ukefusp&aompdkufysdK;a&vkyfief;...ii. ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; Low Cost Farming...

ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief; Low Cost Farming

ii

ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; Low Cost Farming (Burmese edition) Drum Publication Group P.O Box 66 Kanchanaburi 71000 Thailand [email protected] www.drumpublications.org May 2007

http://www.drumpublications.org/

iii

rmwdum

ed'gef; v ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;tqifh (10) qifh tqifh 1? ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;+cHudkyHk=urf;qGJjcif; 1 tqifh 2? pdkufysKd;&efajrae&mrsm;tqifoifhjyifqifxm;jcif; 7 tqifh 3? rsdK;aphESifhtyifi,fuav;rsm;tqifoifhjyifqifxm;jcif; 11 tqifh 4? pdkufysdK;jcif; 14 tqifh 5? a&odkavSmifjcif;ESifhoHk;pGJjcif; 23 tqifh 6? jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;aygif;oifckwfxGif±Sif;vif;jcif;ESifhtoHk;csjcif; 26 tqifh 7? ajr=oZmay;jcif; 28 tqifh 8? ydk;r$m;xdef;odrf;ESdrfESif;jcif; 33 tqifh 9? oD;ESH&dwfodrf;jcif;ESifhodkavSmifxm;jcif; 35 tqifh 10? rsdK;apha±G;jcif;ESifhodkavSmifxm;jcif; 41

iv

tusOf;csKyf 43 aemufqufwGJ 1? a&maESmpdkufysdK;a&;+cHtwGufowdjyKoifhonfhtcsufrsm; 45 aemufqufwGJ 2? ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;+cHwGifpdkufysdK;

onfhtyifrsm;ESifh±kuQaA'trnfrsm; 47

v

ed'gef;

TvufpGJpmtkyfwGif pdkufysdK;a&;twGuf ukefusp&dwf enf;aprnfhenf;emrsm;ESifhaps;}uD; onfh tjcm;ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm; tay:rlwnf&ef rvdkawmha=umif;udk enf;pepfrsm;jzihf ±Sif;jyxm;+yD; ±kyfyHkrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf? a'owpfckESifhwpfck pdkufysdK;onfh tyifrsm;ESifh ,if;[email protected]%mrsm;onf a'owpfckpDtvkdufuGJjym;jcm;em;r_ rsm;±Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; tylydkfif;a'otwGif;±Sd pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfom;rsm;tzdk@ Tpmtkyf wGifygaom taxGaxGvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ,if;wdk@. ae&ma'orsm;wGifvnf; toHk; ðyEdkifrnfjzpfonf? ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;/

ukefusp&dwfenf;aom pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;onf tedrfhtjrifhrwlaom tyiftrsdK;aygif; 30 – 50 txdudk txyfxyfpdkufysdK;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? ukefusp&dwfenf;aom pdkufysdK; a&;vkyfief;twGuf vdktyfaomypPnf;rsm;ESifhfh ajr=oZm/ jrufyifaygif;yifESifh ydk;r$m;rsm; xdef;odrf;jcif;/ qnfajrmif;oG,fjcif;ESifh odkavSmifjcif;wdk@twGuf vdktyfaomt&mrsm;udk rdrd. pdkufysdK;cif;xJwGif &±Sd+yD; 0,f,l&efrvdktyfacs? ukefusp&dwfenf;aom pdkfufysdK;a&; +cHtwGuf vdktyfaomtoHk;ypPnf;rsm;udk +cHwGif;rSmYyifjzpfap/ +cHvkyfief;vkyfaqmif&m rS&±Sdvmaom ab;xGufypPnf;rsm;rSjzpfap odk@r[kwf vJvS,fjcif;rSjzpfap&±SdEdkifygonf? tvkyform;rsm; iSg;&rf;&efrvdkyJ wpfcgwpf&H pdkufcif;wGif; rdom;pkrsm; 0dkif;0ef;vkyfaqmif jcif;jzifh =unfh±_xdef;odrf;Edkifygonf? tylydkfif;a'otwGif;±Sd 0ifaiGenf;aomolrsm;twGuf ukefusp&dwfenf;aom pdkufysdK;+cH wGif obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xda&mufpGmESifh oifhawmfaom enf;pepfrsm; toHk;ðyI vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

vi

tb,fhaMumifhukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;vkyf&efEId;aqmfrIrsm;jyKvkyf&

ygoenf;/

rsm;aomtm;jzifh tylydkif;a'o±Sdaus;vufa'orsm;wGif wpfESpftwGif;tdrfaxmifpkwpf pk. 0ifaiGrSmtvGefenf;yg;onf? wpfcgwpf&Humvtwef=umpGm 0ifaiGr±SdyJjzpfwwf onf? acwfrSDaompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifrsdK;aphrsm;/ ykd;owfaq;/ ajr=oZmESifh pufypPnf;rsm;0,f&ef t&if;tESD;rsm;vdktyfonf? xdk@a=umifh 0ifaiGenf;aomv,form; rsm;twGuf acwfrSDpdkufysdK;a&;vkyf&ef rwwfEdkif=uacs? atmifjrifaompdkufysdK;a&;pepfqdk&mwGif a'owpfck.vlr_a&;/ pD;yGg;a&;tajctaeESifh udkufnDr_±Sd&onf? tylydkif;a'otwGif;±Sd pdkufysdK;a&;tenf;i,fomvkyfaom v,f orm;rsm;tzdk@ pdkufysdK;a&;vkyf&mwGif tukeftusoufomum xda&mufr_+yD;vG,fulI a'oxGufypPnf;rsm;om oHk;aompepfudkom vdkvm;onf? Tpmtkyfuav;wGif tyl ydkfif;a'owGif;vkyfaom pdkufysdK;a&;pepfudk okawoeðyI wifjyxm;ygonf? ukefusp&dwfenf;aom pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;wGif t"duusaomt&mrSm tukeftus oufomI a'ocHypPnf;rsm;udkoHk;jcif;jzpfonf? Z,m; 1 udk=unfhyg? Z,m; (1) acwfrSDpdkufysdK;a&;ESifhtukeftusenf;aom pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udkEdIif;

,SOfjyxm;yHk?

vkyfief;rsm; acwfrSDaompdkufysdK;a&;pepf tukeftusenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;

ydk;r$m;xdef;csKyfjcif; ajr=oZm

ydk;owfaq; (tqdyf) "gwfajr=oZm

obm0ypPnf;rsm;toHk;csjcif; (xif;jym/ ðiyfoD;/ =uufoGefjzL ponfjzifh) tyifESifhwd&p>meftaqG;tjrnfhrsm;

vii

+cHpnf;±dk;tum ajrjyifqifxm;jcif; tyiftrsdK;tpm;

a=u;eef;óud;+cHpnf;±dk; v,fxGefpuf tyifwpfrsdK;wnf;pdkufjcif;

opfyif+cHpnf;±dk; vufESifhoHk;aomypPnf;ud&d,mrsm; tyifrsm;a&mpdkufjcif;

acwfrSDpdkufysdK;a&;pepfwGif aiGukefa=u;usrsm;jcif;ESifh =unfh±_xdef;odrf;&cufcJjcif;wpfck wnf;r[kwfbJ ±SdvufppdkufysdK;&ma'oywf0ef;usiftwGuf qkwf,kwfr_rsm;jzpfay: ap Edkifonf? ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;wGif oHk;aomt&mrsm;rSm pkdufysdK;ajrtwGuf aumif;aom ypPnf;rsm;jzpf+yD; ajr}uD;rsm;udkydkI aumif;rGefapvmonf? ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;pepfwGif rnfonfht&mrsm;xkwfvkyfygoenf;/

ukefusp&dwfenf;aom pdkufysdK;a&;pepf. &nf&G,fcsufrSmtyifrsm;udk txyfxyfpdkuf jcif;/ tyiftrsdK;rdsK; a&maESmpdkufjcif;ESifh wd&p>mefi,fuav;rsm;arG;jrLjcif;/ tm[m&t wGuftpm;tpmrsm;/ taqmuftOD;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;twGuft"duvdktyfaom t&mrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;twGufjzpfonf? ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;NcH\vnfywfrIESifhwnfaqmufyHkrnfodkY½Sdoenf;/

ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;+cHwGif –

• tdrfaxmifwpfcktwGuf vkdtyfaomae@pOftpm;tpmrsm;ay;jcif; • pdkufysdK;xm;onfh oD;ESHrsm;udk wpfESpfvHk;eD;yg; &dwfodrf;EdkifonfhtwGuf tyif

wpfrsdK;wnf;pdkufxm;aom pdkufysdK;cif;rsm;uJhodk@ oD;ESHysufpD;jcif; tEW&m,fudk avsmhenf;apEdkifonf?

• yHkrSef0ifaiG&aponf?

tpm;tpm/ / tm±SEdkifiHtrsm;pkwGifrdom;pk0ifaiG 75 &mcdkifE_ef;udktpm;tpmtwGuf toHk;csonf? ukefusp&dwfenf;yg;aompdkufysdK;+cHwGif t&nftaoG;±Sdaomtpm;tpm

viii

rsm;udktqufrjywfxkwf,lEdkifonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf xkdpdkufysdK;+cHwGif yJtrsdK;rsdK;/ [if;oD;[if;±GuftrsdK;rsdK;/ tjrpftrsdK;rsdK;/ opfOopfzkrsm;/ tar$;t}udKifESifh opfoD;t rsdK;rsdK; &±SdEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? +cHxGuf[if;oD;[if;±GufESifh toD;tESHrsm;jzifh vHk avmufpGm &±Sdojzifh rdom;pkrsm;twGuf tpm;tpm0,f&efrvdkawmhyJ tydkaiGrsm;udkpk xm;+yD; tjcm;vdktyfr_rsm;twGuf toHk;csEkdifonf? ukefusp&dwfenf;aom pdkufysdK;cif;rsm;wGif tpm;tpmudk t"duxm;I xkwfvkyf aomfvnf; tjcm;ypPnf;jzpfaomxif;/ taqmuftOD;ypPnf;rsm;/ tdrfarG;wd&p>meft wGuf taqmuftOD;rsm;/ tdrfarG;wd&p>meftpm;tpm/ y&aq;yifrsm;/ [if;±Guftar$; t}udKifrsm;/ pm;qD/ tdrfaxmify&dabm*/ yef;uefcGufa,mufrsm;/ ,ufuef;ypPnf;rsm; ESifh xnfhp&mbl;cGufrsm; &±SdEdkifonf? pdkufysdK;a&;/ / ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;+cHrsm;onf oD;ESHysufpD;qHk;±_H;r_ tEW&,f udk avsmhenf;ap+yD; wpfESpfvHk;twGuf tpm;tpmyHkrSefxkwfvkyfay;onf? +cHxJwGif t yifrsm;udk a&maESmpdkufysdK;+yD; tyifrsm;udk txyfxyfpdkufysdK;onf? tyifwpfrsdK;pD. t &dyfatmufwGif &Edkifaomaea&mifwGif touf±SifEdkifrnfh tyifrsdK;udk a&G;IpdkufysdK;onf? tvm;wlpGmyif pdkufysdK;a&;orm;rsm;taeESifh tjrpfteufrwlaom tyifrsm;udka&G; pdkufonfhtwGuf ajr}uD;xJrS ajr=oZm/ tpdk"gwfrsm;udk vk,l&efrvdkyJ r#r#ww tusdK; ±Sd±Sd toHk;csEdkfifonf? twlwuGpdkufysKd;aumif;aom tyifrsm;udk “wGJIpdkufysdK;Edkifaom taygif;tazmftyifrsm;” [kac:onf?

