Ultra Vires Acts by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (Doc. INT-12-034en)

7/31/2019 Ultra Vires Acts by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (Doc. INT-12-034en)

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Wnpxc Ulxg} Cmp}

h| pbg Mijjlppgg ik pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln`

ck` pbg Kgq Ivplikcn Vxipimin pi WKMXM

Ckcn|plmcn Xgvixp@imwjgkp L@4 LKP*38*6=0gk

Vgxjckgkp c``xg}}4 ecjln|vinlm|+xw)xgv)lkp*38*6=0gk

Cvvgk`lr4 ecjln|vinlm|+xw)xgv)lkp*38*6=0gk*c``

Iwx jl}}lik l} pi xglkeixmg pbg kcpwxcn ecjln| ucnwg} cjika pbg grvgxp ck` }mlgkplelm mijjwklp|. lk pbg jc}} jg`lc. lk pbg ncq} lk Xw}}lc ) ML]. cp pbg W+K+ ck` lkpgxkcplikcnn|+ Iwx eiwk`gx}4

Qixn` Mikaxg}} ie Ecjlnlg}ncxag}p lkpgxkcplikcn kgpqixo iebwk`xg`} ie vxi*nleg ck` vxi*ecjln| KAI} exij iugx 26miwkpxlg} ie pbg qixn`. PbgBiqcx` Mgkpgx l} ieelmlcnn|cmmxg`lpg` cp pbg Wklpg` Kcplik}Gmikijlm % ]imlcn MiwkmlnQixn`Mikaxg}}+ixa

Ecjln| ck` @gjiaxcvb| Eiwk`cplikxgvxg}gkp} QME lk Xw}}lc ck` ML].ixackltg` Ji}miq @gjiaxcvblm]wjjlp4 Ecjln| ck` pbg Ewpwxg ieBwjckolk` ik Dwkg 8


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Wnpxc Ulxg} Cmp} h| pbg Mijjlppgg ik pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln` ck` pbg Kgq Ivplikcn Vxipimin pi WKMXM

Pchng ie mikpgkp}

Grgmwplug ]wjjcx| +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8

3+ Ivplikcn Vxipimin pi pbg Mikugkplik ik pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln` ik c mijjwklmcplik} vximg`wxg ck`pbg jclk vxihngj} lkbgxgkp pi lp ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0

c, Vximg`wxcn encq} lk pbg `gugnivjgkp ie pbg Vxipimin ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0

h, @gucnwcplik ie kcplikcn ngal}ncplug kixj} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7

m, Gxi}lik ie pbg grbcw}plik ie `ijg}plm xgjg`lg} xwng ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7

`, Vipgkplcn hgnlppngjgkp ie pbg ucnwg ie pbg ecjln| +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7

g, Kgq MXM viqgx} lk ulgq ie lp} vxguliw} wnpxc ulxg} cmp} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7

8+ Wnpxc ulxg} cmp} h| MXM +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5

c, Agkgxcn cvvnlmchng vxlkmlvng} ck` kixj} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5

l, Pbg vxlkmlvng ie pbg }iugxglak gswcnlp| ie }pcpg} "WK Mbcxpgx, +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5

ll, Lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w} ck` pbg lkpgxvxgpcplik ie lkpgxkcplikcn pxgcplg} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5

lll, MXM jck`cpg ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

h, Vxg}}wxlka }pcpg} mikmgxklka pbg nlhgxcnltcplik ie chixplik ncq ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36

m, Lk`lxgmpn| vxijiplka mikmgvp} kip hcmog` h| lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 33

`, Grgxplka vxg}}wxg cljg` cp pbg hgnlppngjgkp ie pbg xlabp} ie pbg vcxgkp} xgacx`lka }grwcn bgcnpb ck`

g`wmcplik ie pbglx mbln`xgk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 38

g, Iwpncqlka vcxgkpcn mixvixcn vwkl}bjgkp eix mbln`xgk4 c mc}g ie wkncqewn lkpxi`wmplik ie c kgq

}pcpg ihnlacplik +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 31

e, Grgxplka vxg}}wxg ik }pcpg} lk jcppgx} ie pbglx xcplelmcplik ie kgq lkpgxkcplikcn caxggjgkp} ck`

ulincplka pbg }iugxglakp| ie WKMXM }pcpg vcxplg} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 86=+ Vi}}lhng cmplik h| WKMXM }pcpg} vcxplg} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8=

c, Xgew}lka pi xcple| pbg Ivplikcn Vxipimin pi pbg Mikugkplik ik pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln` ik c

mijjwklmcplik} vximg`wxg ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8=

h, W}lka lkpgxvxgpcplug gmncxcplik} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8=

m, Grgxml}lka pbg vi}}lhlnlp| pi `gkiwkmg pbg Mikugkplik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8=

`, Grgxml}lka pbglx xlabp pi vilkp iwp pbg nljlp} ie pbg Mijjlppgg} jck`cpg xgvn|lka pi lp} xgswg}p} eix

c``lplikcn lkeixjcplik eix w}g lk vgxli`lm xgvixp} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 80

g, Cmplugn| vcxplmlvcplka lk xgeixjlka WK pxgcp| hi`lg} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 80

CVVGK@LR4 @imwjgkp} h| pbg Mijjlppgg ik pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln` mikelxjlka lp} wnpxc ulxg} cmp} ck`

lkpgxvxgpcplik}+


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Grgmwplug ]wjjcx|

Pbl} Xgvixp grcjlkg} pbg l}}wg} cxiwk` pbg Ivplikcn Vxipimin pi pbg Mikugkplik ik pbg Xlabp} ie pbg

Mbln` ik c mijjwklmcplik} vximg`wxg "WK ìmwjgkp C)XG])55)3=2,. }wmb c}4

vximg`wxcn encq} lk lp} `gugnivjgkp? lp} wk`gxjlklka ie ìjg}plm ngal}ncplik ck` dw`lmlcn }|}pgj}? lp} gxi}lik ie pbg grbcw}plik ie ìjg}plm xgjg`lg} xwng? lp} vipgkplcn hgnlppngjgkp ie pbg ucnwg ie pbg ecjln|+

