UK support for energy in developing countries graphs and pie charts

The UK spent an estimated total of $8.23 billion (£5.23 billion) on support for energy in developing countries from 2009-13, an average of $1.65 billion a year (£1.05 billion). This includes all upper middle-, lower middle- and low income developing countries (as defined by the World Bank, 2014).

Almost two-thirds (64%) was spent through multilateral channels (EU institutions, multi-lateral development banks and international climate funds). The official development assistance (ODA) support for energy in developing countries by the UK increased as a proportion of total UK ODA over this period. In 2009, 1% of UK ODA disbursed was for energy. In 2013, this was almost 2.4%.

Note: The UK total spend is equivalent to 36% of the ODA for the energy sector spent by all members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). An estimated 22% of the support from the UK was not ODA, however. ODA for energy development from the UK accounted for 28% of the DAC total.

1 How much does the UK spend on energy in developing countries? $/£ million, 2009-2013

Source: Estimate from OECD aid statistics & www.shiftthesubsidies.org £ conversion at average rate (2009-13) of US$1.573 = £1

Climate Funds $106.448 (£67.67) 1%

UK Bilateral ODA $1124.237 (£714.71) 14%

UK Bilateral Other $1823.331 (£1159.14) 22%

EU Institutions $786.802 (£500.19) 10%

MDBs $4392.90 (£2793.69) 53%

Between 2009-13, the UK provided an estimated total of $8.23 billion (£5.23 billion) for energy in developing countries, an average of $1.65 billion a year (£1.05 billion). An estimated $3.54 billion ( £2.25 billion) – or 43% - went to support the production or consumption of fossil fuels. This is more than double the amount spent on renewables at 19% ($1.6 billion, around £1.2 billion). Almost all of the support through UKEF was for fossil fuel projects -more than two-fifths of the total support for fossil fuels. The UK provided more support through UKEF for energy in developing countries - $1.82 billion (£1.16 billion) - than through bilateral ODA - $1.12 billion (£0.71 billion). Note: This does not include funding provided by commercial banks wholly or partially owned by the UK government, such as the Royal Bank of Scotland.

2 Which sources of energy does the UK support in developing countries? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Renewables $1602.015 (£1018.446) 19%

Fossil fuels $3541.992 (£2251.743) 43%

Unspecified/ Mixed $3007.184 (£1911.751) 37%

Nuclear $82.502 (£52.449) 1%

3 Which fossil fuel sources receive support from the UK in developing countries? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Most of the support for fossil fuels provided by the UK was for oil and gas development - 79% - and 16% involved coal.

Coal $566.495 (£360.137) 16%

Efficiency $18.543 (£11.788) 1%

Other $152.238 (£96.782) 4%

Gas $685.655 (£435.890) 19%

Oil $247.415 (£159.289) 7%

Oil and gas $1871.646 (£1189.858) 53%

4 Which renewable energies receive support from the UK in developing countries? $/£ million, 2009-2013


About 19% of total UK energy support was for renewable energy. The largest proportion went to hydro-power (28%). About 5% ($20.85 million, £13.255 million) of this was for small-scale hydro. Energy efficiency accounted for 22%, and solar 12%.

Biomass $31.175 (£19.819) 2%

Biofuels $11.898 (£7.564) 1%

Other bioenergy $1.147 (£0.729) 0%

Efficiency $358.095 (£227.651) 22%

Geothermal $172.985 (£109.971) 11%

Hydro $442.461 (£281.285) 28%

Waste $3.471 (£2.207) 0%

Other RE $235.189 (£149.516) 15%

Solar $196.029 (£124.621) 12%

Wind $ 149.565 (£95.083) 9%

5 Which stages of energy delivery did UK support for energy go to? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Development of the power sector received the most support from HMG between 2009 and 2013. Electricity generation received 30% of the total support, and transmission and distribution received 18%. About 23% went to support exploration and extraction, predominantly of fossil fuels. About 7% the UK’s total support was in the area of research and policy development.

The energy sources involved in almost a third of the UK’s support for energy in developing countries cannot be clearly identified. This may be because several sources, including mixes of fossil fuels and renewables, are involved, or because the stage of energy service delivery does not directly involve an energy source. In addition, for 18% of the support the stage of energy service delivery is unspecified.

Note: The proportion of bilateral ODA and support through EU institutions for research and policy development was much higher, at about 24%. The impact of this kind of support on energy access for people in developing countries is indirect and longer-term, when compared with impact through other investments.

Generation $2441.391 (£1552.060) 30%

Exploration & Extraction $1885.407 (£1198.606) 23%

Transmission & distribution $1449.519 (£921.500) 18%

Unclear $1531.789 (£973.801) 18%

Point of use $292.947 (£186.235) 3%

Processing $77.476 (£49.254) 1%

Research & Policy $554.942 (£352.792) 7%

6 What kinds of support are used for energy in developing countries? $/£ million, 2009-2013


The UK provides bilateral and multilateral support for energy in developing countries in the form of grants, loans, equity investments, and guarantees.

