Ultrasonography: Where to start? Tony Pease, DVM, MS Assistant Professor of Radiology North Carolina...
-
Upload
imogene-bryan -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
2
Transcript of Ultrasonography: Where to start? Tony Pease, DVM, MS Assistant Professor of Radiology North Carolina...
Ultrasonography:Where to start?
Tony Pease, DVM, MSAssistant Professor of Radiology
North Carolina State University
Ultrasound Pitfalls
• Technical demand on time and patience
• Non-specific change– Tissue characterization yet to be realized
• Opening Pandora’s Box– Multiple abnormalities but you may not known
the clinical importance
Fatal assumptions
• Speed of sound is an average– 1540 m/sec
• All sound waves are assumed to be created by a primary beam
Power vs. Gain
• Power = preprocessing– Controls energy given to the transducer to
regulate intensity of the sound wave
• Gain = post-processing– Increases the overall brightness given to the
returning signal
Time Gain Compensation
• Also called TGC
• Will adjust gain at different depths
• Helps make the image uniform
Tissue Harmonics
• Ultrasound wave goes in– 5 MHZ
• Transducer listens for a higher frequency– 10 MHz
– This is generated by the tissue imaged
Harmonics Benefit
• Only goes through tissue once– Less artifacts
• Penetrates better than 10 MHz– But not as good as a 5 MHz wave
What about MHz?
• Generally 1-13 MHz
• Multiple frequencies in one probe– 1-4 MHz
– 5-8 MHz
• Higher number = better resolution• Decreased penetration
Bottom line
• For canine abdomen– Average size dog
• Use a 5-8 MHz probe
– Deep-chested dog• Use a 3-5 MHz probe
• For feline abdomen– Can use 10-12 MHz probe
Hypoechoic to hyperechoic
1. Bile, urine2. Muscle3. Renal medulla4. Renal cortex5. Liver6. Fat7. Spleen
8. Prostate
9. Renal sinus
10. Vessel walls
11. Bone, gas
Abdominal Ultrasound
• Patient preparation– Clip or alcohol
– Acoustic coupling gel
• Appropriate probe selection (MHz)
• Image optimization takes time
• May need to switch transducers or change frequencies
Intestinal layering
• Superficial to deep– Serosal = White
– Muscularis = Black
– Submucosal = White
– Mucosal (thickest) = Black
– Mucosal-luminal interface = White
Other uses
• Brain imaging• Laryngeal exam• Guided aspirates• Contrast studies• Thyroid gland• Ocular exam• Blood flow• Umbilicus
Ultrasound guided techniques
• Needle approximate 45 degree angle
• Use appropriate needle length for target
• Be mindful of surrounding vessels