Aleksandar Kovačević & Mina Mićanović1 Introduction to Mobile Computing Aleksandar Kovačević,...

Aleksandar Kovačević & Mina Mićanović 1

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Aleksandar Kovačević, [email protected] Mićanović, [email protected] Milutinović, [email protected]

Aleksandar Kovačević & Mina Mićanović 2 / 95

Wireless Mobile or Mobile Wireless?

• Wireless communication systems are type of communication system

• Dimensions of mobility:

The set of properties that distinguishes the mobile computing system from stationary computing system


Dimensions of Mobile Computing

• Location awareness• Network connectivity quality of service (QOS)• Limited device capabilities• Limited power supply• Support for a wide variety of user interfaces• Platform proliferation• Active transactions


Mobile Development Frameworks and Tools


Mobile Development Frameworks and Tools

• Fully Centralized

Frameworks and Tools• N-Tier Client-Server

Frameworks and Tools


Fully Centralized Frameworks and Tools

• Have custom-designed clients

• Embedded in nature

• Designed to do only one thing


Fully Centralized Frameworks and Tools

Applies:• QOS• Limiter power supply• Active transactions• Location awarenessDo not apply:• Platform proliferation• Limited device capabilities• Support for variety of user interfaces


Examples

• Call centers

• Battlefield systems

• Grocery store


N-Tier Client-Server Framework and Tools

• N-Tier -Any Number of Tiers – No Limits

• 3-Tier– Client (User Agent)– Application Server– Database


Basic problems

• Code portability

• Mobility


Needs

• Layer of Software

• Performance and system requirements


Selection of the Frameworks and Tools

• Thin-Client Wireless Client-Server

• Thick-Client Wireless Client-Server

• Stand-alone Applications


Thin-Client Wireless Client-Server

• Browser that loads markup code (Web-model)

• No concern about environment

• Server-side structure

• Example: WAP with his WML


Thick-Client Wireless Client-Server

• Client application-custom application• Using the client

as a means of storing data for the offline business logic performs

• Does not need to be centralized• Having thick clients is more difficult


Difficulties???

• Restricted resources• Deployment and provision problem

– Operating system or virtual machine– Programming environment


Examples

• Operating system – Windows CE– Symbian

• Virtual Machine – J2ME


Stand-alone Applications

• They do not need networking components

• Needs of synchronization with some external system

periodically


Some products Connectivity

PlatformStand-alone

Networked

Wired Wireless

Mobile Platforms

WAP

Symbian

BREW

Java

.NET


JAVA - features

• Object oriented language

• Complete code mobility

• Weak mobile agent ability

• It is a platform


J2ME

Addresses the needs of

two categories of devices:– Personal, mobile,

connected information devices (CLDC)– Shared, fixed,

connected information devices (CDC)


CLDC/MIDP Features(1)Providing:• a virtual machine

for providing language features• a security framework

for tasks such as downloading MIDlets (J2ME CLDC/MIDP applications)

*MIDP - Mobile Information Device Profile


CLDC/MIDP Features(2)

Providing: • a reasonable amount of functionality

for input and output• some internationalization capabilities• a reasonable amount of

networking capabilities


KVM Does not provide:

– Floating point arithmetic– Support for JNI– Thread grouping– Full-blown exception– Automatic garbage collection of

unused objects– Weak references


CLDC/MIDP features

• Providing a security framework for tasks such as downloading MIDlets (J2ME CLDC/MIDP applications)


CLDC/MIDP features

• Providing a reasonable amount of functionality for input and output


Internationalization capabilities

• Provides I/O stream readers that can handle different character encoding schemes

Two ways of internationalization:• Dynamic• Static


Profiles• The areas addressed by profiles

are the following:– Download and installation of application– Life-cycle management of application– User interface feature– Database functionality– Event handling


CLDC profiles

• MIDP (Mobile Information Device Profile)– Widely known and accepted

• Personal Digital Assistant Profile (PDAP)

• etc.