½kyfyHk (1) ukefusp&dwfenf;aompkdufysKd;a&;twGufvkdtyfonfhwefqmyvmrsm;

ix

x

Z,m; (2) wGJípdkufysdK;&efaumif;aomtyifrsm;

uefpGef;O ±Hk;ywDoD;/ c&rf;oD;/ c&rf;csOfoD;/ ðiyfoD;/ yJawmifh±Snf/ yJapmif;vsm;/

yJusm;/ *kefav#mf/ ajymif;zl;/ yJpif;iHk yDavmyDeH uefpGef;O/ uefpGef;±Guf/ rkefn‡if;/ qvwf/ =uufoGefjzL/ ausmufz±Hk/

ajryJ ydef;O uefpGef;O/ uefpGef;±GufESifhpifay:wGifwGm;wufaom rnfonfhtyif.

atmufwGifrqdk (t&dyfodyfr±Sdv#if) pdkufEdkifonf? c&rf;csOfoD;/ ±Hk;ywDoD; c&rf;oD;

uefpGef;O/ uefpGef;±Guf/ ausmufz±HkoD;/ rkefvmO

ajymif;zl; ±Hk;ywDoD;/ c&rf;csOfoD;/ uefpGef;O/ yifykyJtrsdK;rsdK;/ a*:zD/ ajryJ/ ausmuf z±HkoD;/ yJawmifh&Snf

ausmufz±HkoD; pifay:wGifpdkufEdkifaomtyif – bl;oD;/ c0JoD;/ ocGg;oD;/ =uuf[if;cg;oD; =uuf[if;cg;oD; pifay:wGifpdkufEdkifaomtyif – yJwD/ yJusm;/ yJawmifh±Snf/ yJapmif;

vsm;oD; uefpGef;±Guf ydef;O/ uefpGef;O/ yDavmyDeH/ c&rf;csOfoD;/ ajymif;zl;/ c&rf;oD;/ yDavmyDeH

ESifhpifay:wGifwG,fwufaomrnfonfhtyifrqdk

pyspfyif/ yJwDtrsdK;rsdK;

pifay:wGifpdkufEdkifaomtyif/ iSufaysmyif

arsmufO opfoD;yif odk@r[kwf pifay:wGifwG,fwufaomtyifrsm; ocGg;oD; ajymif;zl;/ yJ/ rkefvmO/ ±Hk;ywDoD;/ c&rf;oD; 'ef@ovGefoD; uefpGef;O/ uefpGef;±Guf/ rkefn‡if;/ }udrfyif/ qvwf/ ausmufz±Hk/ arsmufO/

[if;EkEG,f

tkef;yifrsm;onf jrifhaomtyifrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf tjrifhqHk;trdk;uJhodk@jzpf+yD; ,if;. atmufwGif axmywfyif/ rmvumyif/ ydEMJyif/ aumfzDyif/ udkudk;yifponfhtyifrsm;udk pdkufysdK;Edkifonf? yJtrsdK;rsdK;ESifhAl;/ z±HkoD;rsdK;wdk@udk opfyifatmufwGifpdkufIjzpfap/ opfyif ay:wGif wG,fwufcdkif;IjzpfappdkufysdK;Edkifonf? emewfyif/ ajray:wGifwG,fukwfwwf aom yifaxmifuyfyifrsm;ESifh wpfESpfpm;tyifrsm;udk ajr}uD;ay:wGifpdkufysdK;Edkifygonf? xdk@twl =uuf/ bJuJhodk@ tdrfarG;wd&p>mefi,fuav;rsm;udk arG;jrLEdkifygonf?

½kyfyHk 2/ tedrfhtjrifhtrsdK;rsdK;½Sdaomtyifrsm;

xi

xii

tyifrsm;wpfyifESifhwpfyiftjyeftvSefjznfhbufjzpf&eftwGuf pDpOf+yD;pdkufonfhtwGuf • oD;ESHxGufE_ef;rsm;tqufrjywf±Sdaoma=umifh rdrdajcaxmufay:wGif t"Gef@±Snf

pGm &yfwnfEdkifjcif; • ajr=oZm/ ajrv$mtxyfESifhajr}uD;pGwfpdkr_udkxdef;odrf;xm;jcif; • ajrwdkufpm;jcif;rSumuG,fjcif; • ydk;r$m;rsm;jym;vmr_tcGifhavsmhenf;apjcif;

pD;yGg;a&;/ / pdkufysdK;+cHudk =unfh±_xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf tukeftusenf;yg;onf? t b,fha=umifhqdkaomf +cHtwGufvdktyfaomtyifrsm; a'owGif;&±Sd+yD; ajr=oZmrsm;udk +cH twGif;ESifh a'oteD;tem;wpf0dkufwGif &±Sdonf? tyifrsm;pdkufysdK;&efESifh oD;ESHcl;&ef vG,f ulojzifh tvkyform;rsm;rsm;pm;pm;rvdkay? aiGtenf;i,fom &if;ESD;&ojzifh pD;yGg;a&; aumif;vmEdkifonf? tyiftrsdK;rsdK;udk wpfESpfywfvHk; &dwfodrf;Edkifojzifh tydk0ifaiGudk tqufrjywf &±SdEdkif onf? ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;pepf[kac:qdk&jcif;rSm –

• ajrae&mwpfckwnf;twGif; tyiftrsdK;rsdK;pdkufEdkifojzifh aps;uGuftwGif; a&mif; cs&efESifh pm;oHk;&efoD;ESHtrsdK;rsdK;&±Sdonf?

• pdkufysdK;+cHtwGif; &±SdEddkifaomt&mrsm;udk oHk;ojzifh tjcm;jyifyypPnf;0,f,lr_udk avsmhenf;aponf? rdom;pkav;a,mufom±Sdaom tdrfaxmifpkwGif tpm;t pmrsm; ae@pOf&±Sd+yD; ydkaomoD;ESHrsm;udkvnf; wpfESpfywfvHk;a&mif;csEdkifonf?

• rdom;pkESifhaps;uGufwGif vdktyfaomtyifrsm;udkom pdkufonfhtwGuf ta&t wGuft&enf;aomfvnf; tyifrsdK;pHkudk pdkufysdK;Edkifonf? xdk@a=umifh tyifwpfrsdK; wnf; tvGeftu|HpdkufysdK;aompepfudk qHk;cef;wdkifaponf?

ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;tqifh (10) qifh 1

ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;twGuftqifh 10 qifh

tqifh (1) ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;NcHyHkpHa&;qGJjcif;

yxrOD;pGm pdkufysdK;a&;vkyf&eftwGuf ajrae&mrnfr#±Sdonfudkavhvmyg? 'kwd,taeESifh atmufygt&mwdk@udkxnfhoGif;a&;qGJyg?

• ajymif;a&$‹I r&Edkifaom taqmufttHk (tdrf/ a&wGif;/ opfyifponfjzifh ) • tyifrsm;/ +cHpnf;±dk;/ pifrsm;/ wd&p>mefarG;jrL&efae&mESifh ajraqG; ajr=oZmvkyf

&ef ae&mrsm;twGuf ae&mcsxm;yg? aemif 10 ESpfrS 15 ESpftxdtwGif; b,f vdkO,smOf+cHrsdK; vdkcsifonfudk pOf;pm;xm;yg? pdkufysdK;csifaom opfyiftrsdK;t pm;udk a&G;cs,f+yD; tuGmta0; rnfr#xm;rnfudk wGufcsufxm;yg? atmufwGif ±SdaomZ,m; 3 udk vrf;n$efcsuftaeESifh toHk;ðyEdkifygonf?

Z,m; (3) tylydkif;a'o½SdoD;yifrsm;\obm0

oD;yif tyif

tjrifh (rD wm)

tyifrsm; t=um;±Sd oifhawmf onfhae&m vyf(rDwm)

vdktyf aom &moD Owk (u)

yifv,f a&rsuf ESmjyift xuftjrifh qHk;ae&m

&ifhusuf vm aom tcsdef (ESpf)

wGJpdkuf Edkifaom tyifrsm; (c)

rsdK;aphodk avSmifjcif;

axm ywfyif

8

10

pdk

2500

5

2/ 3/ 8

pGwfpdkxkdif;r_dif; aomae&m

iSuf aysmyif

4

3

pdk

1000

4

3/ 7/ 9

pGwfpdkxdkif;r_dif;aomae&m

udkudk; yif

2

3

pdk

1000

4

1/ 3/ 5/ 10

pGwfpdkxdkif;r_dif;aomae&m

oD[dkVf yif

3

8

ajcmuf

1500

3

2/ 3/ 8/ 9

ajcmufaoG@ aomae&m

ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief; 2

o=um;yif

8 10

pdk/ ajcmuf

1500

5

5/ 9

ajcmufaoG@ aomae&m

tkef;yif

22

10

pdk/ ajcmuf

1500

4

1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8

ajcmuffaoG@ aomae&m

aumfzD yif

3

3

pdk 1000

4

1/2/ 4/ 9

pGwfpdkxkdif;r_dif;aomae&m

'l;&if; yif

30

15

pdk ajcmuf

2500

5

3/ 6/ 8


rmv umyif

10

6

pdk/ ajcmuf

1500

3

1/ 3/ 8/ 9

ajcmuffaoG@ aomae&m

ydEMJyif

10

8

pdk

1500

4

1/ 3/ 8/ 9


uepdk; yif

15

8

pdk/ ajcmuf

200

10

1/ 3/ 8/ 9


oHy&m yif

5

5

ajcmuf

1500

4

1/ 9


o&uf yif

30

15

pdk/ ajcmuf

500

6

1/ 9

pGwfpdkxdkif;r_dif; aomae&m

vdarRmf yif

5

8

pdk

1000

5

1/ 9


oabFmyif

4

2

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900

1

2/ 3/ 4/ 8/ 9

ajcmuffaoG@ aomae&m

emewfyif

1²5

1

pdk/ ajcmuf

1000

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1/9

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u|Jaumyif

5

8

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1500

5

1/ 9



=uuf armuf yif

13

10

pdk/ ajcmuf

1000

10

1/ 9 pGwfpdkxdkif;r_dif; aomae&m

=oZmoD;

5

5

ajcmuf 1000

3

ajcmufaoG‹ aomae&m

ref usnf;oD;

25 16

500 16

ajcmufaoG‹ aomae&m

(u) pdk ] 9 vtwGif;pdkpGwfaom ajcmuf ] 5 - 6 vtwGif;ompdkpGwfaom (c) 1 ] emewf 4 ] abmpudkif; 7 ] axmywf 2 ] iSufaysm 5 ] =oZmyifrsdK; 8 ] udkudk; 3 ] aumfzD 6 ] uepdk; 9 ] tkef;yif rl&if; - UNICEF Home Gardens Handbook

• tyifoufwrf; - Oyrm (oufwrf;±Snfaom) *sif;udk (oufwrf;wdkaom) ausmufz±HkrsdK;ESifhwGJpdkufEdkifonf? (oufwrf;±Snfaom) tkef;yifudkoufwrf;wdk aomtyifrsm;jzpfonfhoabFmyif odk@r[kwf iSufaysmyifrsm;ESifh wGJpdkufEdkifyg onf?

