U · Web viewU. Ubrizsy, Gábor (Gabriel) (Ungvár, now Uzhhorod, Ukraine, 23 September 1919 -...
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U Ubrizsy, Gábor (Gabriel) (Ungvár, now Uzhhorod, Ukraine, 23 September 1919 - Budapest, 25 May 1973) – Mycologist and herbalist. In 1941, he obtained a B.A. Degree from the University of Debrecen, majoring in Biology, Geography and Chemistry; he worked there under Antal (Anthony) Gulyás. For a short time (1940 to 1944), when Northern Transylvania was returned to Hungary by the Second Vienna Award, he worked at the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania); later, in 1949, he became a correspondent for the Institute of Phytopathology at the University of Debrecen, participating in its development of the Research Institute of Plant Protection. 2893
Transcript of U · Web viewU. Ubrizsy, Gábor (Gabriel) (Ungvár, now Uzhhorod, Ukraine, 23 September 1919 -...
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Ubrizsy, Gábor (Gabriel) (Ungvár, now Uzhhorod, Ukraine, 23 September 1919 - Budapest, 25 May 1973) – Mycologist and herbalist. In 1941, he obtained a B.A. Degree from the University of Debrecen, majoring in Biology, Geography and Chemistry; he worked there under Antal (Anthony) Gulyás. For a short time (1940 to 1944), when Northern Transylvania was returned to Hungary by the Second Vienna Award, he worked at the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania); later, in 1949, he became a correspondent for the Institute of Phytopathology at the University of Debrecen, participating in its development of the Research Institute of Plant Protection. He was its Director until 1969. Thereafter, he acted as scientific advisor and titular professor. In 1968, he was President of the Mycological Section of the National Forestry Association (OEE). From 1971, he was a member of the British Mycological Society. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding 1965, ordinary 1973), and member of a number of societies in Hungary and abroad, e.g. a member of the Centre International des Antiparasitaires (International Center for Pesticides – Nemzetközi Növényvédőszeri Központ) of Zürich from 1955; from 1960, a specialist consultant for the European Plant Protection Organization and, from 1966, a presidium member of the European Weed Research Council. Later in life, he was engaged in herbal studies and in environmental protection problems. His main research fields were: plant pathology, mycology; ecology and cenology of large mushrooms, and the systematics of micro-mushrooms; also ecology and cenology of weeds and integral plant protection. His international prestige is shown by the naming after him of several mushroom species and genera. His works include Plant Pathology (Növénykórtan) (1952, 1965); The Large Mushrooms of Hungary (Magyarország nagygombái) (1953); Agricultural Mycology (Mezőgazdasági mykológia) (1968), and Pesticides – Blessing and Curse? (Peszticidek – áldás és átok?) (1969). He received the Clausius Memorial Medal and Diploma (1971), and the Kossuth Prize (1951). – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456
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Udránszky, László (Ladislas) (Budatin, near Zsolna, now Žilina, Slovakia, 12 October 1862 - Budapest, 21 March 1914) – Physician and physiologist. He received his Medical Degree from the University of Budapest in 1883, where he became an Intern at the Clinic for Internal Medicine. From 1886, he practiced at Strasbourg under Felix Hoppe-Seyler; later at Freiburg, where he became an honorary lecturer (privatdozent) in 1889. From 1890, he worked as a demonstrator at the Clinic for Internal Medicine of the University of Budapest, and Head of the Clinical Laboratory. In 1891, he became an honorary lecturer in Medical Chemistry. In 1892 at the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) he was Professor of Biology, lecturing in biology and pathological chemistry. From 1909 to 1914 he was Professor of Biology at the University of Budapest. He is internationally known by the reaction developed and clarified by him to detect carbohydrates. He proved that glycerin is formed as the main product during fermentation. He determined the chemical structure of putrescin, the presence of ptomains in the cystinuria urine. He clarified the formation of urohelanin. He carried out important research in the field of temperature sensation and vision. He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1909). His works include Über die Identität des Putrescins und des Tetramethylendiamins (1888) and The Biology of Vision (A látás élettana) (1909). His researches are significant in the sensation of heat and on vision. – B: 0883, 1730, T: 7456.