MIDPDesigned for devices with assumed characteristics• Small displays

(96x24,1:1 shaped pixels, depth 1bit)• Min 128kB of nonvolatile memory

(for storing application itself)• Wireless connection to the internet• Min of 8kB of nonvolatile memory

(for use by the application)• ITU-T phone keypad


Overview of the CLDC and MIDP Java APIs

• J2SE-like APIs – inherited from the J2SE environment– java.lang.*– java.io.*– java.util.*

• CLDC-specific APIs– javax.microedition.io (connector class)


Networking Capabilities

• J2SE assumes the availability of a TCP/IP connection

• CLDC defines a connection framework in its Java APIexample – WAP-style connections (WDP/UDP)


Review of MIDP APIs

• Timers– java.util.Timer– java.util.TimerTask

• Networking– HTTP implementation– javax.microedition.io.* holds

HttpConnection


Review of MIDP APIs

• Storage– javax.microedition.rms.*

(RMS-Record Management System) – for storing and retrieving data

• User Interface– javax.microedition.lcdui.*

user interface APIs to build interfaces for MIDlets


Hello MIDP example

For a J2ME class to qualify as a MIDlet, it has to do the following:1. Extend the MIDlet class2. Implement the following methods:

a) startApp()b) pauseApp()c) destroyApp(boolean b)


import javax.microedition.midlet.*;import javax.microedition.lcdui.*;public class HelloMIDP extends MIDlet implements

CommandListener {

public static final String HELLO = “Hello MIDP”;

private DIsplay mDIsplay;private Command mExit;

public HelloMIDP() {mDisplay = Display.getDIsplay(this);mExit = new Command(“Exit”, Command.SCREEN, 1);

}

Hello MIDP example


public void startApp() {TextBox myMessage = new TextBox(HELLO, HELLO, 256, 0);myMessage.addCommand(mExit);myMessage.addCommand((CommandListener) this);mDisplay.setCurrent(mDIsplay);}

public void pauseApp() {}public void commandAction(Command aCommand,

Displayable aDisplayHandle) {if (aCommand == mExit) {

destroyApp(false);}

}public void destroyApp(boolean b) {notifyDestroyed();

}}

}

Hello MIDP example


Sun’s Development Kit

Offers following components:• KToolbar (GUI)• Preverifier• Compiler• Emulators• Emulation of Performance


Dimensions of Mobility by CLDC and Profiles

• Location awareness– no treatment– javax.microedition.location

• Network QOS• Limited Device Capabilities• Limited Power Supply Management• Support for a Large Variety of User Interfaces• Platform proliferation• Active Transactions


XML & J2ME

Types of parsers:• Model Parsers• Push Parsers• Pull Parsers


Using UML to Model J2ME Applications

• Class Diagrams

• State Diagrams

• Component Diagrams

• Sequence Diagrams


CDC• Targeted at environments

where more than 512kB (usually about 2MB) of memory is available for the Java environment

• CDC Profiles are built on top of the Foundation Profile

• CDC has his own virtual machine (CVM-C Virtual Machine)

• CVM supports all of the features that the J2SE VM does


Java Card

• Smart cards – embedded processor or electronic memory device

• Java Card API – allows interoperability between different card readers/writes and cards regardless of the manufacturer and Java Card API implementer


Java Card


Three Types of Smart Cards

• IC (Integrated Circuit)

Memory Cards• IC Microprocessor Cards• Optical Memory Cards


JINI

Java Intelligence Network Infrastructure – a base technology for ad-hoc networking

Basic transaction that JINI provides:• Lookup• Discovery• Events• Leasing• Joining• Transaction Management


JINI Specification

• Most today’s implementations are not designed for mobile devices

• There are some that offer “mobilized JINI”– PSINaptic


Java-based Peer-to-Peer Protocol

JXTA – peer-to-peer protocol

Implementation on J2ME– Direct Implementation

(JXTA APIs - provided on J2ME device)– Indirect Implementation

(JXTA through proxies)


BREW

BREW (Binary Run-time Environment for Wireless)

• It is built directly on hardware

• Software Development Kit (SDK)