• tyifrsm;twGufvdktyfaomajr=oZmESifha& (pdkpGwfxdkif;r_dif;r_) vdktyfcsufrsm; • tyifwpfyifcsif;pDtwGufvdktyfaom&moDOwkZ,m; 4 udk=unfhyg? - pdkpGwfaomajrwGifaygufaomtyifrsm;rSm arsmufO/ uefpGef;±Guf/ pyg;/ iSufaysm

yifESifh}uHrsm; - ydkIajcmufaoG@aomajrwGifaygufaomtyifrsm;rSm yJtrsdK;rsdK;wdk@jzpfonf? - yifaxmifuyfwufIaygufaomtyiffrsm;rSm uefpGef;O/ uefpGef;±GufESifhpifay:

wGifwG,fuyfwwfaomtyiftrsdK;rsdK;wdk@jzpfonf?


- t&dyfwGifpdkufIaumif;aomtyifrsm;rSm *sif;ESifharsmufOwdk@jzpfonf? aea&mifaumif;aumif;vdktyfaomtyifrsm;rSm bl;/ z±Hk/ c0J/ ocGg;oD;ESifh =uuf[if;cg; oD;wdk@jzpfonf? Z,m; (4) NcHxJwGif;½Sdtyifrsm;\wnfae&m

pdkpGwfaomae&mrsm;üpdkuf&aomt

yifrsm; (a&0wfaomae&m? a&t

jrJpdkaomae&m)

ajcmufaoGYaomae&müpdkuf&

aomtyifrsm;

arsmufO uefpGef;±Guf }uH iSufaysm

yJtrsdK;rsdK; yDavmyDeH emewfoD; refusnf; o&ufoD; =oZmoD;

ydEMJ pyspf oD[dkVf rmvum

pif(odkY)yifaxmifuyfípdkuf&aom

tyif

NcHpnf;½kd;jzpfapaomtyifrsm;

u) pifay:wG,fwufaomyJwDt rsdK;rsdK; yJusm; yJawmifh&Snf yJapmif;vsm; pdrf;pm;O c) pifay:wG,fwwfaom[if;oD; [if;±Gufrsm; bl;/ z±Hk/ c0JtrsdK;rsdK;/ ocGg; =uuf[if;cg;

abmpudkif;yif 'ef@ovGefyif 0g; (+cHwdkif) acgif&rf;yif emewf yDavmyDeH *rkef;

ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;tqifh (10) qifh

pifatmufwGifpdkuf&aomtyifrsm;

jrufyifaygif;yifrwufEdkifatmif

umuG,fay;aomtyifrsm;

arsmufO uefpGef;±Guf uefpGef;O (t±Gufcl;pm;&ef) *sif;

uefpGef;O uefpGef;±Guf z±HktrsdK;rsdK; =uuf[if;cg;

rl&if; – UNICEF Home Garden Handbook

• tm[m&jynfhpHkapaomtyifrsm; - yJtrsdK;rsdK;/ tjrpftrsdK;rsdK;/ [if;oD;[if; ±GufESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;onfvlom;wdk@aepOfvdktyfaomtm[m&"gwfrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;onf? ±kyfyHk 3 udk=unfhyg?

iSufaysm/ tkef;/ abmpudkif;ESifh0g;wdk@onf trsdK;rsdK;toHk;0ifaoma=umifh tukeft usenf;apaompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;twGuf r±Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomtyifrsm;jzpfonf?

½kyfyHk (3) vlom;rsm;aeYpOfvdktyfaomtm[m&"gwf

5


u² umAGef[dkuf'&dwf (tjrpfESifhopfOopfzkrsm;) c² y±dkwif; (yJtrsdK;rsdK;) *² ADwmrifESifhajratmufowWK (opfoD;ESifh[if;oD;[if;±Gufrsm;) Z,m; (5) tukeftusenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;twGuf t"dupdkufysdK;aomtyif

rsm;\toHk;0ifyHktrsdK;rsdK;

iSufaysm tkef; abmpudkif; 0g;

- wd&p>>meftpm;tpm - t&dyf - tyifi,fuav;rsm;cGJ pdkufonfhtcgESifhrsdK;aphysdK; onfhtcgtumtuG,f tjzpfoHk;jcif; - t±Gufudkrkef‹xkwf&m wGiftoHk;ðyjcif; - tpm;tpm - ajraqG;vkyf&mwGif abmiftjzpfoHk;jcif; - r_dpdkuf&mwGifoHk;jcif;

-avmifpm -taqmufttHkypPnf; -zsm -wHjrufpnf; -rsdK;aphavSmif&m wGiftoHk;ðyjcif; -tyifwG,fwuf &efwkdiftjzpfoHk;jcif; -jrufyifaygif;yif xdef;odrf;jcif; -+cHpnf;±dk;tjzpfoHk;jcif; - pm;qD - rD;cGufqD - a& (tkef;&nf) - tdrfaxmify&dabm* - jcif;awmif; - t&dyf - wd&dp>meftpm - obm0yifaxmifuyf pif -tpm;tpm -tkef;qD -a&r_wf

- avmifpmqD - ajr=oZm - taqmuft tHkypPnf; -yifaxmifuyfpif -+cHpnf;±dk; -wd&dp>meftpm - tyifrsm;twGufikwf wdkif -+cHpnf;±dk;wdkif

- avmifpmqD - yifaxmifuyfpif - tyifi,fuav; rsm;twGuf+cHpnf;±dk; - wd&dp>mefwJ/wif; ukyf/ +cH - tyifi,fysdK;cif; -tdrfaqmuf&mwGif toHk;ðyjcif; -tdrfaxmif y&dabm* - jcif;awmif;rsm; - ig;r#m;wH -tyifrsm;twGuf ikwfwdkif - +cHpnf;±dk;wdkif -rsdK;aphodkavSmifjcif; - a&bl;rsm; - yef;uefcGuf a,muf - a&cGuf - opfyiftjrpfrsm; udkzHk;tkyfay;onfhajr aqG;/ aumuf±fdk;t pdkta&mtaESm - tcif;abmifrsm;


tqifh (2) pdkufysdK;&efajrae&mrsm;tqifoifhjyifqifxm;jcif;

rdk;OD;umvwGif ajr}uD;rsm;E_;nHhojzifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGifvG,fulonfhtwGuf ajrae&m rsm;udk tqifoifhpwifjyifqifxm;oifhonf? ajr,mjyifqif&mwGif ±dk;±dk;wefqmyvm rsm;jzpfaom"g;/ aygufwl;ESifhpl;xdk;&mwGiftoHk;ðyEdkifaom0g;c|efrsm;omvdktyfonf? v,f xGefpuf odk@r[kwf u|Jrsm;ESifhajr}uD;rsm;wl;qG&efrvdkyg?

½kyffyHk (4) ½dk;½dk;wefqmyvmrsm;

jrufyifrsm;udkckwfypf+yD; ajr}uD;ay:wGifajcmufonfhtxdxm;xm;yg?

½kyfyHk 5/ jrufckwfjcif;


jrufajcmufrsm;udkpkyHk+yD;rD;±_d‹ypfyg? opf±GufESifhjrufrsm;rD;&_d@ypf&mwGif atmufygtusdK; aus;Zl;rsm;&±Sdonf?

• tyifrsm;twGufvdktyfaomtpm;tpmrsm;vsifjrefpGm&±Sdjcif; • jrufyifaygif;yiftaphrsm;/ ydk;r$m;rsm;ESifha&m*grsm;udkokwfoif±Sif;vif;ypfjcif; • rD;±_d‹+yD;aemuf&±Sdvmaomjymrsm;udkwGm;oGm;Edkifaomydk;r$m;rsm;[ef‹wm;um

uG,f&mwGiftoHk;ðyEdkifonf?

½kyfyHk 6/ opf½GufajcmufESifhjrufrsm;rD;½IdYypfjcif;

ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;tqifh (10) qifh

½kyfyHk 7/ tyifrsm;ukdobm0ajrMoZmxnfhípkdufysKd;jcif;

9


rsdK;aphysdK;&efESifhtyifi,fuav;rsm;pdkuf&ef ajrwGif;uav;rsm;wl;ay;yg? obm0ajr=o Zm (tyifESifhwd&dp>[email protected]) tqifoifh±Sdrnfqdkygu awmif;xJwGifxnhf+yD; wGif;w wGif;v#if vufwqkwfpmxnfhumajr}uD;ESifha&mxnfh&rnf? wGif;uav;rsm;±Sdonfh ae&mrsm;udk ikwfwdkifuav;rsm;±dkufoGif;umrSwfom;xm;&rnf?


tqifh (3) rsdK;aphESifhtyifi,fuav;rsm;udk tqifoifhjyifqifxm;jcif;

[if;oD;[if;½Guf/ / rsdK;aphcs+yD;rStyifa&$ŒpdkufysdK;oifhaomtyifrsm;rSm c&rf;csOfoD;/ =uufoGefeD/ c&rf;oD;/ i±kwfcsdKoD;ESifha*:zDxkwfESifhrkefvmxkyfrsm;jzpfonf? yxrOD;pGmrsdK;aphcs&eftwGuf aumif;aomajruGufudk±Sm+yD;abmifcwfum 1 rDwmt jrifh±Sdaomacgifrdk;rdk;ay;&rnf? rsdK;aphcs&eftwGufajr}uD;rSmzG+yD;/ ajrom;aumif;uma& pD;Edkif&rnf? rsdK;aphcs&eftwGuf &$H›ap;ajrroHk;&yg? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf±$H‹ap;ajrwGifa& rpD;EdkifbJa&0yfwwfojzifh rsdK;aphrsm;ykyfwwfygonf?

½kyfyHk 8/ rsdK;aphysdK;cif;


'kwd,taeESifh aps;xJrS0,f,l&±Sdaoma'owGif;xGuf[if;oD;[if;±GufrS &ifhaomrsdK;aph uav;rsm;udkodrf;xm;yg? aea&mifwGif 4 - 7 &uftxdtajcmufvSef;xm;yg? taph&ifh atmifrxm;yJa&mif;aom[if;oD;[if;±Gufrsm;wGifrlt&nftaoG;aumif;aomrsdK;aphrsm; udk ±Sm0,fay;&rnf? wwd,tqifhtaeESifh rsdK;aphrsm;udk wnpdrfxm;&rnf? a&ay:wGifaygavmay:aom t yif rsm;udkrpdkufoifhyg? ,if;wdk@rSm rsdK;aphratmifwwfyg? pwÎKxtqifhtaeESifh rsdK;aphrsm;udk rsdK;aphysdK;cif;xJwGif rsdK;aph.ESpfqt&G,f±Sdaom ajr teufwGifpdkufxm;yg? tyifaygufuav;rsm; rEkwfypf&atmif rsdK;aphysdK;aom tcsdefY tuGmta0; jcm;xm;ay;yg? rsdK;aph}uJ+yD; oHk;av;ywft=umwGif tyifa±$‹pdkufEdkif avmufaom ysdK;yifuav;rsm; &±Sdrnfjzpfonf? tqifhig;taeESifh tyifa±$‹ajymif;pdkuf&mwGif rsdK;aphysdK;cif;wGif;±Sdteuftwdkif; wl;It yifa±$‹pdkuf&rnf? ysdK;yifrsm;udka&avmif;ay;+yD; aea&mifjcnfESifhrdk;'g%fwdk@rS umuG,fay; &rnf? tyifa±$‹ajymif;pdkuf&efrvdkaomtyifrsm;rSm

• yJtrsdK;rsdK; - ajryJ/ yJawmifh±Snf/ yJpif;iHk • tEG,f±Sdaomtyifrsm; - ausmufz±HkoD;/ =uuf[if;cg;oD;/ Al;oD;/ z&JoD;/

ocGg;roD;ESifhocGg;oD; • tjcm;tyifrsm;jzpfaom ajymif;zl;/ ±Hk;ywDoD;/ =uufoGefjzL/ uefpGef;O/ arsmufO

ESifh*sif; tyifrsm;/ / yxrOD;pGm yifaxmifuyftrdk; 1 rDwm±SdaomrsdK;aphysdK;cif;udk aqmuf ay;&rnf?