@wg pi pbg vxipimin axckplka pbg Mijjlppgg kgq viqgx} pi mik}l`gx mijvnclkp} eix WKMXM ulincplik}

"lkmnw`lka mijvnclkp} h| mbln`xgk,. vcxplmwncx cppgkplik l} alugk pi vc}p wnpxc ulxg} "hg|ik` lp} cwpbixlp|,

cmp} h| pbg Mijjlppgg+ Pbg Xgvixp kipg} qlpb mikmgxk pbcp jck| MXM cmp} mck hg ulgqg` c} hglka4

mikpxcx| pi pbg vxlkmlvng ie pbg }iugxglak gswcnlp| ie pbg WK jgjhgx ]pcpg} "Cxplmng 8 ie pbg WKMbcxpgx,?

hg|ik` pbg jck`cpg ie pbg Mijjlppgg? mikpxcx| pi ix kip hc}g` ik lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w}+

Lk vcxplmwncx. lp} cmp} lkmnw`g`4

vxg}}wxlka }pcpg} pi mbckag pbglx chixplik ncq} lxxg}vgmplug ie lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w} ck`qlpb ki eiwk`cplik lk lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp} lk}pxwjgkp}?

lk`lxgmpn| vxijiplka mikpxiugx}lcn mikmgvp} qlpb ki g}pchnl}bg` lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w}hgblk` pbgj "ngacnltlka }cjg*}gr }grwcn xgncplik}blv}. ngacn xgmiaklplik ie }cjg*}gr jcxxlcag}

ck` vcxpkgx}blv}. `gmxljlkcnltcplik ie vxi}plpwplik,?

`gjck`lka pbcp }pcpg} }biwn` alug mbln`xgk }grwcnlp| g`wmcplik xgacx`ng}} ie ck` cmmg}} pixgvxi`wmplug bgcnpb }gxulmg} xgacx`ng}} ie ck` qlpbiwp vcxgkpcn mik}gkp ck` okiqngàg. qlpb ki

hc}l} lk WKMXM ix ipbgx lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp} lk}pxwjgkp} qbcp}igugx ck` mikpxcx| pi pbg

Mclxi Vxiaxcjjg ie Cmplik ck` pbg Hgldlka Vncpeixj eix Cmplik "hipb vi}}g}}lka c `gaxgg ie

lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn xgmiaklplik cp WK ngugn,?

w}lka ck wnpxc ulxg} "hg|ik` lp} cwpbixlp|, lkpgxvxgpcplik ie WKMXM pi wkncqewnn| lkpxi`wmg c kgqihnlacplik eix }pcpg} vcxplg} "pi iwpncq ck| vcxgkpcn mixvixcn vwkl}bjgkp eix mbln`xgk, kip

einniqlka exij WKMXM lp}gne. ck` pbgk `gjck`lka mijvnlckmg. wv pi pbg vilkp ie mbckalka pbglx

kcplikcn ngal}ncplik?

`gjck`lka ie }pcpg} "mikpxcx| pi pbg vxlkmlvng ie pbg }iugxglak gswcnlp| ie }pcpg} ck` qlpb kihc}l} lk WKMXM, xcplelmcplik ie lkpgxkcplikcn caxggjgkp} blpbgxpi kip }lakg` h| pbgj+

Cnn pbg}g cmp} "ìmwjgkpg` lk pbg Cvvgk`lr,. xgacx`ng}} ie pbglx gpblmcn c}}g}}jgkp. cxg }biqk pi hg

wnpxc ulxg} ck` jw}p hg xgmiakltg` c} ulincplka pbg vxlkmlvng ie }iugxglak gswcnlp| ck` grmgg`lka pbg

pxgcp| jiklpixlka hi`| jck`cpg+ Pbg Mijjlppgg} wnpxc ulxg} cmp}. pbiwab kip `lxgmpn| ngacnn| hlk`lka.

}gxliw}n| ceegmp pbg ngacn xgaljg lk }pcpg} vcxplg} pi WKMXM+ Pbg| ceegmp kcplikcn ncq gkeixmgjgkp


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vxcmplmg. mbckag} pi kcplikcn ngal}ncplik. ck` lkenwgkmg ngacnn| hlk`lka `gml}lik} h| ipbgx lkpgxkcplikcn

hi`lg}+

Wnpxc ulxg} cmp} h| pbg Mijjlppgg mck }gxliw}n| pbxgcpgk pbg }w}pclkchlnlp| ie lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp}excjgqixo. pbg }iugxglakp| ie }pcpg} vcxplg}. mwnpwxcn l`gkplp| ie pbglx vgivng}. ck` pbg }pck`lka ie pbg

ecjln|. qblmb l} pbg kcpwxcn ck` ewk`cjgkpcn axiwv wklp ie }imlgp| ck` l} gkplpng` pi vxipgmplik h|

}imlgp| ck` pbg ]pcpg "Cxplmng 35 "=, ie pbg Wklugx}cn @gmncxcplik ie Bwjck Xlabp},. ck`. pbgxgeixg. h|

pbg lkpgxkcplikcn mijjwklp|+

Eix }pcpg} vcxplg} pi xgmiakltg pbg kgq MXM viqgx h| }laklka ck` xcple|lka pbg Ivplikcn Vxipimin qiwn`.

lk pbg}g mlxmwj}pckmg}. }ggj ljvxcmplmcn ck` `ckagxiw}+

Pbg Xgvixp vilkp} iwp pbcp pi xgjg`| pbg }lpwcplik mxgcpg` h| pbg wnpxc ulxg} cmp} h| pbg Mijjlppgg.

ngalpljcpgn| mikmgxkg` }pcpg} vcxplg} mck gjvni| c kwjhgx ie jgck}. }wmb c}4

xgew}lka pi xcple| pbg Ivplikcn Vxipimin pi pbg Mikugkplik ik pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln` ik cmijjwklmcplik} vximg`wxg wkpln c xgnguckp xgeixj ie pbg Mijjlppgg l} pcogk vncmg?