Udvardy, Anna (Unatínska, Unatinszky) (Piraeus, Greece, 25 July 1927 - Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia, 20 April 1987) – Actress. She was born in Greece; at the age of 7 she moved to Budapest with her parents. In 1946 she completed her studies at the School of Dramatic Art of the National Actors’ Association, Budapest. Thereafter, she pursued further studies at the Conservatory of Music in Prague. She worked as a draughtswoman in Karlovy Vary from 1946 to 1948. From 1952 to 1986, she worked as an actor for the Hungarian Regional Theater of Rév-Komárom (now Komarno, Slovakia) (Magyar Területi Színház). She played the trials and tribulations of women’s fate with high-standard articulation and refined acting. Her roles included Eliza in J. B. Molière’s The Miser (A fösvény); Timea in M. Jókai - I. Fellegi’s The Golden Man (Az Aranyember); Beatrice in J. Heltai’s The Silent Knight (A néma levente); Luiza in F. Schiller’s Love and Intrigue (Ármány és Szerelem); Angustias in Garcia Lorca’s The House of Bernarda Alba (Bernanda Alba háza); Mother in Čapek’s The Mother (Anya); Kamilla in E. Szigligeti’s Liliomfi, and Baroness Plankerhorst in M. Jókai - Gy. Kopányi’s Sons of the Stone-hearted Man (A kőszívű ember fiai). – B: 1445, 1890, T: 7456.
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Udvardy, Erzsébet (Elizabeth) (Baja, 27 December 1929 - ) – Painter. She was born into a teacher’s family. In the last year of high school, she was a student of the free school of Gyula (Julius) Rudnay at Baja. Between 1948 and 1953 she studied in the class of Aurél Bernáth of the Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest. Her tutors were Géza Fónyi and Endre (Andrew) Domanovszky. She taught Art History at the Klára Leöwey Teachers’ Training College, Budapest. Between 1960 and 1963, she studied on a Derkovics scholarship. One of the subjects of her painting is the scenery around Lake Balaton, and the life of people living there. Except for József (Joseph) Egry, there hasn’t been such an inspired and individual immortalizer of the world of Lake Balaton as she. The Bible and the Church inspired the other subjects of her paintings. Her creations of religious art have found place in numerous churches and church-related buildings. In the St. Imre (Emeric) Parish Church of Toma, three panels, depicting the story of suffering can be seen: The Last Supper (Az utolsó vacsora), The Night at Gethsemane, and the Resurrection (Getszemáni Éjszaka, és a Feltámadás). The creations at the Saint Anthony Chapel (Szent Antal kápolna) of Badacsonyörs were completed in 1975-1976. It was in 1957 that her work entitled Iconostasis with Hungarian Saints (Ikonosztázia Magyar Szentekkel) was created and installed at the Saint Ladislas Chapel (Szent László Kápolna) at Ábrahámhegy. Udvardi’s works can be seen in numerous churches and public buildings: in Veszprém, Keszthely, Lesencefalu, Tapolca, and also in the Franciscan Convent of Sümeg and Balatonakarattya. The third range of her works call to mind moments of a vanished historical past. Her paintings are projections of clean radiance, where even the paint turns into light; the use of oil paint, gold leaf foil and silver foil together make them unique. Since 1953, she appears continuously at individual and collective exhibitions at home and abroad. Among her creations, most are to be found in Badacsonytomaj and its environs, and also in public collections: in the museums of Székesfehérvár, Szolnok, Keszthely, at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and the Hungarian National Gallery. Her works were awarded with many prizes, including the Egry Prize (1966), the Munkácsy Prize (1969), the Meritorious Artist and the Outstanding Artist titles (1975, 1981), the Artist’s Award of the Saint Fortunatus Knighthood of Mainz (1989), the Award for Hungarian Art (1990, 1999), the Kossuth Prize (1999), and the Pro Cultura Christiana Prize (2009). – B: 0874, 1484, 1654, T: 7684.→Rudnay, Gyula; Bernáth, Aurél; Domanovszky, Endre; Egry, József.