'kwd,tqifhtaeESifh opfoD;rsm;xJrS taphrsm;udkxkwf,l+yD; aea&mifatmufwGif (4) &ufrS (&) &uftxdtajcmufvSef;xm;&rnf? wwd,tqifhwGif taphrsm;udka&wGifwpfnpdrfxm;&rnf? a&ay:wGifaygavmay:ae aomtaphrsm;udkv$ifhypf&rnf? tqifhav;wGif aumif;aomtaphrsm;udkysdK;cif;wGif ysdK;xm;&rnf? aemifwGiftyifysdKrsm; rEkwfypf&avatmif taphrsm;udkuGufvyfjcm;+yD;ysdK;xm;yg? ysdK;yifrsm;udkrsm;aomtm; jzifh (3) odk@r[kwf (4) vtwGif;cGJIpdkufEdkifygonf? tqifhig;wGif ysdK;yifrsm;udkysdK;cif;xJrSE_wfxkwf&rnfjzpf+yD; ysdK;cif;xJrSajr}uD;rsm;tjrpf. ab;ywfywfvnfwGifusefcJh&rnf? ysdK;yifudka&$@ajymif;pdkuf&mwGif iSufaysmyifpnf. tcGH rsm;udkacgufI ysdK;yifxnfhp&mtjzpftoHk;ðyEdkifonf? tqifhajcmuftaewGif tyifa&$›ajymif;pdkuf&mwGif rsdK;aphysdK;cif;twGif;±SdwGif;euftwdkif; wl;Ipdkuf&rnf? ysdK;yifuav;rsm;udka&avmif;+yD; wd&p>mefab;rSumuG,f&eftwGuf ywf ywfvnfwGif0g;ikwfrsm;xdk;xm;yg? rdk;'g%f/ aea&mifjcnf'g%frS umuG,fEdkif&eftwGuf tkef;vufrsm;tkyfxm;ay;yg? udkif;ul;udkif;quf&efrvdkaomtyifrsm;rSm ydEMJyif/ oD[dkVfyif/ o=um;yif/ abmpudkif;yif ESifh r_dyifwdk@jzpfonf? a±Smufyif/ vdarRmfyif/ o&ufyif/ axmywfoD;ESifh =uufarmufyifrsm;pdkuf&mwGif udkif;ul; udkif;qufjcif;rS&±SdaomysdK;yifrsm;pdkufv#if ydkIaumif;onf? udkif;ul;udkif;quf&eftwGuf oHk;aomypPnf;ypP,rsm;udk awm&Gma'orsm;wGif&±Sd&ef cufcJygonf? xdk@a=umifh pdkufysdK;cif;rsm;rS tyifysdKuav;rsm; 0,f,lIjzpfap/ pdkufysdK;a&; ynm±Sif odk@r[kwf udkif;ul;udkif;qufwwfolrsm;xHodk@ tultnDawmif;Edkifygonf?


tqifh 4/ pdkufysdK;jcif;

tyifrsm;pdkuf&eftwGuf taumif;qHk;tcsdefrSm rdk;OD;uspumvwGifjzpf+yD; [if;oD;[if; ±Gufrsm;udk ajcmufaoG@&moDpcsdefwGifpdkufI ydkaumif;onf[kqdk=uonf? tyifrpdkufrSD pDrHudef;qGJ+yD; vdktyfonfrsm;udkjyifqifxm;yg?

• wGif;wl;rnfhae&mrsm;udkpl;xdk;xm;yg? • ,m,D+cHwdkifwpfckaqmufxm;yg • yifaxmifuyfrsm;/ pifrsm;vkyfxm;yg? • tyifrsm;umuG,f&eftwGuf

toHk;0ifrnfhypPnf;rsm;jzpfaom0g;acsmif;uav;rsm;/ tkef;vuf/ tkef;±GufESifh iSufaysmyiftcGHrsm;udkpkxm;yg?

• a&$›ajymif;+yD;pysdK;yifuav;rsm;a&avmif;&eftwGuf a&yef;u&m;uJhodk@aomAl;rsm; ESifha&vHkavmufpGm±Sdae&rnf?

'kwd,tqifhtaeESifhtyifrsm;pdkufxm;yg? taphwcgwnf;xnfhIpdkuf&aom [if;oD; [if;±Gufyifrsm;udkt&ifpIpdkufyg? ajrwGif;xJwGifrsdK;aph. t±G,fESpfqpm±Sdaomteuf ae&mwGif pdkfufyg? taphudkajr}uD;xJodk@jznf;nif;pGmxdk;xnfhvdkuf+yD; ajrjyefzdk@ay;&rnf? taphpdkufonfh ae&mteD;wGif opfikwfwdkifuav;pdkufxm;I trSwftom;vkyfuma& avmif;ay;yg? ajr}uD;udk rdk;jyif;xefpGm±Gmjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGufESifh ajr}uD;pGwfpdkxdkif; rd_if;r_ xdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf tyifudkiSufaysm±Guf odk@r[kwf tkef;vufrsm;ESifh &uf aygif;tenf;i,ftkyfxm;&rnf? taphjzifhwdkuf±dkufpdkufonfhtyifrsm;udk ae&mtuGmt a0; aoaocsmcsm jcm;xm;oifhygonf?


Z,m; 6/ wpfNydKifwnf;rsdK;aphBuJípdkufEdkifaom[if;oD;[if;½Gufyifrsm;\wpfyif

ESifhwpfyiftuGmta0;

tyiftrsdK;tpm; tuGmta0; (pifwDrDwm)

yJtrsdK;rsdK; (wdkifESifhpdkufaomyJrsdK;) ajymif;zl; z&JoD;/ ocGg;roD;rsdK; ±Hk;ywDyif a±$z±Hk ausmufz±Hk =uufoGefjzL

20 20 30 20 100 100 5

tjcm;[if;oD;[if;±Gufyifrsm;udk 3-4 ywft=um;a&$›pdkuf&rnf? (tqifh 3 wGif±Sdaomt ao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk=unfhyg)? typfwpfyifESifhwpfyifudk oifhwifhavsmufywf aom tuGmta0;jcm;xm;ay;yg? Z,m; &/ tyifa½TUpdkuf&aom [if;oD;[if;½GufyifwpfyifESifhwpfyiftuGmta0;

tyiftrsdK;tpm; tuGmta0; (pifwDrDwm)

c&rf;oD; c&rf;csOf i±kwfcsdK arsmufO =uufoGefeD

45 45 30 70 5

Oyifrsm;jzpfaom uefpGef;O/ arsmufO/ yDavmyDeHESifhydef;Orsm;pdkuf&mwGif wGif;xJodk@opfrS &±Sdaomjymrsm;udkwGif;xJodk@vufwpfqkyfpmcef@xnfhxm;&rnf? xdk@aemufjymrsm;udk ajr}uD;ESifha&mI pdkufvdkaomOudkajr}uD;xJwGifxnfhI ajrESifhzHk;tkyfyg? xdktyifay:odk@ tkef;vufwpfvufcsxm;yg? TwGif tyifaygufuav;onftkef;±Gufrsm;udk xkd;azmuf


I wufvmrnf? Tenf;tm;jzifh jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;xdef;ouJhodk@jzpf+yD; ajr}uD;pdkxdkif; r_udkvnf; xdef;ay;onfhusef;rmoefpGrf;aomtyifrsm;udk &±Sdrnfjzpfonf? wwd,tqifhwGif tyifi,fuav;rsm;.ajc&if;wGif ajraqG;rsm;xnfhay;&rnf? ajr aqG; xnfhay;jcif;qdkonfrSm opf±Gufajcmufrsm;/ aumuf±dk; odk@r[kwf pyg;cGH/ zGJrsm;udk tyif.ajc&if;ywfywfvnfwGifajcmufpifwDrDwmtxlxnfhay;&rnf? tyifa±$‹ajymif; pdkufydsK;+yD;onfESifh wpfjydKifeufajraqG;rsm;xnfhay;&rnf? taphwpfðydifwnf; xnfhpdkuf aom tyifrsm;udkrl tyifpdkuf+yD; (2) ywf (3) ywft=umwGifajraqG;rsm;xnfhay;&rnf?

½kyfyHk 9/ ajraqG;xnfhjcif;

ajraqG;xnfhay;jcif;tm;jzifh

• taiG@ysHjcif;udkavsmhenf;ap+yD; ajr}uD;pGwfpdkxdkif;r_dif;r_xdef;ay;jcif; • jrufyifaygif;yif}uD;xGm;vmjcif;rSumuG,fjcif; • tyifrsm;twGuftpm;tpm&±Sdjcif; • ajrwdkufpm;jcif;/ ajrv$ifhjcif;wdk@rSumuG,fEdkifjcif;


tqifhav;wGif tyifrsm;udktumtuG,fay;&rnf? tyifrsm;ESifh[if;oD;[if;±Gufrsm; twGuf=urf;wrf;aomrdk;'m%fESifhaeyl'm%fwdk@rS umuG,f&eftwGuf trdk;tumrsm; vkyfay;&rnf?

½kyfyHk 10/ tyifi,fuav;rsm;ukdaeESifhrdk;'gPfwdkYrStumtuG,fay;aeyHk

[if;oD;[if;±Gufyifrsm;a±$‹ajymif;pdkuf/ a&avmif;+yD; ajraqG;xnfhay;onfhaemufyHkwGif jyxm;ouJhodk@iSufaysmtlcGH}uD;}uD;rsm;udk,lI ikwfwdkif±kdufumaeyl±SdefrS umuG,fay;Edkif ygonf? iSufaysmtlcGHudk tenf;qHk;wpfywft=umumay;xm;&rnf? xdk@aemuft±Snf (25) pifwDrDwmcef‹±Sdaom0g;ikwfwdkuav;rsm;udk tyifywfywfvnfwGifpdkufxm;yg? T uJhodk@vkyf&jcif;rSm wd&dp>mefrsm;ab;rS umuG,f&efjzpfonf? wpfvt=umwGif 0g;ikwfu av;rsm;udk E_wfxkwfEdkifygonf?


ysdK;yifuav;rsm; a±$‹ajymif;pdkuf+yD;a&avmif;+yD;aemuf ajraqG;rsm;xnfhay;&rnf? xdk@ aemuf tkef;vufwpfvufudkyHkwGifjyxm;ouJhodk@ yd&rpfyHkpHaxmifxm;+yD; opfacsmif; wpfacsmif;ESifh axmufIaxmifxm;&rnf? Ttkef;vufonf ysdK;yifuav;rsm;udk aeyl 'g%fESifhrdk;'g%fwdk@rS umuG,fay;rnfjzpfonf? tkef;vufudk wpfv=umtxd rdk;xm;ay; &rnf? xdk@aemuf wpfrDwmt±Snfcef‹±Sdaom 0g;ikwfwdkifrsm;udktyif.ywfywfvnfwGif pdkufxl+yD;wd&p>mefrsm;ab; rSumuG,fay;&rnf? tyifysdKuav; 2 rDwmcef‹±Snfvmonfh txdikwfwdkifrsm; qufpdkufay;&rnf? tyifi,fuav;rsm;twGuf 0g;ikwfwdkifuav; rsm;pdyfpdyfpdkufay;&rnf? odk@r[kwfu wd&p>mefi,fuav;rsm;tyifrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf vdrhfrnf? yHk 11 udk=unfhyg?