grgxml}lka pbglx xlabp pi l}}wg lkpgxvxgpcplug `gmncxcplik} ik WKMXM? grgxml}lka pbglx xlabp pi vilkp iwp pbg nljlp} ie pbg Mijjlppgg} jck`cpg xgvn|lka pi lp} xgswg}p}

eix c``lplikcn lkeixjcplik xgncpg` pi vgxli`lm xgvixp}?

qcxklka pbg Mijjlppgg ie pbg vi}}lhlnlp| ie pbglx `gkwkmlcplik ie WKMXM lk mc}g c xgnguckpxgeixj ie lp} cmplulplg} `ig} kip pcog vncmg?

cmplugn| vcxplmlvcplka lk xgeixjlka WK pxgcp| hi`lg} pi hxlka pbglx cmplulplg} lkpi }pxlmp mikeixjlp|qlpb pbglx jck`cpg}. pi alug lp axgcpgx pxck}vcxgkm|. ck` pi hxlka lp wk`gx jixg geegmplug }pcpg}

vcxplg} mikpxin+

Pbg}g jgck} mck. cepgx `wg c}}g}}jgkp ie pbg mik}gswgkmg} ie pbglx ljvngjgkpcplik. hg gjvni|g` cp

pbg `l}mxgplik ie }pcpg} pi vxipgmp pbg xlabp} ie pbglx }iugxglak vgivng}. pbg ecjln|. ck` pbglx mwnpwxcn.

xgnlaliw}. ck` jixcn l`gkplp|+


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3+ Ivplikcn Vxipimin pi pbg Mikugkplik ik pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln` ik c mijjwklmcplik} vximg`wxg ck`

pbg jclk vxihngj} lkbgxgkp pi lp

Pbg Ivplikcn Vxipimin pi MXM ik c mijjwklmcplik} vximg`wxg "WK `imwjgkp C)XG])55)3=2, qc}c`ivpg` h| mik}gk}w} elx}p h| WKBXM "31+65+8633,. ck` pbgk h| pbg WK Agkgxcn C}}gjhn| "3


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h, @gucnwcplik ie kcplikcn ngal}ncplug kixj}

Lk vcxplmwncx. pbg Ivplikcn Vxipimin cnniq} xgmglulka mijvnclkp} exij jlkix} jcolka ki jgkplik

ie pbglx cag ck` ngacn mcvcmlp| c} `gelkg` h| kcplikcn ngal}ncplik+ MXM qckp} pi cxhlpxcx| dwàgpbg jcpwxlp|ie wk`gxcag cvvnlmckp} ck` pbg ljvixpckmgie pbglx mijjwklmcplik}+

m, Gxi}lik ie pbg grbcw}plik ie ìjg}plm xgjg`lg} xwng

Jixgiugx. pbl} Ivplikcn Vxipimin g}}gkplcnn| gxi`g} pbg ewk`cjgkpcn vxlkmlvng ie pbg kgmg}}lp| pi

grbcw}p cnn ìjg}plm ngacn xgjg`lg} hgeixg }whjlpplka c mijjwklmcplik pi bwjck xlabp} pxgcp|

hi`lg}+ Le c ìjg}plm dw`lmlcn }|}pgj l} wknlogn| pi hxlka geegmplug xgnlge. mijjwklmcplik} mck hg

}whjlppg` pi MXM h|vc}}lka lp+ ]wmb vbxc}lka cnniq} MXM pi `l}jl}} ulxpwcnn| ck| vxgnljlkcx| ngacn

vximgg`lka} c} lkgeegmplug ck` wkkgmg}}cx|+

`, Vipgkplcn hgnlppngjgkp ie pbg ucnwg ie pbg ecjln|

Pbg Eixglak Jlkl}px|} xgvxg}gkpcplug aig} ik pi xlabpn| vilkp iwp pbcp

mikmgxk} chiwp pbg vlikggxlka cvvxicmb }gp lk pbg Ivplikcn Vxipimin cxg }bcxg` kip ikn| h|

kwjgxiw} }pcpg cwpbixlplg}. hwp cn}i h| bwjck xlabp} KAI}. lkmnw`lka pbi}g mcjvclaklka eix pbg

vxipgmplik ie pxc`lplikcn ecjln| ucnwg}+ Pbg| pblko pbcp pwxklka mbln`xgk lkpi mijvnclkckp}mck

}gxliw}n| wk`gxjlkg vcxgkpcn cwpbixlp| ck` pbg vg`caialm xing ie pbg ecjln|+

C} lp l} }biqk hgniq. MXM bc} hggk grgxplka }|}pgjcplm vxg}}wxg ik }pcpg} vcxplg} ngc`lka pi pbg

hgnlppngjgkp ie pbg xing ie pbg vcxgkp} ck` pbglx xlabp}. nika g}pchnl}bg` hipb lk kcplikcn ecjln| ck`

g`wmcplik mwnpwxg} ck` lk kcplikcn ngacn }|}pgj}+

Cnniqlka mbln`xgk pi }whjlp mijvnclkp} pi MXM ik pbglx iqk. pbg Vxipimin. geegmplugn|. c}}wjg} pbcp pbg

Mijjlppgg l} c vxlixlhgppgx swcnlelg` pi dwàg ik pbglx hg}p lkpgxg}p} ck` qbgpbgx pbg| cxg lk kgg` ie

vxipgmplik pbck glpbgx pbglx vcxgkp} ix pbg kcplikcn ngacn }|}pgj+

Pbl} cvvxicmb. cnxgc`| swlpg mikpxiugx}lcn. `gelklpgn| xgswlxg} pbcp pbgxg }biwn` hg ki jcdix mbcnngkag}

pi pbg Mijjlppgg} mijvgpgkmg. ihdgmplulp| ck` mijvnlckmg qlpb WKMXM xgawncplik} ck` agkgxcn

vxlkmlvng} ie lkpgxkcplikcn ncq+

g, Kgq MXM viqgx} lk ulgq ie lp} vxguliw} wnpxc ulxg} cmp}

Pbgxg l}. biqgugx. ckipbgx }gxliw} l}}wg kip xcl}g` h| pbg Eixglak Jlkl}px|} xgvxg}gkpcplug lk bl} xgvn|+MXM. wkeixpwkcpgn|. bc} c bl}pix| ie wnpxc ulxg} cmp}. xgvgcpg`n| cmplka hg|ik` lp} mijvgpgkmg ck`

jck`cpg+ W}lka }i*mcnng` agkgxcn mijjgkp} ck` mikmnw`lka ih}gxucplik} ik }pcpg} vcxplg} xgvixp} lp

xgvgcpg`n| ljvi}g` ik pbgj kgq wkdw}plelg` xlabp} ck` mixxg}vik`lka ihnlacplik} kglpbgx vxiul`g`

wk`gx kix einniqlka exij lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp} lk}pxwjgkp}+ C `gpclng` ckcn|}l} ie c kwjhgx ie