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Udvardy, Tibor (Budapest, 4 September 1914 - Balatonboglár, 16 July 1981) – Opera singer (tenor). He graduated from the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest in 1939; then he signed a contract with the Budapest Opera House. His first performance was the title role in Ferenc (Francis) Erkel’s opera, Hunyadi Lászó. For many years he was the soloist at the Inner City Parish Church of Budapest. On the occasion of the opening of the Opera House after World War II, he sang the tenor solo in Z. Kodály’s Psalmus Hungaricus. His opera and operetta performances have been recorded on numerous occasions. Foreign performances include Vienna, Moscow and the USA. His main roles included Wagner's Lohengrin and Sigfried; Britten's Peter Grimes; Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin; Cavadarossi in Puccini's Tosca; Pinkerton in Puccini’s Madama Butterfly, and Alfred in Verdi's La Traviata. He was a versatile singer. His repertory included lyric characters as well as dramatic ones. He was an eminent oratorio singer as well. He was a recipient of the Liszt Prize (1952) and the Merited Artist title (1955). – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7667.→Erkel, Ferenc; Kodály, Zoltán. Udvarhelyi, Miklós (Nicholas) (Tiszaabád, 1790 - Pest, 14 January 1864) – Actor, singer (bass), theater director and manager. He graduated from the Reformed College of Debrecen and studied Reformed Theology at Debrecen, what he gave up to follow a theatrical career. In 1813 he was already a member of the Second Hungarian Theatrical Company in Pest. Together with Ádám Láng, he tried to establish a permanent Hungarian theatrical life. In 1824 he was an actor at the Theater of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). From 1827, as its director, he founded the first Opera Company and played an important role in the production of the operas of József (Joseph) Ruzitska. From 1828 to 1835 he was a member of the Troupe of Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). In 1833, he chose as his farewell play József (Joseph) Katona’s great historical drama, Bánk bán, which turned out to be its world première. From 1835 to 1837, he was a member of the Ensemble of Buda; and between 1837 and 1861, he was a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest. During 1852-1853 he managed the staging of operas. By donating his extensive score collection, he contributed significantly to the development of the music score collection of the National Theater. He was one of the decisive, pioneering figures of Hungarian theatrical life. His roles included Kálmán in Ruzitska’s Béla’s Flight (Béla futása); Mikhál in Katona’s Bánk bán; Basilio in Rossini’s The Barber of Seville (A szevillai borbély); Gloster in Shakespeare’s King Lear (Lear király); Don Fernando in Beethoven’s Fidelio; Palatine Gara in Erkel’s Hunyadi László, and Zakarias in Verdi’s Nabucco. His book is entitled: Data on the History of Hungarian Acting (Adatok a magyar színészet történetéhez) (1860). He was one of the pioneers of the Hungarian theatrical art. – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7456.→Katona, József.
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Udvaros, Béla (Budapest, 10 January 1925 - ) – Theater manager. He began his career in 1951 when, on a scholarship, he became Manager at the Hungarian People’s Army Theater (A Magyar Néphadsereg Színháza). From 1953 to 1957 he worked at the Mme. Déry Theater (Déryné Színház), then as Manager at the József Katona Theater (Katona József Színház) of Kecskemét until 1973. From 1974 until 1985, he was Manager at the Jókai Theater of County Békés. In the autumn, his new initiative, the Gospel Theater (Evangéliumi Színház) was started. During his career he managed more than one thousand drama evenings, in which he mostly popularized contemporary plays. His roles include F.R. Čapek’s The White Disease (A fehér kór); Chekhov’s Three Sisters (Három nővér); Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája); Sophocles’ Electra, and Ben Jonson’s Volpone (Italian for “sly fox”). Since 1990, he has been the Founder, Artistic Director and Manager of the Evangelical Theater (Evangéliumi Színház), where his stage management has included Hone Kouka’s The Prophet (A próféta); Jenő Heltai’s One Penny (Egy fillér); Gyula Illyés’ Torch-flame (Fáklyaláng); G. Bernard Shaw’s Saint Joan (Szent Johanna), and Magda Szabó’s Day of Saint Bartholomew (Szent Bertalan nappala). He was awarded the Hungarian Heritage Prize. – B: 1445, 1506, T: 7456.
Udvaros, Dorottya (Dorothea) (Budapest, 4 August 1954 - ) – Actress. On completing her studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art in 1978, she was contracted to the Szigligeti Theater (Szigligeti Színház) in Szolnok. In 1981, she was a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) in Budapest and, from 1982, of the József Katona Theater (Katona József Színház) in Budapest. Since 2002, she has been a member of the National Theater in Budapest. A ceaseless sweep of complex color- and voice-alterations characterize her playing. Her roles include Ala in Mrożek’s Tango; Lena in Trifonov’s The Exchange; Cressida in Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida; Rosalinda in Shakespeare’s As You Like It (Ahogy tetszik); Natalia Ivanovna in Chekhov’s Three Sisters (A három nővér); Sofia Yegorovna in Chekhov’s Platonov; Celimene in Molière’s Misanthrope (A Mizantróp/Embergyűlölő), and Alkmene in H.v. Kleist’s Amphitryon. She played the leading role in more than 60 feature and TV films, including Evil Men (Rossz emberek) (1972); Lost Illusions (Elveszett illúziók) (1982); Colonel Redl (Redl ezredes) (1985); Miss Arizona (1987); Meeting with Venus (Találkozás Vénusszal) (1991); Girls (Csajok) (1995); Next (2000); Hungarian Beauty (Magyar szépség) (2003); Ciao Bambino (2005), and The Inheritance of Esther (Eszter hagyatéka) (2008). Her TV films include Police (Rendőrség) (1976); Mednyánszky (1978); Petőfi (1981-series); Tihamér (1989); Családi nyár (Family Summer) (1996), and This Kid Takes After Whom? (Kire ütött ez a gyerek?) (2007). She was awarded a number of prizes, including the Mari Jászai Prize (1983), the Montreal Festival Prize (1964), the Vevey Festival Prize (1985), the Erzsébet Prize (1988, 1989), the Déryné Prize (1995) the For Hungarian Art Prize (1998), the Gundel Art Prize (2004), and the Kossuth Prize in 1990. – B: 1031, 1445, T: 7456.
