&p_queryname=3


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WIND ASPEC

A) Deciding which agent enacts the plan is a crucial question in determining

important questions on wind power

KAPLAN, 4 counsel in the Boston, Massachusetts, office of the law firm of Nixon Peabody LLP[Carolyn S. COASTAL WIND ENERGY GENERATION: CONFLICT AND CAPACITIE:SYMPOSIUM ARTICLE: Congress, the Courts, and the Army Corps: Siting the First Offshore WindFarm in the United States. Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 31 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L.Rev. 177, p. Lexis]

[*213] Members of the 107th and 108th Congresses introduced several bills governing the use of federaloffshore resources for renewable energy projects. In February 2003, Representative Barbara Cubin (R-Wyo.) introduced House Bill 793, an act to amend the OCSLA, which currently authorizes the Secretary

of the Department of the Interior to manage oil and gas exploration on the OCS. 196 If enacted, HouseBill 793 would have expanded the Department of the Interior's jurisdiction, authorizing the implementingagency, the Mineral Management Service (MMS), to grant property interests, such as an easement orright-of-way, for renewable energy projects on the OCS. 197

The MMS has many years of experience overseeing oil and gas activities on offshore federal lands andbelieves it is well-suited to take on responsibility for offshore wind energy development. 198 But othersdisagree, arguing that the oversight of offshore renewable energy projects in the oceans should include aleading role for federal agencies with a direct marine regulatory and habitat mission, such as the National[*214] Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Marine Fisheries Service. 199Dissatisfied with the provisions of House Bill 793, Representative William Delahunt (D-Mass.) proposedcompeting legislation in March 2003, giving authority over offshore renewable energy projects to NOAA

through amendments to the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. 200

B) Violation the AFF doesnt specify their agent

C) Standards

1) Ground we lose crucial DA links and counterplans because we cant interrogate

the plans agent of action

2) Predictability since multiple agents can enact the plan, the only way for the

negative to predict the process of enactment is for the AFF to list their agent in theplan text

D) Voter to uphold the standards above and to ensure competitive equity in debate

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T WIND (NOT AN INCREASE)

A) INTERPRETAION:

Increase

WordNet, no date

[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=increase]

addition: a quantity that is added; "there was an addition to property taxes this year"; "they recorded the cattle's gain inweight over a period ...

B) VIOLATION: THE AFFIRMATIVE IS NOT AN INCREASE THEY JUST MAKE AN

EXISTING TAX CREDIT PERMANENT THIS IS NOT AN INCREASE.

Ground: The negative should be able to defend the status quo. Increases are key to uniqueness ground ondisads, and having to attack the status quo would be an impossible research burden.

Limits: we exclude cases that merely continue the status quo, but provide adequate room for aff cases thatmake a change.

T is a voter for Fairness, Education and Jurisdiction

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US = USA

The United States means the United States of America

American Heritage 2000

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.

United States

VARIANT FORMS: or United States of AmericaABBREVIATION: U.S. (US) (U.S.A.) (USA)A country of central and northwest North America with coastlines on the Atlantic and Pacific

oceans. It includes the noncontiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and various island territories in theCaribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. The area now occupied by the contiguous 48 states was originallyinhabited by numerous Native American peoples and was colonized beginning in the 16th century by

Spain, France, the Netherlands, and England. Great Britain eventually controlled most of the Atlanticcoast and, after the French and Indian Wars (17541763), the Northwest Territory and Canada. Theoriginal Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776 and formed agovernment under the Articles of Confederation in 1781, adopting (1787) a new constitution that wentinto effect after 1789. The nation soon began to expand westward. Growing tensions over the issue ofBlack slavery divided the country along geographic lines, sparking the secession of the South and theCivil War (18611865). The remainder of the 19th century was marked by increased westward expansion,industrialization, and the influx of millions of immigrants. The United States entered World War II afterthe Japanese attack (1941) on Pearl Harbor and emerged after the war as a world power. Washington,D.C., is the capital and New York the largest city. Population: 260,651,000.

Federal means not the states

OED 89

Oxford English Dictionary SECOND EDITION 1989

Federalb.Of or pertaining to the political unity so constituted, as distinguished from the separate statescomposing it.

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USFG -- Checks and Balances

USFG must have three branches that have checks and balances on each other

Ask.com, No Date

< Ask.com is a leading search engine on the Web. Founded as Ask Jeeves in 1996 and renamed Ask.comin February 2005, Ask.com is recognized for innovation in search technology and search interface design.http://www.ask.com/web?q=what+is+the+US+federal+government&search=search&qsrc=0&o=10181&l=dir > accessed on 7/22/08//Shahzad

The federal government of the United States is the centralized United States governmental body

established by the United States Constitution. The federal government has three branches: thelegislature, executive, and judiciary. Through a system of separation of powers or "checks and

balances", each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate

the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches.