}wmb mc}g} einniq}+


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8+ Wnpxc ulxg} cmp} h| MXM

c, Agkgxcn cvvnlmchng vxlkmlvng} ck` kixj}

Ckcn|tlka pbg ngacn vxivxlgp| ie pbg Mijjlppgg} cmp}. c kwjhgx ie hc}lm kixj} ck` vxlkmlvng} ie

lkpgxkcplikcn ncq jw}p hg pcogk lkpi cmmiwkp4

l, Pbg vxlkmlvng ie pbg }iugxglak gswcnlp| ie }pcpg} "WK Mbcxpgx,

Gcmb ck` gugx| WK cmp jw}p mijvn| qlpb pbg vxlkmlvng ie pbg }iugxglak gswcnlp| ie }pcpg} grvnlmlpn| }gp

eixpb lk Cxplmng 8 ie pbg WK Mbcxpgx. ie qblmb eix pbg vwxvi}g ie pbl} ckcn|}l} Vcxcaxcvb} 3 ck` 1 cxg ie

vcxplmwncx ljvixpckmg4

Cxplmng 8

Pbg Ixackltcplik ck` lp} Jgjhgx}. lk vwx}wlp ie pbg Vwxvi}g} }pcpg` lk Cxplmng 3. }bcnn cmp lk

cmmix`ckmg qlpb pbg einniqlka Vxlkmlvng}+

3+ Pbg Ixackltcplik l} hc}g` ik pbg vxlkmlvng ie pbg }iugxglak gswcnlp| ie cnn lp} Jgjhgx}+

1+ Kipblka mikpclkg` lk pbg vxg}gkp Mbcxpgx }bcnn cwpbixltg pbg Wklpg` Kcplik} pi lkpgxugkg lk

jcppgx} qblmb cxg g}}gkplcnn| qlpblk pbg `ijg}plm dwxl}`lmplik ie ck| }pcpg ix }bcnn xgswlxg pbg

Jgjhgx} pi }whjlp }wmb jcppgx} pi }gppngjgkp wk`gx pbg vxg}gkp Mbcxpgx? hwp pbl} vxlkmlvng

}bcnn kip vxgdw`lmg pbg cvvnlmcplik ie gkeixmgjgkp jgc}wxg} wk`gx Mbcvpgx Unn+

WK Mbcxpgx

C} c xg}wnp. wk`gx pbg Wklpg` Kcplik} }|}pgj jgjhgx }pcpg} xgpclk ewnn }iugxglakp| lk cnn jcppgx} qlpblk

pbglx `ijg}plm dwxl}`lmplik+ Lkpgxugkplik lk lkpgxkcn ceeclx} ie jgjhgx }pcpg} l} cnniqg` ikn| le grvnlmlpn|

vxiul`g` wk`gx ix `lxgmpn| einniqlka exij lkpgxkcplikcn pxgcplg} pi qblmb pbg| cxg vcxplg}+ Pbl} cvvnlg} pi

lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp} ncq. pii+ Ck| cmp} h| WK hi`lg} ix vcxplg} lk hxgcmb ie pbl} vxlkmlvng cxg pi hg

xgacx`g` c} hglka wnpxc ulxg} "hg|ik` pbglx cwpbixlp|,+

ll, Lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w} ck` pbg lkpgxvxgpcplik ie lkpgxkcplikcn pxgcplg}

Lp xgc`ln| einniq} exij pbg vxlkmlvng ie }iugxglak gswcnlp| pbcp WK hi`lg} ck` vcxplg} cxg kip cwpbixltg`

pi mxgcpg ck| xgawncplik ix ihnlacplik ngacnn| hlk`lka wvik lp} jgjhgx }pcpg}+ Pbl} cn}i cvvnlg} pi WK

pxgcp| jiklpixlka hi`lg}+

Mik}l`gxlka lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp} pxgcplg} h| qblmb pbg| cxg cwpbixltg`. WK pxgcp| hi`lg}.

lkmnw`lka MXM. mck lkpgxvxgp pbgj }ingn| h| xgegxgkmg pi pbg pgrp} ie }wmb pxgcplg}. ck` cn}i pi pbg

cvvnlmchng hc}lm vxlkmlvng} ck` kixj} ie lkpgxkcplikcn ncq ik lkpgxvxgpcplik ie lkpgxkcplikcn pxgcplg} "lk

vcxplmwncx. vxiul}lik} ie pbg 3


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hg xgacx`g` c} wkncqewn=+ Cp pbg }cjg pljg. pbg mik}gk}w} lp}gne mck. ie miwx}g. ikn| hg xgacx`g` c}

ngalpljcpg le lp qc} xgcmbg` ik pbg hc}l} ie xgnlchng lkeixjcplik. qlpbiwp excw`. hxlhgx|. migxmlik. ix ck|

ipbgx lk}pckmg ie wkncqewn vxg}}wxg vgxvgpxcpg` caclk}p lp} vcxplg}+

Pbg swg}plik pi qbcp grpgkp `imwjgkp} }wmb c} pbg Mclxi Vxiaxcjjg ie Cmplik "3


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ìmwjgkp} alug ki dw}plelmcplik eix grgxplka ck| olk` ie vxg}}wxg ik c }iugxglak }pcpg ix lkpgxegxlka lk

ceeclx} qlpblk lp} ìjg}plm dwxl}`lmplik+

C} c xg}wnp. gkìx}lka pbg Mclxi Vxiaxcjjg ie Cmplik lk lp} xg}inwplik "C)XG])0


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lkpgxvxgplka lkpgxkcplikcn pxgcplg} lk c qc| lkmik}l}pgkp ix mikpxcx| pi pbglx pgrp}. kixj} ielkpgxkcplikcn pxgcp| ncq. ix lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w}?

cppgjvplka pi vxg}gkp pbglx lkpgxvxgpcplik ie lkpgxkcplikcn pxgcplg} c} c hlk`lka kixj?

cppgjvplka pi lkpxi`wmg kgq bwjck xlabp} ck` pbg mixxg}vik`lka }pcpg ihnlacplik} kipeinniqlka exij pbg xg}vgmplug pxgcp| ck` `gelklpg lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w}?