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Űgek (? – 850) – He was a descendant of Prince Opos of the Hungarians. He first appeared west of the River Dnieper on the former land of the Scythians. His daughter was Emese, a girl supposedly of Hun origin, a descendant of Attila. According to the early chronicles, from the bloodlines of Emese were born Prince Álmos and his son Prince Árpád. The Turul bird became the mythological symbol of the House of Árpád. – B: 1020, T: 7658.→Emese Legend; Álmos; Árpád; Turul Bird; Scythians.
Ugyan, Anita (Nyíregyháza, 6 October 1969 - ) – Mountain climber. She finished her elementary and secondary school studies at Nyíregyháza, after which she attended the Academy of Physical Education, and completed her studies at the University of Physical Education in Budapest. She is a Swedish World Class fitness manager, and a teacher at the Mountain Climbing School that organizes high mountain tours. Her mountain climbing achievements are: Elbrus, Caucasus Mountain, 5600 m; Aconcagua, South America, 6962 m; in 2001 Mount Everest, Millennium Mount Everest Expedition, 7800m; in 2003 Gasherbrum II., Himalaya-Karakoram, 7300 m; In 2006 Dhaulagiri, Himalaya, 7300 m; in 2007 Gasherbrum I, Himalaya-Karakorua, 8068 m; in 2007 Broad Beak, Himalaya-Karakoram, 8047 m; in 2009 Mount Everest, Himalaya, 8850 m; in 2010 Mt Everest, Himalaya, 8850 m, by herself. She is the first Hungarian female conqueror of Mount Everest. In 2009, she received the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary. – B: 1031, T: 7684.
Uher, Ödön Sr. (Edmund) (Nagyszeben, now Sibiu, Romania, 15 June 1859 - Budapest, 19 September 1931) – Court photographer, filmmaker, father of Ödön (Edmund) Uher, Jr. In 1911, Ödön Uher Sr. was on a study trip in Denmark and Germany, thereafter he converted his photos studio at the Lajos (Louis) Kossuth Street, Budapest, into a filmmaker workshop. In 1916, he had a photo studio at Ráday Street, Budapest, and a film-laboratory on Váci Street, Budapest, where he worked with Árpád Virágh, a renowned cinematographer; István (Stephen) Altmayer (Apáti), Gusztáv (Gustavus) Kovács, István (Stephen) Berendi, as well as Ödön Uher Jr., artistic editor. Uher Sr. wanted to invent a new lighting system, like his outstanding contemporaries, such as Már (Maurice) Erdélyi and Gyula (Julius) Jelfy. He made a life-size photo of the famous actress Klára (Clara) Kűry for the Millennium Exhibition (1896). Between 1912 and 1918, the Uher Film Industry produced 24 feature films including Sisters (Nővérek) (1912); the Diamond Necklace (Gyémánt nyaklánc) (1912), and a popular series of novels of Mór (Maurice) Jókai. Many individual filmmakers processed their films at the Uher Film Industry, and they even produced movies for other film firms. The Progress Firm in Berlin purchased Uher’s Film Industry, but it closed down shortly afterwards. Uher was an individual of great understanding, cultured in literature, with a wide range of vision, who assisted the talented film-directors, writers and dramaturges, such as Michael Kertész, Márton (Martin, Garas, and Béla J. Győrffy. Uher Sr. was one of the pioneers of the Hungarian Film industry. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7103.→Uher, Ödön Jr; Jókai, Mór; Kűry, Klára; Kertész, Michael.
