Umayyad and Abbasid Empires Building an Arab Empire.
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Transcript of Umayyad and Abbasid Empires Building an Arab Empire.
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Umayyad and Abbasid Empires
Building an Arab Empire
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Divisions within IslamCrisis: Who would take over for Muhammad
after his death. Caliph = leader, successor to Muhammad
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Shi’itesShi’ite = followers felt that Muhammad had
designated his son-in-law, Ali, to be his successor.
They believe the true successors to the prophet are the descendants of Ali and his daughter Fatima.
These descendants are called Imams or divinely inspired religious leaders. Empowered to interpret the Koran. Minority.
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12 imansInfallible leaders that direct descendents of
Muhammad
12th Iman Muhammad al-Mahdi Hides outside of Samarra in 874 ce
Allah will reveal Mahdi and return to guide humanity
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SunnisSunnis believe that the Caliph position
should be an elected position. First Caliph = Abu Bakr.First convert and father-in-law to
MuhammadMajority of MuslimsBeliefs = political leader of the religious
community (sunna) Inspiration comes from examples of
Muhammad
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SufisMuslim mysticsSought communication with God through
meditation, fasting, and spinning in circles (whirling dervish)
Believed to have miraculous powers
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Rightly Guided CaliphsThe first four CaliphsClose to MuhammadAbu BakrUmar or OmarUthmannAli
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Abu Bakr632-634Daughter Aisha married MohammedUnified CommunityRaised an Army
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Umar15th convert to Islam634-644Spread the Empire Calendar date to the Hirja
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Spread of Islam Under Umar, 634-644
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Uthmann644-656
Spread Islamic Empire to Mediterranean
Put together Koran
Killed 656
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Empire Under Uthmann
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Ali1st male convert to IslamCousin and Son in Law of Mohammad. Married Muhammad’s daughter FatimaAssassinated by being slashed with a
poisoned sword 661 in NajafShiites believe in his line of leaders
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Tomb of Ali
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Battle of KarbalaOctober 10, 680Husayn Ali vs. Umayyad EmpireSeparates Sunni and Shia IslamHusayn and 71 others killed buried in
KarbalaSurvivors marches to Damascus
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Karbala
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Ashura‘Festival’ to the
fallen at KarbalaMarch of captives
to DamascusBanned in some
Sunni http://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=49J6eh7kJMA&feature=related
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Differences
Sunni
“Any worthy man” Regardless of lineage1st Caliph – Abu BakrWinnersDecentralized – no centralizedAuthorityIndividual85 % of Islamic worldSee Shi’ites as hereticsNot oppressedWahhibism (Saudi Arabia)Moderate – Turkey
Similarities
Belief in 5 PillarsDaily PrayerFastingCharityHajjMonotheismKoran = holy textMohammad ResurrectionJudgment DayNo Idolatry
Shi’ite
Direct Descendant“Partisans of Ali”LosersCentralized HeirarchyClergyAyatollahs15 %“Cult of Death”Ali’s son – Hussayn 680Oppressed Iraq/Iran12 Legitimate successors to Mohammad Aka ImamsLast Imam Mahdi (874)
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Before the UmayyadThe Byzantine Empire
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Umayyad Caliphs661-750 A.D.Meccan ClanSunniCapital, Damascus (Syria)Empire expanded from Spain in west to
Indus River Valley (Pakistan/India) in east711 – Spain732 – France stopped at the Battle of Tours
by Charles “the Hammer” Martel
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Umayyad Caliphate
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Charles “The Hammer” Martel
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Battle of Tours
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TOURS
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Reason for Muslim SuccessWeakness of Byzantine (Eastern Roman
Empire) and Persian EmpiresMany people welcomed Arabs as liberatorsBedouin horse and camel cavalryUnited a patchwork of tribesBelief in Islam and desire to glorify new
religionOrderly system of administration
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Conquered People Treated FairlySuper Tax on “People of the Book”Converts given advantages
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Decline of Umayyad Empire1. Rulers had trouble adapting from living
in the desert to ruling large cities and huge territories
2. Non Arabs did not have the same privileges as Arabs - resentment
3. Umayyad caliphs became corrupted/living in luxury
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Rise of the Abbasids750 A.D. – 1258 A.D.Founder and leader: Abu al-AbbasDescendant of Muhammad’s uncleKilled all members (except one) of last
Umayyad ruling family
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Abbasid Empire
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Changes Under AbbasidsCreate equality of all MuslimsHalted large military conquestsEmpire of caliphs reached its greatest
wealth and powerMuslim civilization flourishedEnded discrimination of non ArabsEncouraged learning
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Moved capital from Damascus (Syria) to Baghdad (Iraq)
Shi’ite Umayyad keeps Spain
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Muslim Civilization’s Golden AgeDuring the Abbasid Empire750-1350 Built vast trading network Money economyPartnershipsCreditFormed banksBank ChecksManufactured goods highly soughtAgriculture thrivesSocial MobilitySlave Practice
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“Ships of the Sand”
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Arts, Literature, ArchitecturePoetryCalligraphy – the art of beautiful
handwritingArchitecture – 688 Dome of the Rock Libraries of Baghdad – Learning CentersAncient philosophy and history preserved
by Muslim scholarsAdvances in astronomy, mathematics,
medicine
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Calligraphy
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Dome of the Rock
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The Muslim Empire DeclinesSeljuk Turks 900 A.D. Seljuk Turks (from Central Asia)
adopted Islam and set up and empire across the Fertile Crescent
1055 Sultan or ruler takes over BaghdadPushed into Asia Minor (Turkey) Threatened the Byzantine EmpirePreventing Christian pilgrims from entering
Jerusalem1095 Pope Urban II called for the First
Crusade to free Holy Lands of Muslim invaders
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Seljuk Turkish Empire
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Route Map of the 1st Crusade
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Mongols1216 - Genghis Kahn led the Mongols out
of Central Asia into Southwest Asia1258 – Grandson of Genghis Khan looted
Baghdad Killed the last Abbasid caliphMongols convert to IslamTimur the Lane or Tamerlane conquers
many Muslim lands
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Mongol Empire In The Late 1400s