`lxgmpn| ix lk`lxgmpn| lkpxi`wmlka lkpi pbg }vbgxg ie lkpgxkcplikcn ncq kiplik} ck` mikmgvp} qlpbki g}pchnl}bg` lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w} hgblk` pbgj+

Wkeixpwkcpgn|. c} l} }biqk hgniq. WKMXM bc} hggk mijjlpplka cmp} vi}}g}}lka cnn pbg ceixgjgkplikg`

swcnlplg} ie hglka wnpxc ulxg}+ Pbg Xgvixp ulgq} jck| ie pbg}g cmplik} c} hglka mikpxcx| pi pbg }vlxlp ie

pbg hc}lm kixj} ie lkpgxkcplikcn ncq ck` lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w} ìmwjgkp} ik pbg ecjln|+ Pbl}

xcl}g} }gxliw} mikmgxk}. alugk pbcp pbg ecjln| l} pbg kcpwxcn ck` ewk`cjgkpcn axiwv wklp ie }imlgp| ck` l}

gkplpng` pi vxipgmplik h| }imlgp| ck` pbg ]pcpg "Cxplmng 35 "=, ie pbg Wklugx}cn @gmncxcplik ie Bwjck

Xlabp},. ck`. pbgxgeixg. h| lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn hi`lg}+

Pbg}g cmplik} swg}plik pbg Mijjlppgg} mxg`lhlnlp| ck` pbxgcpgk pbg }w}pclkchlnlp| ie pbg qbing

lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp} excjgqixo+

h, Vxg}}wxlka }pcpg} mikmgxklka pbg nlhgxcnltcplik ie chixplik ncq

WKMXM ìg} kip vxiul`g eix c xlabp pi chixplik+ Lp ìg} kip gjvni| pbg pgxj xgvxi`wmplug xlabp}+

Jixgiugx. lp} Vxgcjhng mlpg} pbg @gmncxcplik ik pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln` "Xg}inwplik 3=25 "RLU,. pblx`

vcxcaxcvb ie pbg Vxgcjhng, lk`lmcplka pbcp mbln`xgk bcug c xlabp pi ngacn vxipgmplik hgeixg hlxpb4

Hgcxlka lk jlk` pbcp. c} lk`lmcpg` lk pbg @gmncxcplik ie pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln`. (pbg mbln`. h|

xgc}ik ie bl} vb|}lmcn ck` jgkpcn ljjcpwxlp|. kgg`} }vgmlcn }cegawcx`} ck` mcxg. lkmnw`lka

cvvxivxlcpg ngacn vxipgmplik. hgeixg c} qgnn c} cepgx hlxpb(+

Pbg ]ck Di}g Cxplmng}. ck lkpgxkcplikcn grvgxp ìmwjgkp. lk lp} Cxplmng 7 xlabpn| kipg} pbcp

Pbgxg grl}p} ki xlabp pi chixplik wk`gx lkpgxkcplikcn ncq. glpbgx h| qc| ie pxgcp| ihnlacplik ix

wk`gx mw}pijcx| lkpgxkcplikcn ncq+ Ki Wklpg` Kcplik} pxgcp| mck cmmwxcpgn| hg mlpg` c}

g}pchnl}blka ix xgmiakltlka c xlabp pi chixplik+

Nlogql}g lk Cxplmng 1 lp }c|}4

Pbgxg l} ki lkpgxkcplikcn ngacn ihnlacplik pi vxiul`g cmmg}} pi chixplik hc}g` ik ck| axiwk`.

lkmnw`lka hwp kip nljlpg` pi bgcnpb. vxlucm| ix }grwcn cwpikij|. ix kik*`l}mxljlkcplik+

Lp }biwn` hg gjvbc}ltg` pbcp lp einniq} exij xgnguckp ìmwjgkp} ie }ijg lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn }pck`lka cp

pbg WK pbcp `gml`lka ik pbg ngacn }pcpw} ie chixplik l} pbg vxgxiacplug ie kcplikcn aiugxkjgkp}+ C} c

xg}wnp. pbg Lkpgxkcplikcn Mikegxgkmg ik Vivwncplik ck` @gugnivjgkp lk lp} `gelklplik ie xgvxi`wmplug

bgcnpb "cxp+ 1 "8, ie lp} Vxiaxcjjg ie Cmplik, jcog} ki xgegxgkmg pi chixplik}+ Jixgiugx. Cxplmng 2 "87,

ie }cjg Vxiaxcjjg mngcxn| }vgmlelg} pbcp

Ck| jgc}wxg} ix mbckag} xgncpg` pi chixplik qlpblk pbg bgcnpb }|}pgj mck ikn| hg `gpgxjlkg`

cp pbg kcplikcn ix nimcn ngugn cmmix`lka pi pbg kcplikcn ngal}ncplug vximg}}+


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C} kixj} ie lkpgxkcplikcn ncq `i kip mikpclk c xlabp pi chixplik. WK pxgcp| hi`lg} bcug ki cwpbixlp| pi

ljvi}g mbckag} pi xgnguckp kcplikcn ncq} wvik }pcpg vcxplg}+ ]vgcolka ie WK pxgcp| hi`lg} lk lp} Cxplmng