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Uher, Ödön Jr. (Edmund) (Nagykanizsa, 30 August 1892 - Cap d’Antibes, France, March 1989) – Court photographer, inventor, film director and industrialist. He completed his secondary education in Budapest and Déva (now Deva, Romania). At the age of 16, he constructed a motor, which could run using two different types of fuel (petrol vapor or a mixture of hydrogen-oxygen) for driving airship motors. From 1915, he was a war correspondent. In 1916, he participated in filming the coronation of King Charles IV (Károly) and Queen Zita in Buda. Barely 18, together with his uncle, he founded the Uher Film Corporation, which was in production until 1922, and made some 24 films. Later he worked as a film cameraman and director. From 1910 to 1914, he shot several films and, for a while, Mihály (Curtiz, Michael) Kertész was his partner. Sári Fedák’s acting career began here. At that time, Emilia Márkus was acting in Ferenc (Francis) Herczeg’s film The Golden Haired Sphynx (Az aranyhajú szfinksz) (1914), and also By the Time We Get Old (Mire megvénülünk) (1916); The Secret of the Mine (A bánya titka) (1918); The Lie (A Hazugság) (1918), and O’Hara (1920). They had their greatest successes with the Jókai-series of novels. In the early 1920s, he ran a film actor training school, called Ödön Uher’s Cinema Academy (Uher Ödön Moziakadémiája). Finally, he moved to Germany and Switzerland. It was he who worked out a fully automated film-developing method. He patented his equipment under the name Correx-method. To put his invention into practice, he established the factory, Correx Works Ltd. Instead of the cumbersome offset-procedure using lead letters in the printing trade, he worked out a system of directly photographing the letters, which he called the Uherotype Method, the essence of photo-typesetting to this day. For this he founded the Uherotype Co. in Switzerland in 1930. Then he became a manufacturer of airplanes, tape-recorders and refrigerators. – B: 1226, 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Uher, Ödön Sr (1); Fedák, Sári; Márkus, Emilia; Kertész, Mihály; Herczeg, Ferenc.
Uhrik, Dóra (Theodora) (Budapest, 27 August 1943 - ) – Dancer, ballet-instructor, actress. In 1960, she completed the State Ballet Institute course, where her instructors were Karola Szalay, Magda Mák and Irén Bartos. From 1961, she worked for the Ballet Company of Pécs, from 1967 as its solo dancer. Until 1989, she danced a number of leading roles and took part in nearly all of the Company’s tours abroad. Her dramatic evocativeness and multi-faceted ability for playing a role made her the company’s leading dancer. In 1978, she obtained a ballet-instructor’s diploma and, since then, she has been teaching in the special Arts High School of Pécs, from 1991 as Head of the Dancing Section. In the 1980s she also appeared on stage as a dramatic actress. She wrote a book entitled Illustrated Classical Ballet Book (Klasszikus Balett Képeskönyv (2000). Her roles include Donna Elvira in Imre Eck’s Don Juan; Lady in I. Eck’s Blue Ballet (Kék balett); Woman in I. Eck’s Love (Szerelem); Herodias in I. Eck’s Salome; title role in I. Eck’s Passaglia Requiem: also Funny Girl; Can-Can (Kánkán), and The Cowardly Tiger-cub (A gyáva kistigris). She was awarded, among others, the Ferenc Liszt Prize (1976), the title of Merited Artist (1982), the Kossuth Prize (2002), and was elected into the Society of Immortals in 2010. – B: 1445, 1031, T: 7456.
