u01 History and Science Slides 2011

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Introduction to the History

and Science of PsychologyUnit 1


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History and Scopemodule 1


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Psychology isthescientificstudyofbehaviorand

mentalprocesses.


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Greco-Roman

Plato & Socrates

Mind/ body split Knowledge is innate

Aristotle

Mind/ body unity

Knowledge from experience


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The Scientific Revolution

Rene Descartes

Mind/ body splitFrancis Bacon

Scientific Method

John Locke

Tabula rasa

Empiricism}


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Structuralism Functionalism

Focus

Method

Names


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Structuralism Functionalism

FocusStructure of the

mind

Function or

purpose

Method introspectionEvolutionary

analysis

NamesWilhelm Wundt

&

Edward Tichner

William James


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Psychodynamics

Sigmund Freud

Cognitive

Ivan Pavlov Jean Piaget

Behavioral

John Watson

BF Skinner


10/77BigIssues

Stabilityvs

Change


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12/77BigIssues

Naturevs

Nurture


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Biolo

gic

ali

nfluence

Psycholog

ica

linfluence

Socio-cultural influences


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Neuroscience

Evolutionary

BehaviorgeneticsPsychodynamic

Behavioral

Cognitive

Social-culturalPsycholo

gicalP

erspec

tives


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Describe

Understand

Predict

Control

GoalsofPsycholog

y


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BAvsMAvsPhDvsPsyD


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Basic research

Developmental

Cognitive

Behavioral

Social

Sensation

Perception


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Applied research

industrial/ organizational psychology

counseling

clinical psychology

forensic psychology


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Thinking Critically with

Psychologymodule 2


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True or False?

1. If you want to teach a habit that persists,

reward the desired behavior every time.

2. Most abused children do not become abusive

adults.

3. Fear of the number 13 and flowers are just as

easy to acquire as fear of snakes and heights.

4. Adopted children tend to exhibit the personality

of their biological parents more than their

adopted families.


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Demo


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Hindsight Bias

The I-knew-it-all-along Phenomenon


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Overconfidence Effect


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ScientificMethod

Theory

HypothesisStudy

Observation

REPL

ICATION


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NoUnnecessary

Harm

InformedConsent&RightofRefusalDebriefing

RighttoPrivacyResearch

Ethics


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Psychology and Researchmodule 3


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Case Study


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Phineas Gage


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Survey


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As you know the term Holocaust refers to

the killing of millions of Jews in Nazi death

camps during World War II. Does it seempossible or impossible to you that the

extermination of the Jews never happened?

Yes or No?


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False Consensus Effect


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Population


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Random Sample


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Longitudinal Studyvs

Cross-sectional Study


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Naturalistic Observation


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http://www.flickr.com/photos/73645804@N00/2458666314/


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Correlation

A measure of the degree to which two variableschange in sync, and therefore how well one

predicts the other.

r


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r> 0 r< 0

Range: -1 to 1


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Grades Time spent studying

Height Parents height

Cigarettes smoked Chance of developinglung cancer

Supply Demand

Family income Psychological disorders


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Scientists have linked television-watching with

childhood obesity. In fact, the degree of obesityrises 2 percent for each hour of television viewed

by those aged 12 to 17, according to a study in

the Journal of the American Academy ofPediatrics. One explanation is that TV watching

results in less exercise and more snacking (often

on the high-calorie, low-nutrition foods pitched incommercials). What are some alternative

explanations for the correlation?


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Children with high self-esteem also tend to have

high academic achievement. Why is this? Somemight argue that a healthy self-concept boosts

school achievement. Others are convinced that

high achievement produces a favorable self-image. Reports of a recent nationwide sample

indicate neither is true. In other words, self-

esteem and achievement are not causallyconnected. There is still a positive correlation

between the two though explain.

Its cold


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Its cold

outside; put a

sweater on oryoull get sick.ILLU

SORY

CORRELAT

ION


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Pattern recognition

Survival mechanism

Order in random events

Superstitions

Athletes and rituals


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Correlation

does notequal

causation.


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Experimentation


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Hypothesis:

Food affects learning

Operationalized hypothesis:

Students who eat an oatmeal raisin cookie

five-minutes prior to class each day will

have higher average scores on the semester

Final than students who do not.


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Eating cookies before class each day will leadto higher average scores on the Final.

Variables?


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Eating cookies before class each day will leadto higher average scores on the Final.

Variables?


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Eating cookies before class each day will lead

to higher average scores on the Final.

Dependent variable:

the outcome factor

Independent variable:

the experimental factor Eating cookies

Higher average scores


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Students

Random

selection?


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ExperimentalGroup

ControlGroup

Random assigned students


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ExperimentalGroup

Randomly assigned students

ControlGroup

Eating

cookies


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ExperimentalGroup

ControlGroup

Eating

cookies

Plac

ebo

Randomly assigned students


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ExperimentalGroup

ControlGroup

Eating

cookies

Plac

ebo


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ExperimentalGroup

ControlGroup

Eating

cookies

Plac

ebo


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92%average

88%average

Whats the possibility that these differences

are the result of chance?


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In Psychology, the difference between the Control and

Experimental group are significant if the likelihood ofthem being the result of chance is less than 5%.

p-value 0.05


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Review

Independent vs Dependent variable

Control vs Experimental group

Random selection & Random assignment

Placebo

Statistical significance


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Statistics


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Mean

mathematical average

Mode

most frequently occurring score

Median

middle score in a distribution

Range

difference between smallest &

largest valuesCent

ralTe

ndency


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3* 5*

7274

77

7980

82

84

85

87

6060

70

7080

90

90

100

100

Aretheclassese

quallyskilled?


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StandardDeviation: variance around the mean

of (deviations)2

number of scores



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ScoreDeviation from the

MeanSquared Deviation

72

74

77

79

80

82

8485

87

Sum of deviation: 204

-8

-6

-3

-1

0

+2

+4+5

+7

64

36

9

1

0

4

1625

49


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deviations( )2

n

=


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deviations( )2

n

=

204

9


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deviations( )2

n

=

204

9 5.049



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ScoreDeviation from the

MeanSquared Deviation

60

60

70

70

80

90

90100

100

Sum of deviation: 2000

-20

-20

-10

-10

0

+10

+10+20

+20

400

400

100

100

0

100

100400

400


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deviations( )2

n

=


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deviations( )2

n

=

2000

9


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deviations( )2

n

=

2000

914.907

3* 5*


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3* 5*

72

74

77

79

80

8284

85

87

60

60

70

70

80

9090

100

100

Arethe

classese

quallyskilled?

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