BREW SDK Overview• http://www.qualcomm.com/brew

– register as a developer– download BREW SDK– offered only as a integrate set of components with MS Visual C++ 6.0

• You get this applications– BREW MIF Editor– BREW Device Configurator– BREW Emulator– BREW Image Authoring Tool– BREW ARM Compiler– Image Converter– BREW Resource Editor– BREW Pure Voice Converter– BREW AppLoader– BREW Grinder– BREW TestSig Generator and AppSigner

http://www.qualcomm.com/brew


Building and Deploying a BREW Application

• Download the SDK and get started• Obtain a Verisign Class 3 certificate• Get a BREW phone• Register as a BREW developer• Obtain a Class ID for your application• Perform a unit test and send it to a testing lab• Perform a pricing and carrier evaluation


Download SDK

and Start

Unit Test

Obtain Class 3 Certificate from

Verisign

Get a BREW

Phone

Pricing and Carrier Evaluation

True BREW Test Get a Class ID

DevelopDone No

Yes


Hello BREW

• AEEClsCreateInstance– BREW Run-time environment

• HelloBREW_HandleEvent– EventHandler


Architectural Concerns About BREW Application

• Everything in BREW is event driven (tight coupling to the hardware platform)

• Two groups of APIs you can use:– those provided by qualcomm– those provided by third-party vendors

• BREW API is still developing in C


Windows CE

Different flavors of the Windows CE OS, depending onhardware platform.• Pocket PC• Windows CE .NET• Pocket PC 2002


Tools to build Applications

• Embedded Visual C++– separate from Visual Studio– Emulators and a debugger is provided– exception handling, run-time debugging

• Embedded Visual Basic– can be developed faster– no ability to be tuned and optimized

for resource-starved mobile devices• Smart Device Extensions for .NET• Microsoft Mobile Internet Toolkit


eMbedded Visual C++

Compilers available for:• ARM• MIPS• Intel’s x86• PowerPC• Hitachi processors


eMbedded Visual C++

Provides:• a subset of the Win32 APIs

for building Windows CE applications• a subset of the MFC

(Microsoft Foundation Classes) libraries• a set of classes specific

to the Windows CE platform


Things You Should keep in mind

• Graphics are expensive• Use events instead of polling when possible• Economize with your memory (saving power)• Provided functionality of getting the status

of the Power Consumption– useful for testing application– useful to change behavior of application

• Clean up memory resources whenever you get WM_HIBERNATE event


Databases on Windows CEThree ways to store data:• MS SQL Server Windows CE Edition

– most functionality– takes the most resources– offers only subset of its desktop/server version

• views• stored procedure

• CEDB– small and simple database– it’s not relational database

• File System– fewer resources– increases the application


Windows CE and Web Services

• Importance of XML-based Web Service• .NET has Web Service-based functionality

based on two key technologies:– WSDL (Web Service Definition Language)– SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)


Microsoft Smart Phone

• Microsoft Smart Phone 2002, Microsoft's attempt to enter the mobile technology market

• It can host custom applications written using smart phone SDK. SDK is provided as a plug-in for eVC


WAP• WAP – Wireless Application Protocol• Installed on almost every mobile phone

Basics about WAP:• WAP is intended for thin clients

– all logic calculated on the server– simple display instructions in some markup language

are done by the client• WAP is built on its own lower level communication protocol• Typical deployment of WAP includes a proxy or a gateway• WAP is a complete framework for a mobile applications


WAP Architecture• It’s a client-server Architecture• Implementation standards

– for client to interpret content– communication mechanisms

between the clients and the servers– additional required features in the server

(particulary proxy servers)• Communication functionality

between clients and server:– Handling of Telephony on the Device– Push


Application

Server

WAP Proxy /

Gateway

Basic Communication Architecture in WAP

WAP Client

WSP,WTP,WTLS,WDP

HTTP/HTTPS


WAP UIDeveloping WML pages

WML – Mark-up language rendered by the WAP micro browsersAdvantages over HTML• WML tag is smaller• WML is XML compliant• WML is designed for small monochrome screens