Half of the total was provided in the form of loans, mostly through multilateral institutions. Almost a quarter (24%) was in the form of investment or export credit guarantees. About 18% of the total support for energy was grants.

Grants $1496.731 (£951.514) 18%

Loans $4170.933 (£2651.579) 51%

Guarantees $2043.493 (1299.106) 25%

Equity $521.000 (£331.214) 6%

Risk management $1.566 (£0.996) 0%

7 Which categories of developing countries receive the most UK support for energy? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Upper middle-income developing countries received the most support provided by the UK for energy between 2009 and 2013 - 45% of the total. Low-income countries received the least – 12%.

Low income countries $961.683 (£611.369) 12%

Lower middle income countries $2649.914 (£1684.624) 32%

Upper middle income countries $3732.385 (£2372.781) 45%

Regional and unspecified $889.740 (£565.633) 11%

8 Which regions receive the most UK support for energy? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Almost half of the UK government’s support for energy development was for Asia while only 10% went to Latin America and the Caribbean.

24% went to sub-Saharan Africa and 25% to central and south Asia, the two regions with the greatest numbers of people living without access to modern energy services.

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$451.89(£287.28) $321.22

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Between 2009 and 2013, the UK provided an estimated $699 million (£444 million) to improve access to energy services in developing countries. This was 8.5% of the total support for energy of $8.23 billion (£5.23 billion). Note: This figure may be an underestimate as “energy access” per se is not used as a reporting category in published aid statistics. UK support for energy access has thus been based on an assessment of individual projects. Projects financed by the MDBs and bilateral non-ODA support were assessed by Oil Change International (OCI) for their Shift the Subsidies dataset, using criteria developed by OCI.

9 How much of UK support for energy in developing countries goes to energy access? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Access $699.462 (£444.668) 8.5%

Other $7534.258 (£4789.738) 91.5%

The most significant channel for energy access is IDA, which accounted for 42% of the UK’s total energy access support between 2009 and 2013. Other channels for energy access were the African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank and DFID bilateral aid.

None of the funding through CDC, DECC, UKEF, EIB and MIGA went to support energy access.

Note: Energy access accounted for 27% of IDA’s total energy portfolio. The figure for UK energy access spend is in a similar range to the 7% figure estimated for the World Bank Group by OCI and the Sierra Club (2014) for period 2011 to 2013.

10 Which are the most important funding channels for energy access in developing countries? $ million, 2009-2013

Source: Estimate from OECD aid statistics & www.shiftthesubsidies.org

UKEFIDA

IBRDEBRDAsDBAfDB

EIBDFID

IFCDECC

CDCEDF

MIGACECCTFFCO

Devolved GovernmentsGEF

SREP

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Other Energy projects

Access projects

11 Which categories of developing countries receive the most UK support for energy access? $/£ million, 2009-2013


More than half of the UK’s support for energy access (57%) went to low income countries. This compares with 12% of the total UK support for energy in developing countries. Lower middle-income countries received 27.5% of energy access funding (compared with just over 24% of total UK energy support).

Low income countries $399.408 (£253.915) 57%

Lower middle income countries $192.639 (£122.466) 27.5%

Upper middle income countries $32.402 (£20.599) 4.6%

Unspecified and more $75.824 (£48.203) 10.8% than one income group

12 Which regions receive the most UK support for energy access? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Almost half (47%) of all of UK support for energy access went to sub-Saharan Africa, double the amount for total UK energy support (24%). The central and south Asia region received 25% of support for energy access. These are the two regions with the greatest numbers of people living without access to modern energy services.

Africa region $15.560 (£9.892) 2.2%

Sub-Saharan Africa $329.431 (£209.428) 47.1%

Middle East and North Africa $34.254 (£21.776) 4.9%

Global and unspecified $33.442 (£21.260) 4.8%

Central & South Asia $177.156 (£112.623) 25.3%

East Asia & Pacific $75.005 (£47.683) 10.7%

Latin America & Caribbean $34.127 (£21.695) 4.9%

13 Which energy sources were supported for energy access? $/£ million, 2009-2013


For over 50% of the support, the source of energy involved was either unspecified or covered a mix of energy sources (this figure includes UK support for access policy and research). Renewable energy accounted for 36.6% of the total support for energy access between 2009 and 2013, while fossil fuels accounted for 7%.

Fossil fuels $46.745 (£29.717 7%

Renewables $245.772 (£156.224) 35%

Efficiency $37.794 (£24.027) 5%

Mixed and unspecified $369.130 (£234.666) 53%

14 Which renewable energies receive support for energy access? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Geothermal energy received more UK support for access than any other kind of renewable energy, at 29%.