½kyfyHk 11/ aeyl'gPfESifhrkd;'gPfwdkYrSumuG,fjcif;

“+cHpnf;±dk;yif” udkpkdufyg? “+cHpnf;±dk;t±Sif” qdk&mwGif opfyifESifhòcHykwfrsm;udk oD;ESHyif rsm;umuG,f&eftwGufESifh tpm;tpm odk@r[kwf tdrfaxmify&dabm*tjzpf toHk;ðy&ef pdkufysdK;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? yxrOD;pGm 0g;uJhodk@a'oxGGuftyifrsm;jzifh ,m,D+cHpnf;±dk; aqmufxm;yg? xdk@aemuf,m,D+cHpnf;±dk;twGif; +cHpnf;±dk;t±Sifudk pwifpdkufysdK;&rnf? tyifuav;rsm;udk +cHpnf;±dk;wef;uJhodk@jzpfvmatmif tuGufpdyfpdyfpdkufay;yg?


pdkufysdK;oifhonfhtyifrsm;rSm oabFmyif/ iSufaysmyif/ abmpudkif;yifESifh 'ef‹ovGefyifwdk@ jzpfonf? opfyifwpfyifESifh wpfyif. yifpnfrsm;udkquf+yD;umxm;&eftwGuf0g;vHk;rsm; oHk;Edkifonf? opfyif}uD;rsm; wpfyifESifhwpfyift=um;wGif emewfyifrsm;ESifh yDavmyDeHrsm; pdkufvdkufygu +cHpnf;±dk;atmufajcudk ESpfxyfumxm;ouJhodk@ jzpfonfhtwGuf wd&p>mef rsm;tEW&m,frS umuG,fEdkifygonf? (yHk 12 udk=unfhyg)? yOPrtaeESifh yifaxmifuyfpifrsm;axmifay;yg? yifaxmifuyfpifqdkonfrSm tyifrsm; wG,f wuf&efaqmufvkyfxm;onfhpifrsm;jzpfonf? rdk;&moDwGif ocGg;oD;rsm;pifay: r wufyJajr}uD;ay:wGiftoD;oD;v#if toD;rsm;ykyfwwfonf? pifay:wG,fwufapjcif; tm; jzifh toD;tyGifhrsm;ykyfodk;apjcif;rS umuG,fEdkifygonf? pifay:wGifwG,fwufwwfaom yJ trsdK;rsdK;ESifhbl;/ z±kHwdk@rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh wpfðydifwnf;taphcsIpdkuf&aomtyifrsm; jzpfaoma=umifh taphcs+yD; 3 - 4 ywft=umwGif tyifi,fuav;rsm;udk wdkifay:wGif wG,fwufapoifhygonf? tyif.ab;wGif wkdifuav;rsm;pdkufxm;ygu t yifi,frsm; wdkifay:wG,fwufEdkifrnfjzpfonf? pifrsm;udka&ajrmif;rsm;ay:wGifjzwfI aqmufxm;yg u a&ajrmif;±Sda&rsm;taiG@ysHr_udkumuG,fay;Edkifygonf?

½kyfyHk 12/ NcHpnf;½kd;yifrsm;


½kyfyHk 13/ pifrsm;

pifaqmufjcif;.tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;rSm- • tyifay:wG,fwufEdkifaomtyifrsm;jzpfonfh yJtrsdK;rsdK;/ bl;/ z±HkrsdK;wdk@udk pif

wpfckwnf;tay:wGifwG,fwufapjcif;tm;jzifh pdkufysdK;&efae&mrsm;ac|wm t oHk;ðyEdkifjcif;?

• pifatmufwGift&dyfóudufaomtyifrsm;udkvnf; pdkufysdK;Edkifjcif;?

½kyfyHk 14/ pifaqmuf&eftwGufvdktyfaomypPnf;rsm;


• a&ajrmif;rsm;/a&tdkifrsm;ay:wGifjzwfI oD;ESHpdkufysdK;pm;oHk;Edkifjcif;? • wd&dp>mefrsm;zsufqD;EdkifrnfhtEW&m,frSa&Smif&Sm;I pifay:wGifwufapjcif;tm;jzifh

toD;tESH/ [if;oD;[if;±Gufrsm;&±SdEdkifjcif;wdk@jzpfygonf? toHk;ðyEdkifaomt&mrsm;rSm –

• pifwdkifrsm;aqmuf&eftwGuf - abmpudkif;yifrsm;ESifh0g;rsm; • tyifwG,fwufEdkif&eftwGuf – toD;csdK;+yD;onfhajymif;zl;yifrsm;/ yDavmyDeHyif/

tkef;vuf/ 0g;yiftudkif;tcufrsm;/ wdkifrsm;/ opfudkif;opfcufrsm;/ abmpudkif; yifrsm;ponfwdk@jzpfonf? yHk 14 udk=unfhyg?

opfyifrsm;onf EG,fwufwwfaomtyifrsm;twGuf “pift±Sif”uJhodk@yifjzpfonf? iSufaysmyifESifhoabFmyifrsm;.ywfywfvnfwGif ESpfpOfpdkuf&aomEG,fyifrsm; (touf wpfESpf=umponfhtyifrsm;jzpfaom c&rf;csOfoD;/ yJtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh bl;/ z±Hk) udkpdkufoifh onf? yHk 15 udk =unfhyg? qXrtqifhtaejzifh oD;ESHrsm;txGufaumif;ap&ef tyifrsm;rnfodk@pdkuf&rnfudk tpDt pOfqGJoifhygonf? pdkufysdK;a&;pvkyfcsdefESpfOD;ydkif;wGifoD;yif/ opfyifrsm;tyifi,fao;onfh twGuft&dyfr±SdyJaeylvGef;v#if ESpfpOfpdkuf&aomt&dyfxlxyfaomEG,fyifrsdK;rsm; pdkufysdK; oifhonf? tyifrsm;wpfjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vm+yD; t&dyfrsm;aumif;vmonfhtcsdefwGif ESpfpOfpdkuf& aompifay:wufEG,fyifrsm;tpm; t&dyf}udKufaomtyifrsm;wdk;csJ@I pdkufysdK;&rnfjzpf onf? tkef;yifysdKrsm;onf t±Gufrsm;aoma=umifh t&dyfaumif;onfhtwGuf tkef;yiftdk rsm;xuf tuGmta0;jcm;I pdkufysdK;oifhonf?


±kyfyHk 15/ opfyifrsm;jzifhaqmufxm;aompifrsm;

pdkufysdK;cif;pwifumptcsdefrsm;wGif tvkyform;ESifhypPnf;ud&d,mrsm; ydkIvdktyfrnfjzpf onf? TtcsdefwGif

• tyifysdKrsm;twGufa&rsm;rsm;avmif;jcif; • jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;ydkI okwfoif±Sif;vif;&onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ae

a&mifjcnfr&±SdIwpfa=umif;/ tyifatmufwGif ajraqG;rsm;xnfhrxm;I wpf a=umif;a=umifh jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;xlxyfpGm aygufa&mufwwfonf?

• ajraqG;vkyf&eftwGuf opf±Gufajcmuf/ opf±GufaqG;ponfhatmfffffffff*if;epfypPnf; rsm;vdktyfjcif;

• tyifuav;rsm;udk wd&dp>mefrsm;&efrS ydkItumtuG,fay;&jcif; • tyifuav;rsm;rsdK;ygG;jcif;ESifh rsdK;aphtopfrsm;ydkIvdktyfvmjcif;wdk@jzpfonf?


tqifh (5) a&odkavSmifjcif;ESifhoHk;pGJjcif;

tylydkif;&moDa'orsm;wGif tcuftcJESpfrsdK;jzpfaomrdk;&moDwGif a&wdkufpm;jcif;ESifh aEG &moDwGifrdk;acgifjcif;wdk@udk t+rJwrf;&ifqdkif&wwfonf? a'owGif;xGufypPnf;rsm;udk oHk; I ajrwdkufpm;jcif;ESifh ajr}uD;pdkpGwfr_wdk@udk jzpfEdkifor#xdef;oifhonf? rdk;a&rsm;pkaqmif;odkrSD;xm;&eftwGuf uefuav;rsm;wl;xm;oifhonf? pdkufysdK;cif;. tedrfhqHk;ae&mrsm;wGif 3»3»1³5 rDwmywfvnfteuf±Sdaom wGif;uav;rsm;udkwl; xm;yg? ±$H‹ap;ajr±Sdaom ae&mrsm;wGif ydkIaumif;ygonf? tu,fIajr}uD;onf oJajr odk@r[kwf uspfvpfaom ajrjzpfygu wGif;.atmufajcESifhab;bufywfywfvnfrsm;udk &$H‹ap;ajrESifh usHxm;yg? wGif;xJodk@rdk;a&rsm;ydk@Edkif&eftwGuf wl;ajrmif;uav;rsm;wl; ay; &rnf? wGif;rsm;.tay:wGif tyifwG,fwuf&efpifrsm;udktay:rSrdk;Iaqmufxm;ay;jcif; tm;jzifha&aiG@jyefjcif;udk umuG,fEdkifygonf? a&xJwGifwd&dp>meftpmtjzpf toHk;ðyEdkif &ef aA'gyifrsm; pdkufysdK;xm;Edkifygonf? rdk;&moDukefonfhaemufydkif; ajr}uD;pGwfpdkr_udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&eftwGuf tyifrsm;. atmufajcwGif tyifaqG;/ opf±Gufaq;rsm;udk ajcmufvufrtxlcef‹xnfhxm;ay;yg? rdk;&moDukefonfhaemufwGif ESpfwdktyifrsm;odk@r[kwf ajcmufaoG@'g%fudkcHEdkifonfhtyif (pGwfpdkr_tenf;i,fomvdktyfaomtyifrsm;) udkompdkufyg? ajcmufaoG@'g%fudkcHEdkif onfh tyifrsm;rSm yJtrsdK;rsdK;/ ajymif;zl;ESifh tjrpf/ opfO/ opfzk±Sdonfhtyifrsm; (txl; ojzifh yDavmyDeH/ arsmufOESifhuefpGef;O) wdk@jzpfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifhtyifrsm;udk ajcmufaoG@&moDyxrESpfvwGif a&aumif;aumif;rGefrGefavmif;ay;ygu aemifvrsm;wGif ajcmufaoG@&moDudk cHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? a&avmif;&eftwGuftoHk;ðyEdkifonfht&m0wÎKrsm;rSm –

• a&yef;tjzpftoHk;ðyEdkif&efAl;oD;ajcmuf odk@r[kwf oHAHk;rsm;.atmufajcwGif t aygufi,fuav;rsm;azgufxm;yg?


½kyfyHk 16/ ½dk;½kd;a&yef;

½kyfyHk 17/ opf½Gufrsm;ay:wGifa&avmif;cstyifa&jzef;ay;jcif;


• a&yHk;a&cGufrsm;twGuf 0g;ydk;0g;tqpfrsm;azmufjcif;tm;jzifh 0g;usnfaxmuf

a&yHk;rsm; toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? • a±$‹ajymif;pdkufysdK;+yD;umpysdK;yifuav;rsm;udk a&avmif;&mwGif opf±Gufudkif;rsm;

udk,l+yD; xkdopf±Gufuav;rsm;ay:rSwqifha&avmif;+yD; ysdK;yifuav;rsm;udkjzef; ay;Edkifygonf? xdkodk@ðyvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh tyifrsm;ua&udknDwlnDr#ESifh nifom pGm &±Sdrnf jzpfonf?


tqifh (6) jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;aygif;oifckwfxGif½Sif;vif;jcif;ESifhtoHk;csjcif;

jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;qdk&mwGif rvdktyfaomtyifrsm;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifhrdk;&moDtcsdef wGif jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;aumif;rGefpGm=unfh&_xdef;odrf;&efvdktyfonf? oifpdkufysdK;xm; aom tyifw0dkufwGif jrufyifrsm;aygufaeygu xdkjrufyiftm;vHk;udk Ekwfxkwf&rnf? t b,fha=umifhqdkaomf jrufrsm;onf -

• tyifrsm;twGufvdktyfaom ajr}uD;pGwfpdkr_ESifhtm[m&"gwfrsm;udk vk,lrnf? • aea&mifjcnfESifhajrae&mrsm; tðydiftqdkifvk,lrnf? • ydk;r$m;wd&dp>mefrsm;ESifha&m*gydk;rsm;twGuf cdkudk;&mae&mjzpfonf?