The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs ofthe United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the

Constitution, which leaves a great deal of authority to the individual states

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Substantially

A great extent or degree

Princeton Wordnet No Date

[wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]

well: to a great extent or degree; "I'm afraid the film was well over budget"; "painting the roomwhite made it seem considerably (or ...

in a strong substantial way; "the house was substantially built"

a Tangible Amount

Dictionary.com

substantial Audio Help - Show Spelled Pronunciation[suhb-stan-shuh l] Pronunciation Key -Show IPA Pronunciation

adjective

1. of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of money.

2. of a corporeal or material nature; tangible; real.3. of solid character or quality; firm, stout, or strong: a substantial physique.

4. basic or essential; fundamental: two stories in substantial agreement.

5. wealthy or influential: one of the substantial men of the town.

6. of real worth, value, or effect: substantial reasons.

7. pertaining to the substance, matter, or material of a thing.

8. of or pertaining to the essence of a thing; essential, material, or important.

9. being a substance; having independent existence.

10. Philosophy. pertaining to or of the nature of substance rather than an accident or attribute.

noun

11. something substantial.

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Increase

Increase means become larger or more numerous

Word.net No Date

[wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]

a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase inunemployment"; "the growth of population"

Increase is larger in quantity

Wikipedia No Date

en.wiktionary.org/wiki/increase

An amount by which a quantity is increased; For a quantity, the act or process of becoming larger; tobecome larger; To make (a quantity) larger

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A2: T -- Incentives do not have to be monetary

Stern, 99 (Paul C., Information, Incentives, and Proenvironmental Consumer Behavior, Journal ofConsumer Policy, Volume 22, Number 4 / December, 1999, p. 468-469http://www.springerlink.com/content/j6855njvk6420x70/fulltext.pdf, Accessed 7/22/08)//amanda

Incentives can overcome such barriers, and have sometimes proven quite effective in inducing changes insome of the most environmentally important consumer behaviors, such as investments in home insulation,weatherization, and upgraded heating systems. It is not surprising that when money is a problem, financialinducements of sufficient size can be a solution. Thus, per-can fees for trash disposal have reduced trashvolume in many U.S. communities, the relative prices of petroleum fuels explain much of the disparitiesamong countries in their per capita consumption, and strong price incentives and rebates have influencedappliance purchase and home insulation decisions in energy conserving directions.Less frequently noted is the fact that non-monetary incentives, especially those associated with

convenience, can also have important effects on environmentally significant consumer behavior. Forexample, policies that reserve certain travel lanes or parking spaces for buses and carpools havesometimes increased bus ridership and ride sharing, and curbside pickup of recyclable materials hassignificantly increased recycling compared to systems that require consumers to transport these materialsto distant recycling centers. In energy conservation, financial incentive programs for home insulation thatrequired prior energy audits the typical practice in the United States in the 1980s were generally lesseffective than programs that were used in Canada and Europe during the same period that offeredmonetary incentives of similar magnitude but that did not present consumers with the inconvenience oftaking the extra step of requesting and waiting for an audit (Stern et al., 1986). Combining monetaryincentives with nonfinancial incentives such as convenience increases program effectiveness.

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alternative energy incentives in the United StatesA2 Incentives:

Positive incentives encourage behaviors

convention on biological diversity no date

United Nations Environment Programme www.cbd.int/incentives/positive.shtmlIntroduction

A positive incentive measure is an economic, legal or institutional measure designed to encouragebeneficial activities. Positive incentive measures include, inter alia, incentive payments for organic farming,agricultural land set-aside schemes as well as public or grant-aided land purchases or conservation easements.

Negative incentives discourage behavior

convention on biological diversity 2007

Updated on 2007-06-01 United Nations Environment Programmehttp://www.cbd.int/incentives/negative.shtml

Negative Incentive MeasuresIntroduction

Negative incentive measures or disincentives are mechanisms designed to discourage activities that areharmful for biodiversity. Examples of disincentives are user fees or pollution taxes.The guidelines for selecting appropriate and complementary measures, contained in the Proposals for the Designand Implementation of Incentive Measures endorsed by the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties,underline that disincentives continue to be an important tool for ensuring the conservation and sustainable use ofbiodiversity, and that they can be used in combination with positive incentives.
http://www.cbd.int/incentives/negative.shtmlhttp://www.cbd.int/incentives/negative.shtml

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