– allows breaking a page into a deck of cards– allows client-side navigation between the cards

• WML has mark-up tags that allow interacting with the telephony

Disadvantages• Most content on Internet is in HTML• Conversion of HTML to WML is not easy process

– WAP 2.0 fixes that using XHTML that is well-formed and using XML techniques like XSLs to convert XHTML to WML


WAP Proxies and Gateways

• A server that supports WAP and HTTP

• Difference between the proxy and the gateway: user can determine will he use proxy


WAP Gateways (1)

Features of WAP Gateways:• Security

– Handoff point between WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security) to external security mechanisms (SSL)

• Network Access– Access point– Controlled access by Network Provider

• Protocol Conversions– Converting WSP (Wireless Session Protocol)

to HTTP


WAP Gateways (2)• Caching

– Extremely aggressive caching– cache expire must be set manually– reduces the pervasiveness of content

• Preparation of Content and Scripts– Gateway encodes WML

into Compiled WML (WMLC)– WMLScript must be compiled

before being sent to client• Functionality offered through WAP 2.x

– offering model of connectivity that puts increasingly less functionality into the proxy


MMSMMS - Multimedia Messaging Services• WAP MMS is a standard• Overview:

– Presentation• handled through SMIL

(Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language)– Addressing

• two addresses:– address of the MMS Proxy-relay– address of the recipient user and terminal

– Delivery is possible through variety of interfaces.These include the following:

a. MMS proxy-relayb. Standard email interface (supports any email protocol)c. Legacy wireless messaging systems


WAP Push• Based on Push Access Protocol (PAP)• Push operationWAP push event do the following:• The mobile device connects

and registers to Master Pull Proxy• Application Server establishes a connection to PPG

through PAP protocol• The content being pushed can be a multipart document

following the MIME format• The user agent profile is accessed. • The message is then sent to PPG• The devices receives the message


Security

• WAP does not have application authorization

• Offers guaranteed authentication of user devices

• Offers guaranteed integrity of transactions


Symbian EPOC

• Symbian OS 7.0 supports:MMS, HTTP, SyncML, SMS, Mobile IP, IrDA, and Bluetooth

• It has free SDK (supported languages: C++ and Java)

• Designed more as a PDA OS


Publishing Frameworks

• Presenting content in several different formats• Matching the type of document

requested with the type of document available (or one that may need to be generated at run time)

• Modularized infrastructure that separates the various components of the framework, the processing components, and the content


Publishing Frameworks

Examples:• Apache’s Cocoon

– best known publishing framework today– written in Java, supports ASP, Java and XSL (and many other)

• IBM’s Wireless Transcoding Publisher

They treat the user interface problems presented by the following:• Proliferation of mobile devices• Localized and Internationalized user interfaces• Selection of segments of multichannel content• Selection and composition of content based

on device information


Cocoon

• Open-source – widely accepted• Got his name from the movie• Cocoon’s Architecture aim to separate:

– content– style (the formatting of content)– logic (how content is generated or chosen)– management of content (creating content)


Cocoon’s Architecture

XHTML

PDF

VXML

WML

XML

Binary

Java

Transformers

Generators Serializers


Generators

• Take static/dynamic content• Generate XML in the form of SAX eventsThere are series of generators:• File generator• Server pages generator• JSP generator• Request generator


Transformers

• Xalan – XSL transformation engine

• XSLs are not platform dependent or language dependent


Serializer

• Responsible for publishing to the client through HTTP response

• FOPSerializer (Converts HTML to PDF)

• SVG Serializer


IBM Wireless Transcoding Publisher

• Focusing on product, IBM Wireless Everyplace Suite

• Integrated environment with IBM’s Websphere Application Server

• Our focus is on pervasive and mobile aspects of this suite and comparison with Cocoon


Overview of IBM Everyplace Suite

Addresses issues like:• wireless connectivity• content management

for wireless clients• wireless security• provisioning and device management


Comparison of the WTP and Cocoon

• WTP offers better functionality in converting HTML to any other markup language than Cocoon