Bioenergy $5.314 (£3.378) 2%

Geothermal $71.447 (£45.421) 29%

Hydro $46.653 (£29.659) 19%

Solar $45.807 (£29.121) 19%

Wind $17.123 (£10.886) 7%

Mixed or unspecified $59.449 (£37.793) 24%

15 Which fossil fuels receive support for energy access? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Unconventional gas received the most support as a fossil fuel for energy access at 51%. Coal received 18%.

Oil $1.8242 (£1.1597) 4%

Coal $8.6683 (£360.137) 18%

Mixed $6.2064 (£3.945) 13%

Natural gas $6.3624 (£4.044) 14%

Unconventional gas $23.683 (£15.0564) 51%

16 Which stages of energy delivery does UK support for energy access go to? $/£ million, 2009-2013


Transmission and distribution was the stage of energy delivery that received most support for access, at just over 48%.

Generation $117.872 (£74.935) 16.9%

Transmission and distribution $336.668 (£214.029) 48.1%

Unclear or mixed $184.163 (£117.078) 26.3%

Point of use $7027 (£4.467) 1%

Research and policy $53.715 (£34.148) 7.7%

Table 1: UK support for energy in developing countries -Top Ten Countries $/£ million, 2009-2013

Country $ million £ million

1. Brazil 1750.566 1112.884

2. India 495.648 315.097

3. South Africa 481.357 306.012

4. Turkey 453.150 288.080

5. Vietnam 259.989 165.282

6. Nigeria 247.547 157.373

7. Egypt 230.040 146.243

8. Pakistan 214.834 136.576

9. Ukraine 214.495 136.360

10. Romania 198.561 126.231


Table 2: Top Ten Energy projects supported by the UK$/£ million, 2009-2013

The top ten projects which received the most support from the UK by value, through all channels (2009-13). Four out of the top 5 were concerned with fossil fuels.

UKEF funded the top project by value, support for Petrobras oil and gas exploration in the South Atlantic.


Project Channel UK support$ million

UK support£ million

1. Petrobras offshore oil and gas exploration and production facilities in the South Atlantic

UKEF 920.7 585.3

2. Medupi Power Project [Eskom Investment Support Project - coal plant] AfDB 227.9 144.9

3. Climate Investment Funds: Clean Technology Fund (CTF DECC 169.8 107.9

4. Petrobras exploration UKEF 147.4 93.7

5. Medupi Power Project [Eskom Investment Support Project - coal plant] IBRD 128.3 81.6

6. The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program

IDA 76.2 48.4

7. Public-Private Partnership for Renewable Energy Development (India) AsDB 60.7 38.6

8. International Carbon Capture and Storage (research) DECC 55.5 35.3

9. Vietnam Distribution Efficiency Project IDA 50.0 31.8

10. Tarbela Fourth Extension Hydropower Project (Pakistan) IDA 49.0 31.2

Table 3: UK support for energy access - Top Ten Countries $/£ million, 2009-2013

Over 70 countries received support for energy access from the UK. These 10 countries accounted for 61% of the total UK spending on energy access between 2009 and 2013. In five of these countries (Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali and Rwanda), energy access projects accounted for more than half of the total UK support received for energy.


Country $ million £ million Proportion of country’s support from the UK for energy

1. Ethiopia 82.893 52.697 99.7%

2. Kenya 73.693 46.849 53.8%

3. Bangladesh 69.921 44.451 37.5%

4. Vietnam 44.468 28.270 17.1%

5. India 35.538 22.592 7.2%

6. Afghanistan 28.681 18.233 78.0%

7. Morocco 22.833 14.516 16.4%

8. Nepal 19.253 12.240 43.1%

9. Rwanda 19.031 12.099 65.9%

10. Mali 18.955 12.050 89.0%

Table 4: UK support for energy access - Other countries$/£ million, 2009-2013 In 20 other countries, more than half of the total UK energy support was for access.

Country $ million £ million Proportion of country’s energy support from the UK going to access

1. Mozambique 11.009 6.999 52.05%

2. Haiti 10.670 6.783 82.06%

3. Benin 10.497 6.673 78.46%

4. Sri Lanka 8.982 5.710 59.98%

5. Yemen 6.836 4.346 99.97%

6. Papua New Guinea 4.738 3.012 55.94%

7. Palestinian Territories 1.989 1.264 66.64%

8. Bhutan 1.9529 1.242 98.90%

9. Myanmar 1.866 1.186 99.40%

10. Lesotho 1.4839 0.943 100.00%

11. Cambodia 1.440 0.915 85.89%

12. Central African Republic 1.359 0.864 56.46%

13. Guinea-Bissau 1.208 0.768 53.34%

14. Comoros 0.713 0.453 85.34%

15. Ecuador 0.327 0.208 53.30%

16. Belize 0.289 0.184 99.91%

17. Kiribati 0.254 0.161 67.37%

18. Niger 0.205 0.130 53.35%

19. Timor-Leste 0.126 0.080 52.54%

20. Vanuatu 0.023 0.015 100.00%


UK support for energy in developing countries graphs and pie charts

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