E_wf+yD;aomjrufyifaygif;yifrsm;udk atmufyguJhodk@wpfzef jyefvnftoHk;csEdkifygonf?

• ajrwdkufpm;jcif;rSumuG,fjcif; • wd&dp>meftpm;tpmtwGuftoHk;csjcif; • opf±GufaqG;ajrrsm;vkyf&mwGiftoHk;ðyjcif; • tyifrsm;.tpm;tpm – xkdjrufyifaygif;yifrsm;udkaqG;ajrhapjcif;tm;jzifh odk@r

[kwf rD;±_d‹+yD;jymtjzpf‚if; toHk;csEdkifonf?

½kyfyHk 18/ tyifrsm;\atmuf

ajcwGifopf½GufaqG;rsm;zkdYay;jcif;


jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;twGuf xdef;odrf;&eftwGufenf;y&d,m,frsm; -

• "g; odk@r[kwf aygufwl;rsm;toHk;csI jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;±Sif;vif;okwfoifjcif;? • jrufyifrsm;ESdyfuGyfonfhtyifrsm; toHk;csjcif; - tEG,frsm;±SdIwG,foGm; wwf

aom tyifrsm;jzpfaom uefpGef;OESifhbl;z±Hkwdk@onf jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;}uD; xGm;vmjcif;rS tumtuG,fay;Edkifonf?

• tyifrsm;atmufajcwGifjrufajcmufrsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;tyifajcmufrsm;jzpf aom tkef;±GufESifhiSufaysm±Gufajcmufrsm;zHk;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh jrufyifayguf jcif; rsm;rS xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf? pdkufysdK;cif;wGif±Sdaomtyif}uD;rsm;/ opfyifESifhyif axmifuyfpifrsm;rS t&dyfrsm;&±Sdjcif;a=umifh jrufyifrsm;odyfIraygufacs?


tqifh 7/ ajrMoZmay;jcif;

jrufyifaygif;yiftygt0if pdkufysdK;cif;rsm;xJwGifaygufaom aqG;jrnfhEdkifaomtyiftm; vHk;udkajr=oZmðyvkyfEdkifygonf? wpfcsdK‹tyifrsm;wGif ±Sdaomtpmt[m&rsm;onf wpf csdK@tyifrsm;xufydkrsm;wwfonf?

• Edkufóxd*sifonf"gwfajr=oZmxkwf&mwGif ta&;ygaomypPnf;wpfcktjzpf toHk; ðyjcif;ESifh tyifrsm;vsifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;&efr±Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom ta&;}uD;aom t&mjzpfonf? obm0rS&±SdEdkifaomEdkufóxd*sif"gwffrsm;udk yJyiftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh wd&p>mef rsm;.rpifESifhqD;rsm;rS &±Sdonf?

• tyifrsm;.tjrpfrsm;ESifh yifpnf}uD;xGm;cdkifcef‹+yD; ydk;r$m;ESifha&m*gydk;"gwffrS um uG,fEdkif&eftwGuf azhgpy&yfpf (Phosphorus) ESifhydkwufpD,rf"gwfrsm;&±Sd&ef vdkonf? xdk@tjyiftoD;aumif;+yD;atmif&eftwGuf T"gwfrsm;udkr±Sdrjzpfvdk tyfonf? obm0azghpy&yf(pf)ESifhydkwufpD,rfrsm;udk opfjymrsm;/ iSufaysm±Guf/ iSufaysmcGH/ iSufaysmyifESifh}uH±Gufrsm;rS&±SdEdkifonf?

opf½GufaqG;ajrMoZm/ / opf±GufaqG;ajr=oZmqdkonfrSm tyifESifhwd&dp>mefwdk@. rpif tºuGif;tusefrsm;udk ajraqG;tjzpfajymif;vJapjcif;jzpfonf? opf±GufaqG;ajr=oZmudk "gwfajr=oZmtpm; tpm;xdk;Ijzpfap ajr}uD;ðyjyif&mwGifjzpfaptoHk;ðyEdkifygonf? opf ±GufaqG;ajr=oZmvkyf&efae&mrsm;rSm iSufaysmyifrsm;t=um;±Sdae&mvyfwGifjzpfonf? iSufaysmyifrsm;onft&dyfaumif;+yD; ajrpGwfpdkr_udkxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonfhtjyif ajr}uD;xJ wGif pdrfh0ifonfhajraqG;t&nfrsm;u iSufaysmyiftwGuf ajr=oZmjzpfaponf? 1»3»1 rDwm±Sdaom opfaqG;ajr=oZmyHkwpfyHk odk@r[kwf wGif;wpfwGif;wGif±Sdaom opfaqG;ajr =oZmrsm;udk pdkufysdK;cif; 500 pwk&ef;rDwmywfvnfae&m±Sdaomtyifrsm;udk opfaqG; ajr=oZm xda&mufpGm ay;Edkifonf?


• 1 rDwmteuf±SdonfhwGif;wpfwGif;udkwl;yg?

½kyfyHk 19/ iSufaysmyifrsm;Mum;wGif½Sdaom opf½GufaqG;ajrMoZmwGif;

• avt0iftxGuf±Sd&eftwGuf wGif;.atmufajcwGifajymif;zl;yifrsm;ESifh tudkif; tcufrsm;udkxnfhxm;yg? odk@aomfTt&mrsm;udk opfaqG;ajr=oZmvkyf&eft wGuf oHk;aomt&m0wÎKrsm;ESifhra&maESmrdygapESifh?

• opfaqG;ajr=oZmvkyf&eftwGuf vG,fulpGmaqG;jrnfhEdkifaomtyifrsm;. t ±Gufrsm;/ aumuf±dk;yifrsm;/ jrufyifaygif;yifrsm;/ wd&p>mefrpifrsm;ESifhjymrsm;udk toHk;ðy&rnf?

• xdk@aemufxdkt&mrsm;tm;vHk;udka&maESmvdkufyg? • ajcmufaoG@aom&moDwGif xdkwGif;udkwpfvt=umxm;ay;+yD; rdk;&moDwGifrlum;

vwpf0ufcef‹xm;ay;&rnf? xdkodk@vkyf+yD;onfhaemuf opfaqG;ajr=oZmudk toHk;ðyEdkif+yD;jzpfonf? ajrtus,f 10 pwk&ef;rDwm±Sdaom &$@Hap;ajrwGifopf±GufaqG;ajr=oZm 2 tdwf (wpftdwfwGif 50 uDvdk *&rf) xnfhay;&rnf? oJajrrsm;wGifrl opf±GufaqG;ajr=oZmwpftdwfqdkv#if vHkavmuf


+yD;jzpfonf? ajrrsufESmjyifay:wGif opf±GufaqG;ajr=oZmrsm;udk nDnDnmnm xnfhay; yg? xdk@aemufajr}uD;udkwl;+yD; opf±GufaqG;ajr=oZmESifha&maESmay;yg? tyifrsm; usef;rm ±Sifoef&efESifhtoD;rsm;rsm;atmif&eftwGuf rdk;&moDtpydkif;wGif aemufxyfwpf}udrfxyf xnfhay;&rnf? ±kyfyHk 20 udk=unfhyg? ajr=oZmt&nf – ajr=oZmt&nfvkyf&eftwGufvdktyfaomt&mrsm;rSm

• 50 uDvdk*&rf0ifqef‹Edkifaom rdk;umzsif=urf;tdwfodk@r[kwfqeftdwf • wd&p>mefrpif (tpdk) • ausmufwHk;tenf;i,f • a&rpdfrfhEdkifaomwGif;odk@r[kwf 55 *gvH0ifqef‹EdkifaomwdkifuDyHk; • a&

½kyfyHk 20/ opf½GufaqG;ajrMoZmta&twGuf

opf±GufaqG;ajr=oZmvkyfyHkvkyfenf;tqifhqifhrSmatmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

• 50 uDvdk*&rfcef‹qef‹aomtdwfudk rpiftpdkav;yHkoHk;yHkxnfhI tdwfudkóud;ESifh csnfydwfvdkufyg?


• tdwfudkwGif; odk@r[kwf wdkifuDyHk;tvGwfxJodk@xnfh+yD; rpif 1uDvdkv#if a& (2) vDwm tcsdK;jzifhwGif; odk@r[kwf wdkifuDyHk;udkjznfhay;yg? xdkuJhodk@vkyfv#if ajr=o Zm t&nf 100 vDwm&±Sdrnfjzpfonf?

• tdwfudka&xJwGifESpfap&eftwGuf ausmufwHk;rsm;jzifhzday;yg? xdk@aemuftzHk;ydwf xm;yg?

• 3 ywft=umwGiftdwfudkwGif;xJrS odk@r[kwf wdkifuDyHk;xJrSxkwfvdkufyg? ±kyfyHk 21 udk =unfhyg?

tyifuav;rsm;tan‡mifhxGufvmjcif; odk@r[kwf tyifa&$›ajymif;IpdkufysdK;+yD;onfhaemuf 2 - 3 ygwft=umwGiftyifuav;rsm;ajc&if;wGif ajr=oZmt&nfrsm;avmif; xnfhay; yg? wpfvt=umwGif ajr=oZmt&nfaemufwpfacgufavmif;xnfhay;yg? tyifwpfyif wGif 1§2 vDwmE_ef;avmif;ay;yg? ±kyfyHk 22 udk=unfhyg?

½kyfyHk 21/ ajrMoZmt&nfvkyfyHktqifhqifh


½kyfyHk 22/ ajrMoZmt&nfavmif;ay;aeyHk


tqifh 8/ ydk;rTm;xdef;odrf;ESdrfESif;jcif;

ydk;r$m;ESdrfESif;jcif;qdk&mwGif pdkufysdK;cif;twGif; tif;qufydk;r$m;rsm;usa&mufjcif;ESifh a&m*g ydk;rsm;usa&mufjcif;wdk@rSumuG,f&efESifh ESdrfESif;&eftwGufjzpfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh rdk; &moDrsm;wGif ydk;r$m;tEW&m,fydkqdk;onf? ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;cif;Y ydk;r$m;xdef; odrf;jcif;jyoemrsm;onf tjcm;pdkufysdK;cif;YxufydkIenf;yg;onf? xdkodk@enf; yg;&jcif;rSm ta=umif;&if;ESpfcka=umifhjzpfonf? yxrtcsuftaeESifhukefusp&dwfenf;aom pdkufysdK; cif;rsm;Y pdkufysdK;aomtyifrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifha'o±Sd tyifrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf a'ocHydk;r$m;rsm;udk cHEdkif&nf±Sd+yD;om;jzpfonf? 'kwd,taeESifh tyifrsm;a&maESmpdkufysdK; xm;jcif;rsm;a=umifh tyifwpfrsdK;wnf;pdkufysdK;aompdkufysdK;cif;rsm;uJhodk@ oD;oef‹ydk;r$m;t rsdK;tpm;rsm; arG;xkwfjcif;rS umuG,fEdkifygonf? ydk;r$m;ESdrfESif;jcif;twGuf vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrSm

• a&m*g±Sdaomtyifrsm; odk@r[kwf tudkif;tcufrsm;E_wfxkwfypfyg? • “taygif;tazmfpdkufysdK;jcif;”trsdK;aygif; 30 rS 50 txd±Sdaom opfyifrsm;a&m

aESmpdkufysdK;ay;jcif;a=umifh ydk;r$m;trsm;pkESifha&m*gydk;rsm;aygufzGm;vmjcif;rS um uG,fEdkifygonf?