5. pbg grvgxp} hgblk` pbg ]ck Di}g Cxplmng} mgxple| pbcp

ck| }wmb hi`| pbcp lkpgxvxgp} c pxgcp| pi lkmnw`g c xlabp pi chixplik cmp} hg|ik` lp} cwpbixlp|

ck` mikpxcx| pi lp} jck`cpg+

Kikgpbgng}}. MXM. c} qgnn c} ipbgx WK pxgcp| hi`lg}. xgvgcpg`n| grgxpg` vxg}}wxg ik }pcpg} cljg` cp

eixmlka pbgj pi xgulgq pbglx xg}vgmplug kcplikcn ngal}ncplik mikmgxklka chixplik+

Eix grcjvng. mijjgkplka ik pbg 8663 Vcncw xgvixp. pbg Mijjlppgg kipg} "MXM)M)36=,4

057+ Pbg Mijjlppgg xgmijjgk`} pbcp pbg ]pcpg vcxp| xgulgq lp} ngal}ncplik mikmgxklka

chixplik. qlpb c ulgq pi awcxckpgglka pbg hg}p lkpgxg}p} ie mbln` ulmplj} ie xcvg ck` lkmg}p++

Mijjgkplka ik pbg 8661 Ogk|c xgvixp. pbg Mijjlppgg kipg} "MXM)M)OGK)MI)8,4

0


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Ckpl*`l}mxljlkcplik ck` vxipgmplug ncq} }biwn` hg gkcmpg` pi xg`wmg bwjck xlabp}

ulincplik} caclk}p jgk bculka }gr qlpb jgk Pbg}g jgc}wxg} }biwn` lkmnw`g vxiul`lka

vgkcnplg} eix ulnlelmcplik ie vgivng qbi gkacag lk }cjg*}gr xgncplik}blv}. alulka ngacn

xgmiaklplik pi }cjg*}gr jcxxlcag} ck`)ix xgncplik}blv} ck` aiugxklka }wmb xgncplik}blv}

qlpb mik}l}pgkp vxivgxp|. `luixmg ck` lkbgxlpckmg vxiul}lik}+ Ncq} ck` vinlmg

vxcmplmg} xgncplka pi c}}cwnp} caclk}p jgk qbi bcug }gr qlpb jgk }biwn` hg xgulgqg` pi

gk}wxg pbcp c`gswcpg ngacn vxipgmplik l} alugk lk pbg}g }lpwcplik} "Awl`gnlkg 7 "b,,+

@gmxljlkcnltcplik ie vxi}plpwplik "Awl`gnlkg 0 "m,,4

Qlpb xgacx` pi c`wnp }gr qixo pbcp lkuinug} ki ulmpljltcplik. mxljlkcn ncq }biwn` hg

xgulgqg` qlpb pbg clj ie `gmxljlkcnltlka +

Pbg}g vxlkmlvng} ck` kixj} cxg kip einniqlka exij lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp} lk}pxwjgkp}. ck` pbg

xgnguckp `gml}lik} nlg cp pbg `l}mxgplik ie }iugxglak }pcpg}+

Kgugxpbgng}}. lk lp} mikmnw`lka ih}gxucplik MXM bc} xgvgcpg`n| jc`g xgegxgkmg} pi pbl} mikpxiugx}lcn

`imwjgkp c} pbg hc}l} eix lp} xgmijjgk`cplik}. qblmb ljvnlg} lp} xgawncpix| mbcxcmpgx ck` lk`lxgmpn|

vxijipg} mikpxiugx}lcn kixj} ck` vxiul}lik} mikpclkg` pbgxglk+ ]wmb xgegxgkmg} qgxg jc`g lk

mikmnw`lka ih}gxucplik} ik xgvixp} h| Wack`c "8667. MXM)M)WAC)MI)8. vcxc+ 78,. Jgrlmi "8665.

MXM)M)JGR)MI)=. vcxc+ 7=,. Hgklk "8665. MXM)M)HGK)MI)8. vcxc+ 72,. Gpblivlc "8665. MXM)M)GPB)MI)=.

vcxc+ 75,. Pbclnck` "8665. MXM)M)PBC)MI)8. vcxc+ 72,. Nghckik "8665. MXM)M)NHK)MI)=. vcxc+ 56,.

Pcktcklc "8665. MXM)M)PTC)MI)8. vcxc+ 0


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C} c xg}wnp. `gvxlulka pbg mbln` ie pbg `lxgmplik ck` awl`ckmg ie pbglx vcxgkp} ix ngacn awcx`lck} mck hg

xgacx`g` c} c ulincplik ie pbg xlabp ie pbg mbln` vxiul`g` wk`gx Cxplmng 7 ie WKMXM+

Lp }biwn` hg kipg` pbcp pbg Mclxi Vxiaxcjjg ie Cmplik ck` pbg Hgldlka Vncpeixj eix Cmplik cxg pbg ikn|lkpgxkcplikcn ìmwjgkp} `lxgmpn| `gcnlka qlpb l}}wg} ie xgvxi`wmplug bgcnpb vxijiplik ck` }grwcnlp|

g`wmcplik ie mbln`xgk pbcp bcug }ijg lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn xgmiaklplik cp WK ngugn+ Pbg kgmg}}lp| pi

xg}vgmp pbg mixxg}vik`lka xlabp} ie pbg vcxgkp} l} grvnlmlpn| xgmiakltg` pbgxglk+

]vgmlelmcnn|. LMV@ Vxiaxcjjg ie Cmplik kipg} pbcp

]wvvixp }biwn` hg alugk pi lkpgaxcn }grwcn g`wmcplik ck` }gxulmg} eix |iwka vgivng. qlpb pbg

}wvvixp ck` awl`ckmg ie pbglx vcxgkp} "1+=1,+

Xgmiakltlka pbg xlabp}. `wplg} ck` xg}vik}lhlnlplg} ie vcxgkp} ck` ipbgx vgx}ik} ngacnn|

xg}vik}lhng eix cìng}mgkp} pi vxiul`g. lk c jckkgx mik}l}pgkp qlpb pbg guinulka mcvcmlplg} ie

pbg cìng}mgkp. cvvxivxlcpg `lxgmplik ck` awl`ckmg lk }grwcn ck` xgvxi`wmplug jcppgx}.