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Uitz, Béla (Mehala, near Temesvár, now Timişoara, Romania, 8 March 1887 - Budapest, 26 January 1972) – Painter and graphic artist. He is descendant of a peasant family of many children. He worked as an engine fitter for three years. He studied at the Academy of Applied Arts of Budapest in 1907 and, from 1908 to 1914, at the School of Arts. In 1914 he scored his first success with his picturesque charcoal drawings in the Youths’ Exhibition at the National Salon, Budapest. Thereafter he traveled to Italy. In 1915, he joined the artists of the anti-militarist circle of his brother-in-law, Lajos (Louis) Kassák; his expressive aquatint drawings appeared in their journal The Action (A Tett). In the summer of 1916, he won a gold medal with his Portrait of a Woman at an exhibition held in the artist colony of Kecskemét. His drawings and exhibition critiques appeared in the newspaper, Today (Ma). His art was influenced by Cézanne, Goya, Picasso, and The Group Eight. His expressive monumental aquatint drawings also show the influence of his friend, József (Joseph) Nemes Lampérth. He was very active during the Soviet Council Republic (Tanácsköztársaság) period, especially with his mural sketches planned for the Parliament Building. He also established a Proletarian Apprentice Art-Workshop for artist training. After the downfall of the Council Republic, Uitz was arrested; but in 1920, he managed to move to Vienna, where he continued his activity with his reorganized Today (Ma) circle, and his works were featured in the No. X “Today” exhibition in Vienna, and an album entitled Versuche of 8 plates of copper engravings also appeared there. In 1921, he went to Moscow and joined the Communist Workers Party (KMP). Back in Vienna in 1922, he launched the journal Unity (Egység) in the spirit of committed art. He went to London; then, from October 1924, spent two years working in Paris. His works and articles appeared mainly in the Parisian journal Clarté. From October 1926, he lived again in the Soviet Union, lecturing at the newly founded Vhutein College from 1927 to 1930. He produced a series of monumental head-portraits. In 1933 he had to undergo treatment in a Crimean health-resort. In 1936 he worked in Kirgizia on mural decorations for a palace, and also on a fresco depicting the Kirghiz uprising of 1916. In 1938, he was arrested on trumped-up charges. He returned to Moscow a year later as head of a Collective, engaged in a studio of frescos for the Palace of the Soviets. In 1970 he returned to Hungary. In his works he excelled with his activist style, realism, dramatic power, a self-assured form and monumentality. In 1969, Hungarian Film (MAFILM) made a portrait film of Béla Uitz, directed by József Kis. He was an outstanding representative of Hungarian political activism that influenced his art. A Museum for his works was opened in Pécs in 1978. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Kassák, Lajos; Council Republic of Hungary; Eight, The Group of.
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Újfalussy, József (Joseph) (Debrecen, 13 February 1920 - Budapest, 22 January 2010) – Music historian and music esthetician. He matriculated in high school in 1938; following that he was accepted at the University of Debrecen, in the Faculty of Greek-Latin, and that of the History of Arts, where he obtained a Dip.Ed. in 1943. In Debrecen, he studied piano and composition with Emil Szabó, a pupil of Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály. In 1946 he was admitted to the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, where he studied composition, as well as conducting. He obtained his diploma in 1949. His masters were Dénes (Denis) Bartha, and Sándor (Alexander) Veress. His teaching career was started at the Reformed College of Debrecen. Between 1948 and 1955, he was an administrative clerk; then he was first employed at the Ministry of Religion and Public Education, and later at the Ministry of Culture as its Director. In 1955, he became lecturer at the Academy of Music, his teaching starting with music theory and history of music; later he was appointed professor at the University. In 1980 he became rector of the Academy of Music. In 1990 he became professor emeritus. Between 1995 and 1998, Újfalussy was Rector of the Gáspár Károli Reformed University, Budapest, where, for a while was heading the Department of Hymnology. Besides his work at the University, he also worked at the Bartók Archives of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His Doctorate in Music was obtained in 1973. He became member of the Academy of Sciences (correspondent in 1973, regular and vice-president in 1985). Between 1944 and 1997, he was a member of the State Accreditation Commission; during 1995 and 1996 he was a member of the Doctoral Council of the Academy of Sciences. Újfalussy was also Editor-in-Chief of the Studia Musicologia. His main research area was music esthetics, music theory and the history of 20th century music; he was also a renowned scholar of the music of Béla Bartók, Claude Debussy and Ferrec Liszt. His educational work was also significant. As a University-level leader at the Music Academy, he supported the development of the training of musicians. As Rector of the Károli Gáspár Reformed University, he solidified the position of this Institution in the Hungarian higher educational sector. His works include Bartók-Breviarium, edited together with Vera Lampert (1958); Achill-Claude Debussy (1959); A Musical Picture of Reality (A valósag zenei képe) (1962); Béla Bartók, I-II, in German, English, Russian and Lithuanian (1965); About Music and Esthetics (Zeneről, Esztétikáról) (1980); Tamino at the Cross Roads (Tamino a válaszúton) (1986), and Danse Macabre. Variations, Construction, Modal Transformations in the Music of Franz Liszt (Haláltánc. Variációk, építkezés, modális transzformációk Liszt Ferenc zenéjében) (1990). He received many distinctions, among them the Ferenc Erkel Prize (1961), the Kossuth Prize (1966), the Herder Prize (1987), the Honorary Doctorate of the Reformed Theological Academy of Debrecen, and that of the University of Debrecen (1990, 1993), the Zoltán Kodály Prize (2000), and the Széchenyi Prize (2006). – B: 0874, 1031, 1257, T: 7684.→Bartók, Béla; Kodály, Zoltán; Ferencsik, János; Liszt, Ferenc; Szabolcsi, Bence, Szabó, Emil; Veress, Sándor.