• tif;qufydk;r$m;owfaq;twGuf pdkufysdK;cif;rS&±Sdaomi±kwfoD;/ =uufoGefjzLrsm; rD;±d_‹+yD; jymrsm;udkydk;owfaq;tjzpftoHk;ðyyg?

jymrsm;onf wGm;oGm;wwfaom ydk;r$m;wd&dp>mefrsm;'g%frSumuG,fay;onf? tyifu av;rsm;wpf0dkufwGif (3) pifwDrDwm±Sdonfhjymrsm;avmif;csay;+yD; t±Gufrsm;ay:wGif jym rsm; jzL;xm;ay;yg? udkufpm;wwfaom tif;qufydk;r$m;rsm;udk i±kwfoD;ESifh=uufoGefjzL &nfjzef;ay;jcif;tm; jzifh ESdrfESif;ay;Edkifygonf? i±kwfoD; odk@r[kwf =uufoGefjzL vufwpfqkwfpmudkaxmif;+yD; a&wpfvDwmESifha&may;yg? xdkt&nfrsm;udk yvyfpwpfa&yef;xJavmif;xnfhI tyif rsm;ay:odk@ wdkuf±dkufavmif;xnfhIjzpfap/ atmufajcwGiftaygufrsm;azmufxm;aom


oHAl;xJodk@ xdkt&nfavmif;xnfhI tyifrsm;ay:odk@ avmif;xnfhIjzpfap/ opfudkif; uav;wpfudkif;udkckwf,l+yD; t±Gufrsm;udka&xJpdrfxm;um tyifrsm;ay:odk@v_yfcg+yD; t &nfjzef;ay;yg? pkwfwwfaomtif;qufydk;r$m;rsm;twGuf qyfjym&nf/ a&eHqDESifha&a&mIjzef;ay;ygu xda&mufr_±Sdonf? t0wfav#mfqyfjymcGufav;yHkwpfyHk (15 *&rfr#)/ a&eHqD[if;cyfZGef; av;yHkwpfyHkESifh a&wpfvDwma&may;&rnf?


tqifh 9/ oD;ESH&dwfodrf;jcif;ESifhodkavSmifjcif;

a&maESmpdkufysdK;aompdkufysdK;cif;rsm;wGif ae‹pOfoD;ESHrsm;cl;,l&dwfodrf;Edkifygonf? TuJhodk@ pdkufysdK;cif;rSoD;ESH[if;oD;[if;±GuftrsdK;rsdK;/ yJtrsdK;rsdK;/ toD;trsdK;rsdK;ESifhtdrfarG;wd&p>mef tom;wdk@udk tqufrjywf&±Sdojzifh tm[m&twGufvnf;oifhwifhavsmufywfygonf? omrefvl}uD;wpfa,muftwGufvdktyfaomtm[m&rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf? y½dkwif;

tiftm;twGuf

qDESifhumAGef[dkuf'&dwf

pGrf;tif?cGeftm;twGuf

tjcm;vdktyfaomADwmrifESifh

ajratmufowåKrsm;

a&m*gumuG,f&eftwGuf

ESpfpOf wpfESpf 3 }udrf

105 uDvdk*&rf 35 uDvdk

175 uDvdk 58 uDvdk

60 uDvdk 20 uDvdk

omrefvl}uD;wpfOD;twGuf ae‹pOfvdktyfaomtm[m&&mcdkifE_ef;rsm;rSm- y½dkwif; umAGef[dkuf'&dwf qD tjcm;ADwmrifESifhajratmufowåKrsm;

20μ 55μ 10μ 15μ vdktyfaomtm[m&rsm; - ADwmrifESifhajratmufowWKrsm;jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifaom t pm;tpmrsm;udkZ,m; 8 wGif=unfhyg? owdðy&eftcsufrsm;rSm -

• tqDxJwGifaysmf0ifEdkifaom ADwmrifatudk t±Gufpdrf;rsm;xJwGif awG@±Sdwwf onf? odk@aomf xdkt±Gufpdrf;rsm;udka=umfvdkufv#if ADwmrifatavsmhenf;oGm; rnfjzpfonf?


• a&wGifaysmf0ifEdkifaomADwmrifrsm;jzpfaom (ADwmrifbDaygif;pHkESifhADwmrifpD ) wdk@udkt±Gufpdrf;rsm;wGifawG@&aomfvnf; xdkt±Gufrsm;udk tcsdef=umjrifhpGm a& wGifpdrfxm;Ijzpfap/ ðywfIjzpfap/ rpm;cif tcsdef=umjrifhpGmjyifqifxm;jcif;ESifh rcsufðywf odk@r[kwf rpm;rSDtcsdef=umjrifhpGmxm;jcif;wdk@a=umifh ADwmrif"gwf rsm;avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifonf?

Z,m; 8/ tdrfNcHxJrS&½Sdaomtm[m&rsm;

ADwmrifat ADwmrifbD y½dkwif;

arsmufOt±Guf oabFmoD; (rcsuf&ao;) ajryJ 'ef‹ovGef ocGg;roD; yJtrsdK;rsdK; =uuf[if;cg;oD;ESifht±Guf a±SmufoD; yJvGrf; uefpGef;Ot±Guf vdarRmfoD; yJpif;iHk z&kH±Guf emewfoD; yJydpyf i±kwf±Guf rmvumoD; yJ=um;/ yJðywfav; uefpGef;±Guf =oZmoD; yJawmifh&Snf rkefn‡if; c&rf;csOfoD; yJapmif;vsm; [if;EkEG,f pawmfb,f&DoD; pdrf;pm;O rkefvmOeD oD[dkVfoD; z&JoD;aph w±kwfeHeH i±kwfcsdKoD; iSufaysmzl; o&ufoD;rS›nf oD[dkVfaph iSufaysmoD; oabFmoD;rS›nfh csOfaygif±Guf pGrf;tif tqDrsm; oH"gwf

xrif;§qef axmywfoD; rkefn‡if; ajymif;zl; tkef;Edk@ [if;EkEG,f uefpGef;O ajryJ =uufoGef+rdwf arsmufO oD[dkVfaph 'ef‹ovGef±Guf


yDavmyDeH yJydpyf uefpGef;O±Guf tkef;oD; (&ifh) pyg;cGH uefpGef;±Guf iSufaysmoD; opfoD;ajcmuf ydEMJoD; yJtajcmuf }uH iSufaysmzl; rl&if; – UNICEF Home Garden Handbook

• [if;oD;[if;±Gufrsm;udk rdepftenf;i,fomðywf+yD; ,if;t&nfrsm;udk aomuf pm;jcif;tm;jzifh tm[m&"gwfudkvHkavmufpGm&±Sdrnfjzpfonf?

• vl}uD;wpfOD;twGuf wpfESpfpmvdktyfaomtm[m&"gwfudk&±Sd&eftwGuf oif. pdkufysdK;cif;udk rnfodk@pDrHcef‹cGJ&ef atmufygtcsuftvufrsm; od±Sd&efvdktyfyg onf?

• ESpfpOfpdkufysdK;aomtyifwpfrsdK;twGufajrae&mtus,f pwk&ef;rDwm rnfr#vdk tyfygoenf;?

• tyifta&twGufrnfr#pdkufysdK;rnfenf;? • cef‹rSef;ajctm;jzifh wpfpwk&ef;rDwmwGif txGufE_ef;uDvdk*&rfrnfr#&±Sdrnf

enf;? • vdktyfaomrsdK;aphrsm;

Z,m; 9/ tm[m&"gwfay;aomtyifrsm; (120 &ufwdkif;wmu

)

tyifrsm; tyifpdkuf&eft wGufvdktyfaom ajrae&m (c)

tyifta& twGuf

oD;ESHtxGufE_ef; (1pwk&ef;rDwm§ 1 uDvdk*&rf)

vdkdktyfaom rsdK;aph (*&rf)

y½dkwif;ay;aom

tpm;tpm

yJawmifh&Snf 8 16 16 60 yJusm;(yJjzLuav;) 4 8 6 30


yJapmif;vsm; 5 9 7 30 ajryJ 8 16 4 60 pkpkaygif; 25 49 33 pGrf;tifay;aomt

pm;tpm

uefpGef;O 25 25 50 75 ydkif; arsmufO 10 20 15 20 ydkif; ydef;O 20 20 40 20 ydkif; yDavmyDeH 25 25 50 25 ydkif; pkpkaygif; 80 90 155 tjcm;ADwmrifESifh

ajratmufwGif;

xGufowåKrsm;

z±HkrsdK; 2 2 2³0 15 c&rf;csOfoD; 3 6 3³0 5 a*:&cg;oD; 1 1 2³0 15 =uuf[if;cg;oD; 1 1 2³0 15 c&rf;oD; 3 6 4³5 5 uefpGef;±Guf 5 25 3³5 25 ydkif; uefpGef;O±Guf 5 25 3³0 25 ydkif; pkpkaygif; 20 66 20.0 u² arsmufO/ ydef;OESifhyDavmyDeHuJhodk@ydkI=umaomtyifrsm;rSvGJI c² pkpkaygif;vdktyfaomajrae&m 125 pwk&ef;rDwm ydef;OESifh[if;oD;[if;±Gufponfh obm0tavsmuftyifudk t±Sifxm;+yD; t±Gufrsm; udk vdk tyfonfhtcsdefwGif cl;,l/ wl;,lpm;Edkifjcif;udk “obm0tavsmuft±Sifxm;IodkrSD; xm;jcif;” [kac:ygonf?

½kyfyHk 23/ tyifrsm;ukdobm0tavsmuft½Sifxm;okdavSmifxm;jcif;

ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;tqifh (10) qifh 39 ½kyfyHk 24/ [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;ukdvTpmESifhpyg;cGHrsm;xJüokdavSmifxm;jcif;


[if;oD;[if;±Gufrsm;jzpfaom c&rf;oD;ESifhi±kwfoD;wdk@udk v$pmESifhpyg;cGHa&m xm;aom tr_ef‹rsm; wGif;xJxnfhI odkrSD;xm;Edkifonf? odk@aomf xdktoD;rsm;.t+rD; (tan‡mifh) rsm;onf xdka&mxm;aomtr_ef‹rsm;ESifhrxd&yJ azmfxm;&rnf? yHk 24 udk =unfhyg? yJtrsdK;rsdK;ESifhtjcm;[if;oD;[if;±Guf (toD;) wdk@udktajcmufvSef;I odkrSD;xm;Edkifonf?


tqifh 10/ rsdK;apha½G;cs,fjcif;ESifhodkavSmifjcif;

aemuf&moDwGifpdkufysdK;&eftwGuf rsdK;apha&G;cs,f&mY toefrmqHk;ESifhtxGufE_ef; rsm;+yD; a&m*gydk;rsm; umuG,fEdkifaomtyifrStaphrsm;udk a&G;xkwf&rnf? vdktyfaomrsdK;aph 50 &mcdkifE_ef; xufydkIpkxm;yg?