miwkpxlg} jw}p gk}wxg pbcp pbg vxiaxcjjg} ck` cpplpw`g} ie bgcnpb*mcxg vxiul`gx} ì kip

xg}pxlmp pbg cmmg}} ie cìng}mgkp} pi cvvxivxlcpg }gxulmg} ck` pbg lkeixjcplik pbg| kgg`.

lkmnw`lka ik }grwcnn| pxck}jlppg` `l}gc}g} ck` }grwcn chw}g "1+07,+

]grwcnn| cmplug cìng}mgkp} qlnn xgswlxg }vgmlcn ecjln|*vnckklka lkeixjcplik. miwk}gnnlka ck`

}gxulmg}. ck` pbi}g qbi hgmijg vxgakckp qlnn xgswlxg }vgmlcn }wvvixp exij pbglx ecjlnlg} ck`

mijjwklp| `wxlka vxgakckm| ck` gcxn| mbln` mcxg+ Cìng}mgkp} jw}p hg ewnn| lkuinug` lk pbg

vnckklka. ljvngjgkpcplik ck` gucnwcplik ie }wmb lkeixjcplik ck` }gxulmg} qlpb vxivgx xgacx`

eix vcxgkpcn awl`ckmg ck` xg}vik}lhlnlplg} "1+01,+

Pi hg ji}p geegmplug. g`wmcplik chiwp vivwncplik l}}wg} jw}p hgalk lk vxljcx| }mbiin ck`

mikplkwg pbxiwab cnn ngugn} ie eixjcn ck` kik*eixjcn g`wmcplik. pcolka lkpi cmmiwkp pbg xlabp}

ck` xg}vik}lhlnlplg} ie vcxgkp} ck` pbg kgg`} ie mbln`xgk ck` cìng}mgkp} "33+


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lkeixjcplik ik }ceg ck` xg}vik}lhng }grwcn ck` xgvxi`wmplug hgbculiwx. lkmnw`lka uinwkpcx|.

cvvxivxlcpg ck` geegmplug jcng jgpbi`} eix pbg vxgugkplik ie BLU)CL@] ck` ipbgx }grwcnn|

pxck}jlppg` `l}gc}g} pbxiwab. lkpgx cnlc. ch}plkgkmg ck` mikìj w}g "362 "n,,+

Bgxgh| hipb pbg Mclxi Vxiaxcjjg ie Cmplik ck` pbg Hgldlka Vncpeixj eix Cmplik grvnlmlpn| kipg pbg kgg`

lk pbg}g jcppgx} pi xg}vgmp ck` ih}gxug pbg xlabp} ie pbg vcxgkp}. lk vcxplmwncx pbg xlabp} ie pbg vcxgkp}

"ck` pbg mbln`, c} vxiul`g` wk`gx Cxplmng 7 ix WKMXM+ Jixgiugx. c} qc} cnxgc`| jgkplikg` "Vxlkmlvng ll

ie Vcxp 8 "c,,. pbg}g ìmwjgkp} cxg pi hg ljvngjgkpg` cp pbg `l}mxgplik ie gcmb }iugxglak }pcpg ikn|.

qlpb ewnn mik}l`gxcplik ie lp} mwnpwxcn bgxlpcag ck` jixcn ck` xgnlaliw} ucnwg} ie lp} vgivng} ck`

mijjwklplg}2+

Lp }biwn` cn}i hg kipg` pbcp pbg xlabp ie pbg vcxgkp} pi awl`g pbglx mbln`xgk lk jcppgx} ie pbglx g`wmcplik

l} c ewk`cjgkpcn xlabp xgmiakltg` lk pbg Wklugx}cn @gmncxcplik ie Bwjck Xlabp} "Cxplmng 85 "=,,4

Vcxgkp} bcug c vxlix xlabp pi mbii}g pbg olk` ie g`wmcplik pbcp }bcnn hg alugk pi pbglx mbln`xgk+

G`wmcplik ik }grwcn ck` xgvxi`wmplug bgcnpb ugkpwxg} ecx lkpi pbg cxgc ie mwnpwxcn. xgnlaliw}. ck` jixcn

ucnwg}+ C} c xg}wnp. pbg xlabp} ie pbg vcxgkp} lk pbl} cxgc vxiul`g` wk`gx xgnguckp WK bwjck xlabp}

pxgcplg} }biwn` cn}i hg xg}vgmpg`4

Pbg ]pcpg} Vcxplg} pi pbg vxg}gkp Miugkckp wk`gxpcog pi bcug xg}vgmp eix pbg nlhgxp| ie vcxgkp}

ck`. qbgk cvvnlmchng. ngacn awcx`lck} pi gk}wxg pbg xgnlaliw} ck` jixcn g`wmcplik ie pbglx

mbln`xgk lk mikeixjlp| qlpb pbglx iqk mikulmplik} "Lkpgxkcplikcn Miugkckp ik Mluln ck` Vinlplmcn

Xlabp}. Cxp+ 32+0,+

Pbg ]pcpg} Vcxplg} pi pbg vxg}gkp Miugkckp wk`gxpcog pi bcug xg}vgmp eix pbg nlhgxp| ie vcxgkp}

ck`. qbgk cvvnlmchng. ngacn awcx`lck} pi mbii}g eix pbglx mbln`xgk }mbiin}. ipbgx pbck pbi}g

g}pchnl}bg` h| pbg vwhnlm cwpbixlplg}. qblmb mikeixj pi }wmb jlkljwj g`wmcplikcn }pck`cx`} c}

jc| hg ncl` ìqk ix cvvxiug` h| pbg ]pcpg ck` pi gk}wxg pbg xgnlaliw} ck` jixcn g`wmcplik ie

pbglx mbln`xgk lk mikeixjlp| qlpb pbglx iqk mikulmplik} "Lkpgxkcplikcn Miugkckp ik Gmikijlm.