• WTP offers custom transformers that convert variety of image formats

• WTP offers a set of WAP devices that allow very simple publishing of HTML and XML content to WML-enabled devices

• Very rich set of tools for developers


Other Tools

• Asynchronous Messaging Systems

• UML Tools


XML for Mobile Computing


XML and Mobile Applications

• Mobile applications should understand and be able to manipulate XML content

• Mobile applications use XML to facilitate their implementations


Key XML Technologies for Mobile Computing

• XHTML• VXML

– designed for voice user interfaces– allows specification of a command-based voice dialog

through a markup language• WML• XForms• CCXML• XML Pipeline• WBXML• SSML• RDF


CCXML

Call Control Extensible

Markup Language– Application of XML

for managing voice calls– It focuses on routing the calls

and connecting calls (in contrast to VXML)– It is based on Java Telephony APIs (JTAPI)


XML Pipeline

• It specifies how to process various XML resources

It can be thought in two different contexts:• It specifies the flow of processing instructions

that are applied to one or more given documents residing on the host

• It specifies the flow of processing instructions that are applied to a variety of XML documents, residing at a variety of hosts


Sample XML Pipeline Document

<?xml version=“1.0”><pipeline xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/2002/02/xml-pipeline”

xml:base=“http://www.cienecs.com/Examples/XMLPipeline”>

<param name=“target” select=“’result’” />

<!– This section defines the processes and links them to their definitions (typically some hint to the controller on where and how to start off the processes). We chose Java for our examples, so the definition is in terms of Java classes. --!>

<processdef name=“selector” definition=“com.cienecs.mobile.http.get_content_selector” /><processdef name =“selector_content”

definition=“com.cienecs.mobile.http.get_content_generator” /><processdef name=“authenticator” definition=“com.cienecs.mobile.security.authenticator

($username) ($password)” /><processdef name=“transformer” definition=“com.cienecs.mobile.transformer.xslt” />

<!– For our example, we chose a set of processes that select some content based on the user’s request. SO, the first thing to do is to find the content that the user requested. --!>

<process id=“3” type=“selected_content” ><input name=uti_param_1” label=“content_finder_param_1” /><input name=“uri_param_2” label=“content_finder_param_2” /><output name=“cresult” label=“generic_content_URI” /></process>


Sample XML Pipeline Document

<!– For our example, we want to transform the content based on the device that the user is using. SO, we need to fire off a process that finds out the user’s device type.. --!>

<process id=“1” type=“selector” >

<input name=“deviceId” label=“unique_device_id” />

<input name=“ccpp_header_string” label=“ccpp_header_string” />

<output name=“result” label=“device_type” />

</process>

<!– Now, based on the user’s device type and the selected content, we can find the right type of transformer and transform the content properly. --!>

<process id=“2” type=“transformer” >

<input name=“device_type” label=“device_type” />

<input name=“generic_specific_URI” label=“generic_content_URI” />

<input name=“authenticated” label=“authenticated” />

<output name=“device_specific_content” label=“device_specific_content” />

</process>

</pipeline>


XML PipelineRecognize type of processes:• Constructive processes produce new information• Augmenting processes add new types (definitions)

of information• Inspection processes look

at the content of a document• Extraction processes copy

a part of the document that they look into• Packaging processes are distributed processes

that address the processing of distributed resources


WBXML

• WAP Binary Extensible Markup Language• Defines a way to represent XML

in 0’s and 1’s instead of text• KXML (parse WBXML)


SSML

• Synthetic Speech Markup Language

• It is used for the infrastructure of the voice user interface


RDF

• Resource Description Framework• Created specifically:

– to allow discovery of various resources– indexing them – creation of resources

that are made up of other RDF resources by simply nesting the RDF descriptions

• RDF is part of Semantic Web.


Thank You for Your Attention

Aleksandar Kovačević & Mina Mićanović1 Introduction to Mobile Computing Aleksandar Kovačević,...

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