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Újfalvy, Károly Jenő (Charles Eugene) (Vienna, Austria, 18 May 1842 - Florence, Italy, 31 January 1904) – Globetrotter and linguist. At the age of 19 he joined the Austrian army and quickly rose to officer’s rank. In 1864 however, he left it, completed his university studies in Bonn, Germany, later settled in France. In Paris he became a teacher and devoted himself to literature; wrote a book on the geography and history of Hungary in French, also translated some poems of Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi and published a select anthology of more Hungarian poems. He also took part in the currently raging Hungarian linguistic debates. Between 1876 and 1881, he undertook three Central Asian research trips, accompanied by his wife, Chaire-Virginie-Marie Bourdon. During these, he examined the geographic conditions of Central Asia, carried out linguistic studies, examined anthropological data, and collected valuable geographical, ethnographical and anthropological material. He summarized his first journey’s scientific observations in six volumes, and the results of the third journey in two volumes. His wife wrote popular travel stories, which were also published in Hungarian translation. From his third trip, he returned with a serious eye disease, after which he had to retire and give up any scientific work. He achieved outstanding work with his anthropological and ethnographical research in Central Asia and the western part of the Himalayas. His works provided important observations for geography. The well-known book, Le livre d’or de la geographie (The Golden Book of Geography) mentions him among the most famous globetrotters of the world. – B: 1614, T: 1031, 7669.
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Újházi, Ede (Edward) (Debrecen, 28 January 1841 - Budapest, 14 November 1915) – Actor, actor-pedagogue. Against the wishes of his parents, he joined Imre (Emeric) Szigeti’s troupe at the turn of 1864-1865, where he played until the winter of 1866. After that, he was contracted to the company of Bényei-Laczkó, later to the National Theater of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), and then to that of Endre (Andrew) Latabár in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia) in 1867. Eventually he became a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) in Pest. He was called to take the place of József (Joseph) Tóth for a trial run, drawing up a contract on 1 April 1870. He became Stage Director of the Opera House in 1888. He acted until his retirement in January 1914. He suffered all the misery of country theatrical life and, for this reason, later on in life he preferred helping out theater
directors. He tried out every line in all the theaters of the country, appearing also in operettas and ballets. He had no equal in the knowledge of theatrical methods and craftsmanship. His inexhaustible comic ability rendered him most successful in comedies, combining tragic and comic elements. He was best suited to play in Gerhard Hauptmann’s Kollege Crampton (Colleague Crampton). On 28 September 1903, he became a life member of the National Theater and, from 1886 he worked as a teacher of drama and opera at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest. From 1889 he was stage director at the Opera House of Budapest. On the occasion of his guest appearance at the National Theater in Vienna, he also won the audience in that city with his role in L. Halévy’s Abbé Constantine. His roles included Wicked Steve in Ede Tóth’s Rogue of the Village (A falu rossza); Bartolo in Beaumarchais’ Marriage of Figaro (Figaró házassága); Menenius in W. Shakespeare’s Coriolanus and in Julius Caesar; Franz Moor in F. Schiller’s The Brigands (Die Räuber, Haramiák); Merchant in M. Vörösmarty’s Csongor and Tünde; Apostle Peter in the world première of I. Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája); Harpagon in Molière’s The Miser (A fösvény); Tiborc in J. Katona’s Bánk bán, and Doctor Rank in H. Ibsen’s Nora. His book was entitled On Old Actors (Régi szinészekről) (1908). Újházy was one of the pioneers of realistic acting. A soup and a street in Debrecen bear his name.– B: 1445, 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Latabár, Endre.