]imlcn ck` Mwnpwxcn Xlabp}. Cxp+ 3=+=,+

Lp einniq} exij kglpbgx lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp} lk}pxwjgkp}. kix pbg lkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w}

pbcp pbg }pcpg} cxg wk`gx ihnlacplik pi g`wmcpg pbg mbln`xgk ik }whdgmp} ie }grwcn ck` xgvxi`wmplug

bgcnpb qlpbiwp vcxgkpcn mik}gkp+ Jixgiugx. }wmb cmp} mck ulincpg hipb pbg ceixgjgkplikg` ewk`cjgkpcn

xlabp} ie pbg vcxgkp} ck` pbg xlabp pi vcxgkpcn `lxgmplik ck` awl`ckmg lk pbg grgxml}g h| pbg mbln` ie pbg

xlabp pi g`wmcplik ck` pbg exggìj pi xgmglug lkeixjcplik+

Kikgpbgng}}. pbg Mijjlppgg bc} hggk grvnlmlpn| `gjck`lka pbcp }pcpg vcxplg} vxiul`g mbln`xgk qlpb

cmmg}} pi hipb mikel`gkplcn }grwcn bgcnpb miwk}gnnlka ck` }gxulmg} ck` }grwcnlp| g`wmcplik qlpbiwp pbg

kgg` eix vcxgkpcn mik}gkp+

Eix grcjvng. lk lp} Agkgxcn Mijjgkp Ki+ = BLU)CL@] ck` pbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln` "MXM)AM)866=)=, lp

xgmijjgk`} g}pchnl}blka bgcnpb }gxulmg} pbcp cxg mikel`gkplcn ck` kik*dwàgjgkpcn. ì kip xgswlxg

vcxgkpcn mik}gkp "vcxc+ 86, ck` }vgmlelg}. mikpxcx| pi pbg ngacn vxlkmlvng} ie c kwjhgx ie }pcpg}

2]cl` vxlkmlvng. lk lp} pwxk. lkgulpchn| ljvnlg} pbg kgmg}}lp| lk bgnvlka pbg mbln`xgk pi grgxml}g pbglx xg}vgmplug xlabp}

pi ewnn| xg}vgmp pbg xlabp} ie pbglx vcxgkp} c} vxiul`g` wk`gx Cxplmng 85 "=, ie pbg Wklugx}cn @gmncxcplik Ie Bwjck

Xlabp}. Cxplmng 32 "0, ie pbg Lkpgxkcplikcn Miugkckp ik Mluln ck` Vinlplmcn Xlabp}. ck` Cxplmng 3= "=, ie pbg

Lkpgxkcplikcn Miugkckp ik Gmikijlm. ]imlcn ck` Mwnpwxcn Xlabp}. xgegxxg` pi hgniq+


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"lkmnw`lka Xw}}lc,. pbcp lkeixjcplik ik pbg BLU }pcpw} ie mbln`xgk jc| kip hg `l}mni}g` pi pblx` vcxplg}.

lkmnw`lka vcxgkp}. qlpbiwp pbg mbln`} mik}gkp "vcxc+ 80,+

Lk lp} Agkgxcn mijjgkp Ki+ 0 Cìng}mgkp bgcnpb ck` `gugnivjgkp lk pbg mikpgrp ie pbg Mikugkplik ikpbg Xlabp} ie pbg Mbln`"MXM)AM)866=)0, pbg Mijjlppgg mikplkwg} qlpb pbl} vinlm| `gjck`lka pbcp "vcxc+

82,

]pcpg} vcxplg} }biwn` vxiul`g cìng}mgkp} qlpb cmmg}} pi }grwcn ck` xgvxi`wmplug lkeixjcplik.

lkmnw`lka ik ecjln| vnckklka ck` mikpxcmgvplug} +++ Lk c``lplik. ]pcpg} vcxplg} }biwn` gk}wxg pbcp

pbg| bcug cmmg}} pi cvvxivxlcpg lkeixjcplik. xgacx`ng}} ie pbglx jcxlpcn }pcpw} ck` qbgpbgx pbglx

vcxgkp} ix awcx`lck} mik}gkp+

Lp ewxpbgx aig} ik pi wxag }pcpg} vcxplg} pi `gugniv geegmplug vxgugkplik vxiaxcjjg}. lkmnw`lka

jgc}wxg} c``xg}}lka mwnpwxcn ck` ipbgx pchii} }wxxiwk`lka cìng}mgkp }grwcnlp| "vcxc+ =6,. lk geegmp.

vxijiplka exgg ck` lxxg}vik}lhng }grwcn hgbculiwx+

Pbg}g MXM xgmijjgk`cplik} mcw}g vcxplmwncx ckrlgp| lk ulgq ie lp} WK*hcmog` }grwcnlp| g`wmcplik

vxiaxcjjg} iepgk vxiulka blabn| mikpxiugx}lcn ck` mcw}lka }gxliw} mikmgxk. lk vcxplmwncx. h|4

ngc`lka pi gcxn| }grwcnltcplik ie mbln`xgk? hgnlppnlka vcxgkpcn ck` ecjln| cwpbixlp|? vxijiplka }grwcn exggìj ck` xl}o| }grwcn hgbculiwx nlkog` pi lkmxgc}g` bgcnpb bctcx`}? jcolka ecn}g mnclj} chiwp c xlabp pi chixplik hglka c bwjck xlabp vxiul`g` eix h| lkpgxkcplikcn

ncq?

ljvnckplka lkpi pbg jlk`} ie pbg mbln`xgk mikpxiugx}lcn kiplik} ck` l`gc} qlpb kilkpgxaiugxkjgkpcn mik}gk}w} hgblk` pbgj cljg` cp cmmgvplka c} c kixj cnn olk`} ie }grwcn

ixlgkpcplik ck` agk`gx l`gkplp|. ck` cn}i pbg }i*mcnng` }grwcn xlabp} qlpb ki hc}l} lk

lkpgxkcplikcn bwjck xlabp} caxggjgkp}

Ultra Vires Acts by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (Doc. INT-12-034en)

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Transcript of Ultra Vires Acts by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (Doc. INT-12-034en)