• yJtrsdK;rsdK;udkrsdK;aphxm;&eftwGuf toD;udktyifxufwGif&ifhatmif xm;+yD; aemuf cl;IaeylvSef;xm;yg? ajcmufaomtoD;xJrS taphrsm;xkwfvdkufyg?

• [if;oD;[if;±Guf (toD;) rsm;udkrl rsdK;aphxkwf&ef vsmxm;aomtoD;rsm;udk t yifay:wGif&ifhapyg? xdk@aemuftoD;rsm;udkcl;+yD; toD;tzwfrsm;udka&wGif aq; ypf+yD; taphrsm;udkxkwfIaevSef;vdkufyg?

½kyfyHk 25/ rsKd;aphrsm;odkavSmifxm;jcif;

• [if;±Gufrsm;udkrl tyif±SdtyGifhuav;rsm; t0ga&mifoef;onftxdxm;+yD;cl;yg?

xdktyGifhuav;rsm;udkajcmufatmifaevSef;+yD; taphrsm;udkcgcsumodrf;xm; Edkif ygonf?


rsdK;aphrsm;odkavSmifxm;Edkif&eftwGuf 0g;usnfaxmifhrsm; jyifqifxm;yg? tpdkjyefjcif; ESifh a&m*gydk;r$m;rsm;'g%frSumuG,fEdkif&eftwGuf 0g;usnfaxmifhxJodk@ jymav; yHkwpf yHkxnfhay;yg? xdk@aemufrsdK;aphrsm;udkxnfhI odkavSmifxm;yg? ukefusp&dwfenf;onfhpdkufysdK;+cHudk ajrae&m 500 pwk&ef;rDwmtus,ft0ef;±Sdonfh ajr uGufwGifvG,fulpGm =unfh±_xdef;odrf;pdkufysdK;Edkifygonf?

½kyfyHk 26/ ukefusp&dwfenf;aompkdufysKd;a&;NcH


tusOf;csKyf

oifhrdom;pkvdktyfaom tpm;tpmtm;vHk;eD;yg;udk xkwfvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf a'o xGuf tyifrsm;udkompdkufysdK;v#if t&if;tESD;vHk;0rukefbJ vdktyfonfhoD;ESHrsm;udk vnf; &±Sdrnfjzpfonf? tyifa&maESmpdkufysdK;jcif;onf 0ifaiGenf;aomv,form; rsm;twGuf tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;pGm±Sdonf?

• =um;xdk;pdkufysdK;jcif; (trsdK;wltyifESpfck=um;tjcm;tyifwpfrsdL;tm; =um;xdk;

pdkufysdK;jcif;) tm;jzifh ydk;r$m;rsm;xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf? • tyifrsm;twGuf vdktyfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk +cHxJ±SdpdkufysdK;xm;aomtyif

rsm;ESifhwd&p>mefrsm; xHrS&±Sdonf? • tyifrsm;atmufajcwGif opf±Gufrsm;/ ajraqG;rsm;zHk;xm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh jruf

aygif;yifrsm;xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf? • opf±Gufrsm;/ ajraqG;rsm;zHk;ay;xm;jcif;ESifh a&rsm;odkavSmifxm;jcif;a=umifh a&

rsm;xdef;odrf;odkavSmifxm;Edkif+yD; tusdK;±SdpGmtoHk;ðyEdkifonf? • [if;oD;[if;±Gufrsm;trsdK;rsdK;±SdonfhtwGuf vlwdk@twGuf tm[m&vdktyfcsuf

rsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;rnfjzpfonf? • tyifrsm;udk obm0+cHpnf;±dk;rsm;jzifhum&Hay;xm;+yD; &duQmrsm;udkvnf; +cHwGif;

xGufypPnf;rsm;oHk;I odkavSmifxm;Edkifonf?


½kyfyHk 27/ tukeftusenf;onfhpdkufysdK;NcH

aemufqufwGJ 45

aemufqufwGJ 1/ a&maESmpdkufysdK;NcHvkyf&eftwGuf owdjyKoifhonfhtcsufrsm;

1? pdkufysdK;+cHonf tpm;tpmtrsdK;rsdK;/ aq;0g;ESifhtdrfaqmufypPnf;rsm; xkwfay;Edkif

onf? (toHk;ðyEdkifaomtrsdK;tpm;rsm;avav a'ocHvlrsm;ydkItoHk;ðyavav jzpfonf?)

2? opfyif}uD;rsm;.trdk;rsm;onfrsufESmusufozG,ftxyfxyf±SdonfhtwGuf ae

.pGrf;tifudkxda&mufpGm toHk;ðyEdkifonf? (ajrae&mtuef‹towftwGif;±Sdt yifrsm; wpfyifESifhwpfyif ðydifqdkifr_r±SdyJ ðydifwl}uD;xGm;vmEdkifonf?)

3? tyiftrsdK;rsdK;wdk@. rwlnDaomtjrpf±Sd&m ajrtv$mtoD;oD;wdk@a=umifh ajr

atmuf±Sd a&rsm;ESifhajrqDrsm;udkydkIaumif;rGefpGmtoHk;csEdkifonf? (ajrae&mt uef‹towftwGif;±Sd pdkufysdK;aomtyifrsm;onf ðydifqdkifr_tenf;i,fjzifh }uD; xGm;vmEdkifonf?)

4? opfyif&dyfrsm;ESifhpifay:wG,fwufaom pm;Edkifaomtyifrsm;pdkufxm;aom pif

t&dyfrsm;jzifh jrufyifaygif;yifrsm; }uD;xGm;vmr_udkumuG,fEdkifygonf? (rvdk aomtyifrsm; }uD;xGm;vmr_udkxdef;csKyfjcif;tm;jzifh vdktyfaomtyifrsm; }uD; xGm;vm&ef tcGifhaumif; rsm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf?)

5? a&maESmpdkufysdK;a&;+cHxJwGif tyifrsm;udkrsm;EdkifoavmufxlxyfpGmpdkufysdK;onf?

(tyifpdkuf&eftuef‹towf±Sdonfhae&mudkrsm;EdkifoavmuftoHk;csjcif;jzpf onf?)

6? tyifrsm;udk a'otwGif;vG,fulpGm&±SdEdkif+yD; vG,fulpGmtrsdK;yGm;Edkifygonf?

(a'oxGufr[kwfaomypPnf;rsm;tay: rSDcdkr_enf;apjcif;) 7? tyifrsm;onf ,if;[email protected];qufrsm;udkjyefvnfI yGm;rsm;apEdkifaomt&nft

aoG;±Sdonf? (vdktyfaomt&nftaoG;avsmhyg;jcif;tcGifhrsm;enf;apjcif;)


8? tyifrsm;}uD;xGm;&eftwGuf ydk;owfaq;ESifhajr=oZmrsm;tenf;i,fom odk@r

[kwf vHk;0rvdktyfacs? ("gwfajr=oZm0,f&eftwGuf aiGoHk;&efrvdkacs?) 9? tyifrsm;udktwlwGJIpdkufysdK;jcif;onf tyifrsm;udkumuG,fovdkjzpf+yD;vdktyf

aom t[m&"gwfrsm;udkvnf;&±Sdrnfjzpfonf? (tyifrsm;udktwlwGJIpdkufysdK; jcif;onf toD;tESHxGufE_ef;udkydkI wdk;yGm;aponf?)

10? atmf*if;epfrsm;udk+cHxJ±Sdxm;+yD; tyifrsm;twGufvdktyfaom tjcm;tpm;t

pmrsm;udk wd&p>mefrsm;/ vlrsm;ESifhoD;ESHtºuGif;tusefrsm;rS&±fdSEdkif+yD;tyifrsm; atmufajcwGif xnfhay;Edkifonf? (+cHxGufypPnf;rsm; oHk;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh ajr =oZmtwGuf ukefusrnfhukefusp&dwfaiGudk avsmhenf;apEdkifonf?)

11? oD;ESHrsm;udkwpfESpfygwfvHk;cl;,lpm;oHk;Edkifonf? (tjcm;aomtpm;tpmrsm;±Sm;

yg;jywfvyfaomtcsdefrsm;Y +cHrSxGufaomtpm;tpmESifhtjcm;aom tajccHvdk tyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqD;ay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?)

12? vkyftm;tenf;i,fomvdk+yD; tjcm;0ifaiG&rnfht"dutvkyfrsm;udk rxdcdkufay?

(ae‹pOfvkyf&aomvkyfief;wpfcktjzpfowfrSwf&efvdktyfonf?) 13? +cHxGuftoD;tESHrsm;rSm t[m&ESifhjynfhpHkonfh tpm;tpmtrsdK;rsdK;udk &±Sdojzifh

t[m&csdK@wJhr_rsm;udk avsmhyg;apjcif; odk@r[kwf vHk;0r±Sdapawmhay? (wpfESpf ygwfvHk;twGuf aumif;rGefaomtpm;tpm&±SdEdkifcGifhay;onf?)

14? Tpdkufcif;rsm;onf obm0a*[pepfysufpD;r_ jzpfEdkifrnfhtajctaeudk rjzpf

apyg? rl&if; ? UNICEF Home Gardens Handbook

aemufqufwGJ 47

aemufqufwGJ 2/ ukefusp&dwfenf;aompkdufysKd;a&;jcHwGifpkdufysKd;onfhtyifrsm;ESifh

½ku©aA'trnfrsm;

½ku©aA'trnf [if;oD;[if;½Guftrnf

Allium cepa =uufoGefeD Allium sativum =uufoGefjzL Anacardium occidentale oD[dkVfoD; Ananas comosus emewf Anona cherimola =oZm Arachis hypogaea ajryJ Artocarpus heterophyllus ydEMJ Bambusa blumeana 0g; Brassica Oleracea Var. capitata a*:zD Brassica spp. rkefvm Capsicum frutescens i±kwf Carica papaya oabFm Cassia fistula 'ef‹ovGef Ceiba pentandra r_d‹ Citrus aurantifolia oHy&m Citrus grandis u|Jaum Citrus spp. vdarRmf Cocos nucifera tkef; Corchorus olitorius or C. capsularis ±Hk;ywD Cucumis melo ocGg;r Cucumis sativus ocGg; Cucurbita pepo a±$z±Hk Daucus carota rkefvmeD Durio zibethinus 'l;&if; Hibiscus spp. acgif&rf; Ipomoea aquatica uefpGef; Ipomoea batatas uefpGef;O


Lactuca spp. qvwf±Guf Laggenaria siceraria ausmufz±HkoD; Lamarindus indica refusnf; Lansium domesticum uepdk; Luffa cylindrica oyGwf Lycopersicum esculentum c&rf;csOf Mangifera Indica o&uf Manihot esculenta yDavmyDeH Momordica Charantia =uuf[if;cg; Musa Sapientum iSufaysm Nephelium lappaccum =uufarmuf Nympaea odorata -umyef; Oryza sativa pyg; Pachyrrhizus erosus pdrf;pm;O Parsea americana axmywfoD; Passiflora fostida a*:&cg;oD; Patroselinum crispum eHeH Pisum sativum pm;awmfyJrsdK; Psidium guajava rmvum Psophocarpus tetragonolobus yJapmif;vsm; Saccharum officinarum }uH Solanum melongena c&rf;oD; Solanum tuberosum tmvl; Spinacia oleracea [if;EkEG,f Vitis spp. pyspf Zea mays ajymif;zl; Zingiber officinale *sif;

ukefusp&aompdkufysdK;a&vkyfief;...ii. ukefusp&dwfenf;aompdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; Low Cost Farming...

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