Ubiquitous Computing The Next Computing Generation Authors: Jelena Mirković, [email protected]...

Ubiquitous Computing

The Next Computing Generation

Authors:Authors: Jelena Mirković, [email protected] Ilić, [email protected] Bošnjaković, [email protected] Milutinović, [email protected]

“Ubiquitous Computing” University of Belgrade 2/53

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You will learn about: Past computing trends The major development trend –

Ubiquitous computing (UC) Facts and myths Hardware (HW) issues Legal & Social issues

Projects related to UC Aura Project

Coda, Odyssey, Spectra, Prism Mobile Phones Programming - JAVA MIDP


Intro

"Any technology sufficiently advanced is indistinguishable from magic.“

Arthur C. Clarke


The Essence Of Understanding

ComputersComputer – a job title!“Computer science is the only major branch of science that is named after a gadget.”[1].What matters is not technology itself, but its impact on us and vice versa.


The Major Trends in Computing

Mainframe (Past) 1:N one computer shared by many people

Personal Computer (Present) 1:1 one computer, one person

N:1 *Internet - Widespread Distributed Computing*

Ubiquitous Nk:1

Computing

many computers shared by each one of us [7]


Phase I - The Mainframe Era

Computers were a scarce resource run by experts behind closed doors.


Phase II - The PC Era

In 1984 the number of people using PCs surpassed that of people using mainframe computers.PC Era: You have your computer, it contains your stuff, and you interact directly and deeply with it. The PC is most analogous to the automobile.


Transition Phase - The Internet

The Internet brings together elements of the mainframe

era and the PC era.

Client = PC

Server = Mainframe


Phase III - The UC Era

The UC era will have lots of computers shared by each one of us. UC is fundamentally characterized by the connection of things in the world with computation.

Frequently used related terms: Pervasive computing, Wearable computers, Intelligent environment, Things That Think (T³),Wearware, Personal Area Networking (PAN).[3]


UC - Definition

Elements that define ubiquitous computing:[4]

1) Ubiquity/Pervasiveness – lots of devices2) Connectedness – the devices are networked3) Context-awareness – the system is aware of

the context of users4) Invisibility – device effectively becomes

invisible


UC – How To Understand It

UC goal: enhancing computer use by making many computers available throughout the physical environment, but making them effectively invisible to the user. Ubiquity– Everywhere– Adaptation to environment– Intuitive, transparent, natural interfaces


What UC is NOT

It is not science fiction (SF),though it relies a great deal on it.It is not impossible. It is not Virtual Reality (VR).It is not a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).It is not a personal agent (PA).


Early work in Ubiquitous Computing A vision of a future form of computing set forth by Mark Weiser (1991)• The computer has ceased to exist as a distinct entity and merged with the normal everyday objects that people use in their daily tasks.• The normal physical environment will become equipped with extreamly cheap but powerful devices for computing and networking.

The PARCTAB system: "tabs", "pads", and "boards" (forms of inch-, foot-, and yard-sized computers) built at Xerox PARC, 1988-1994.[8]MIT's AI-oriented "Things That Think" program[3]


UC – Here And Now

Most work now is concentrating on the mobile infrastructure for wireless networkingTCP/IP and OSI are unprepared for handling mobility (machine's name, and its network address are variant ).[6]“Calm Technology”: Calmness is a new challenge that UC brings to computing [7]“The Periphery”: Calm technology will move easily from the periphery of our attention, to the center, and back.


UC – Our Angle

The most powerful things are those that are effectively invisible to the user. Make a computer so embedded and so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it.Important issues: location and size: UC must know where they are

(Context-awareness, Legal issues); Hundreds of wireless UCs per person; Size: 1mm to wall size.


UC – Hardware Demands

Technology required for UC : Cheap, highly advanced VLSI technology (nanotech), Very low-power computers with convenient displays, Low-power, ultra-fast network for interconnection:

wireless end-points cellular topology wide-bandwidth range

Software systems for UC applications and support.


UC – The Prophecy

Whenever people learn how to use something sufficiently well, they stop being aware of it.Pushing computers into the background will make people more aware of those on the other end of link.UC will help resolve the problem of info overload.


UC – Privacy & SecurityWho will have the control: “the owner” or the central authority?How private can one be? Preserving privacy of location. [5] Morris's[2] rule: “Build computer systems to have the

same privacy safeguards as the real world.” Legal issues: “Burglar Problem”

Steganography “fingerprinting”

Social issues: “Problem of Restricted Individuality”.

Secure and reliable services


UC – Influence

Social issues: Decreased alienation Health: physical & psychological influence Privacy: power & control Global legality: digital law; equality or not? Business: benefit? transparency or not?


OverviewSo far you have learned: How to understand computers Trends in human-computer relationship Ubiquitous computing (UC)

What it is and what it is not How to understand UC and its significance Where UC was, where it is now,

and where it will be in the future

We have also discussed: Location and size questions Hardware demands and solutions Security and legal issues


Summary

“The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it. “

Mark Weiser


References[1] Bruce Sterling speech at the "CRA Conference on Grand Research Challenges in Computer Science and Engineering“, Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia June 23, 2002.[2] Jim Morris of Carnegie-Mellon University[3] MIT: http://www.mit.edu, http://oxygen.lcs.mit.edu/ [4] Mark Burnett, Chris P. Rainsford, Department of Defense, Australia, “A Hybrid Evaluation Approach for Ubiquitous Computing Environments”[5] Mark Weiser, “Some Computer Science Issues in Ubiquitous Computing”, July 1993.[6] Mark Weiser, “Ubiquitous Computing” IEEE Computer "Hot Topics", October 1993. [7] Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown, Xerox PARC“The Coming Age of Calm Technology ”, October 1996.[8] Xerox PARC: http://www.xerox.comUbicomp: http://www.ubiq.com [9] www.cs.hut.fi/Opinnot/Tik-86.161/2001_files/Merviranta.pdf [10] Computer History: http://www.computersciencelab.com/History.htm

Projects Related to UC

The Steps Towards the UC Society


Preview

You will learn about: Aura Project Mobile Phones Programming

Aura

Distraction-Free Pervasive Computing

Carnegie Mellon University


Aura’s starting points

Project by Carnegie Mellon University, USA[1]User of the Future will be preoccupied with real-world interactions. Human attention will become a scarce resourceComputers of the Future require certain level of pervasiveness


Aura

Involves:Wireless communication,Wearable or handheld computers,Smart spaces.

Introduces:[3]ProactivitySelf-tuning


Aura – Architecture

Aura consists of: [3]Coda – nomadic file accessOdyssey – resource monitoring Spectra – adaptive remote execution

mechanismPrism – support for proactivity and

self-tuning


Aura – WBA

Wireless bandwidth advisor (WBA) for: Monitoring (info gathering) Prediction (info producing)

Uses: SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) AP Segment Service AP Device Service


Aura – Coda

Uses: [3]Cyber ForagingSurrogate Servers

Possible solutions:Aggressive use of Caching

(Problem: Cache misses)Data staging[3]


Aura – Coda

Data staging:Prefatching for pervasive computingSnapshots “Caching trust rather than content”Privacy: end-to-end encryption

(DES, Triple-DES)


Aura – Odyssey

Features:Application-aware Adaptability[2]Shared OS-Application ResponsibilityFidelity[2]System Agility


Aura – Odyssey

Fidelity: Odyssey’s notion of data quality Degree to which a data used by a mobile

client matches the reference copy

Adaptability: Laissez-faire adaptation Application-transparent adaptation Application-aware adaptation (Odyssey)


Aura – Odyssey

Architecture:[2] InterceptorViceroy Set of Wardens:

Web wardenVoice warden


Aura – Prism

Aura’s most important capabilities: Supporting user mobility Protection from variations in resource

availability

Prism (task layer)– high-level support for: Proactivity Self-tuning


Aura – Prism

Prism’s architecture features: Context observation Environment management infrastructure Task explicit representation


Resources

[1] Project Aura, Carnegie Mellon University, http:// www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~aura[2] Brian Noble, University of Michigan, “System Support for Mobile, Adaptive Applications”, IEEE Personal Communications, February 2000.[3] David Garlan, Daniel P. Siewiorek, Asim Smailagic, Peter Steenkiste Carnegie Mellon University,“Project Aura: Toward Distraction-Free Pervasive Computing”, http://computer.org/pervasive

JAVA MIDP - CLDC

Mobile Phones Programming


INTRODUCTION

Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) - set of core Java APIs closely tied to a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) defines the Java language features

and the core Java libraries of the JVM

The Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) a set of Java APIs that together with the CLDC provides a complete J2ME application runtime

environment targeted at mobile information devices, such as cellular phones


Developing Applications with MIDP

MIDlet - an J2ME/MIDP platform application

Various sizes of displays, different keyboards,

and the "look and feel" of devicesIncoming phone call or SMS during the execution of a MIDletLosing network connection while a MIDlet is running


MIDP USER INTERFACE LEVELS


Nokia Series 30 User Interface

A monochrome or color display resolution of 96 x 65 pixels. A two-soft-key concept: left/right soft keys Send key End key scrolling keys



High-resolution color display and supports four-way scrolling Screen size 128 x 128 pixels and 4096 colorsImproved key applications like MMS, picture viewing, Java MIDP, Browser, Calendar, and personalization



UI style for imaging phonesA large color display well-suited to different kinds of applications; display size is 176 x 206 pixels The first product to use Nokia Series 60 UI style is Nokia 7650.



A two-hand-operated “feature concept” platformA color screen and abundant space for different types of applications


Nokia Developer's Suite for J2ME

Automated code generation tools, archive builders, and software development tools, including visual MIDP phone emulators. Integrated with either Borland's Jbuilderor Sun Microsystem's Forte for JavaUsed as a standalone


A SIMPLE EXAMLPE:

TIC TAC TOE

Phones having MIDlet application for TIC Tac TOE installedServer side application: Servlet for connecting players Game objects for keeping track of games

Emulated on Nokia 6310i – Nokia Series 30 User Interface


A SIMPLE EXAMLPE:

TIC TAC TOE


Downloading and Installing Java Applications to Nokia Phones

Applications pre-installed at the factory,Downloaded over a serial cable from a PC,Downloaded Over the Air (OTA) by an application such as a WAP browser OTA downloading is expected to be the most important way to download MIDlets to phonesFor example, Club Nokia will offer downloadable Java applications to Nokia mobile phone users.


OTA

DiscoveryInstallationJAD and JARfile attributesUpdatingRemoval

MIDlet deployment and lifecycle


Resources

http://www.nokia.comhttp://java.sun.com


Overview

You have learned about: Distraction-Free Pervasive Computing - Aura Mobile Phones Programming: JAVA MIDP - CLDC

Related projects: Data-centric vision of future computing –

Portolano Project (Xerox PARC & University of Washington) UC – education & entertainment – Geney, E³, FPS Oxygen Project (MIT) Wearable Computers “Endeavour” (Berkeley) Future client-centric pervasive approach – PSI (HP Labs) “CoolTown” (HP Labs)


Summary

“Our computers should be like our childhood: an invisible foundation that is quickly forgotten,but always with us, and effortlessly used throughout our lives.”

Mark Weiser

Ubiquitous Computing The Next Computing Generation Authors: Jelena Mirković, [email protected]...

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