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Újházy, László (Ladislas) (Budamér, now Budimir, Slovakia, 1793 - San Antonio, TX., USA., 7 March 1870) – Activist in the 1848-1849 War of Independence, politician and landowner. He studied Arts at the Reformed College of Debrecen, and studied Law at the Reformed College of Sárospatak. From 20 April 1848, he was Lord-Lieutenant of County Sáros, and the only radical member of the Upper House. From 28 September 1848, he was State Commissioner for County Pozsony, organizer of the defense in the northern part of the Hungarian Kingdom (Felvidék, now Slovakia), and organizer of the material and monetary aid to be sent to the insurgents against the Vienese Habsburg rule. Újházy began to participate in the War of Independence on 10 December 1848, at his own expense. He set up an irregular army unit in County Zemplén, by means of which he took part in the fighting for the mining towns of the North. From 18 June 1849, he was one of the seven-member Court of Law, followed by an appointment by Lajos (Louis) Kossuth to be the Government Commissioner in Komárom. Escaping the revenge of the Habsburgs, in 1850 he left Hungary and went to the USA, where he founded the settlements of New Buda (Új Buda) and Necropolis (Sírmező). The settlers were able to purchase landed property for $1.25 per 0.57 hectare on the recommendation of US President Zachary Taylor. Újházy was the first Hungarian to obtain US citizenship. Then, as Postmaster of New Buda, he became the first US public servant of Hungarian origin. The new immigrants working on the land tried vineyard cultivation and livestock farming with varying success. He was the US Consul-General for Italy in Ancona from 1861 to 1864. In an open letter, dated 16 May 1867, he protested against the 1867 Compromise with the Habsburgs, as Ferenc (Francis) Deák prepared it. After this, he went into quiet retirement. In 1869, he was nominated in absentia for a seat in the Hungarian Parliament, but lost the election. Although offered amnesty by Austria, Újházy held steadfast to his resolve to remain an exile as long as the Hapsburgs ruled Hungary. His sons returned and settled in Hungary – he committed suicide on his estate, near San Antonio. His memoirs contain very valuable historical material. – B: 0942, 0883, T: 7456.→Freedom Fight of 1848-1849; Compromise of 1867; Deák, Ferenc; Kossuth, Lajos; Kossuth emigrants.
Ujhelyi, József (Ecser, 4 May 1910 - Budapest, 3 May 1979) – Botanist. He completed his Science course, majoring in natural science, geography and chemistry at the University of Budapest in 1934, after which he worked as an assistant under János (John) Tuzson at the Department of Plant Systematizing (Növényrendszertani Tanszék), where he later became a demonstrator, then a lecturer. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1937, and taught at the Teachers’ Academy and the Academy of Horticulture (Tanárképző Főiskola; Kertészeti Akadémia) beside his position at the University. From 1950 to 1952, he led the Natural Science Group of the Museums’ National Center (Múzeumok Országos Központjának Természettududományi Csoportja). Then he again became a researcher at the Botanical Museum, where later he was appointed as Deputy Section Head. He went into retirement in 1977. He carried out valuable teaching, museological, editing and scientific organizational work and, in addition, he was also a devoted botanist in the field. Beside the Carpathian Basin, he also did research work and collecting in the Balkans. His published studies in botanical systematizing, based on cell-tissue research covering several plant genera, are models of their kind and are known Europe-wide. His works
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include Sesleria-Studien (1937); Species Sesleriae generis novae (1959), and Etude taxonomique sur le groupe de Lotus corniculatis (1960). – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.
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Ujlaki, Miklós (Nicholas) (ca. 1417 - 1477) – Bosnian king. From 1438, he was the Bán (Viceroy) of Macsó and, during his four decades of work, he proved to be one of the most important representatives of the barons. After the death of King Albert (1437-1439), he belonged to the followers of King Ulászló I (Wladislas, 1440-1444), and became National Captain-General after the battle of Várna (1444). As Voivode of Transylvania (1444-1465), he fought with János (John) Hunyadi (1446-1453) against the expanding Ottoman Turks, but later turned against Hunyadi and joined the Garai-Cillei faction and idly viewed Hunyadi’s fights against the Turks. He played an important part in having László (Ladislas) Hunyadi executed. From 1457 to 1473, he was Ban of Slavonia. After the death of King László V (Ladislas, 1453-1457), he withdrew from active administrative work. When King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490) had Mihály (Michael) Szilágyi seized, Ujlaki became the leader of the disgruntled barons and, forming a league together with Szilágyi and Garai, offered the Crown of Hungary to Emperor Frederick on 17 February 1459. In the campaign against Mátyás I, he took part with a sizable army of 1500 armored knights and 1500 light cavalry; however, later, on 30 July 1459, he had to return to being faithful to King Mátyás I. Though he could not regain his former influence, he remained the Voivode of Transylvania, Bán of Macsó and Slavonia. In 1465, King Mátyás relieved him of his office as Voivode. From 1465 to 1471, he was restricted to being the Ban of Ozora (South of the River Sava). In 1471, King Mátyás appointed him Governor of Bosnia with a royal title. His dream of becoming king of a Balkan area south of Hungary was foiled in 1473, when Mátyás relieved him of his office as Ban of Slavonia. In 1465, he founded a Franciscan Monastery at Galgóc (now Hlohovec, Slovakia). His gravestone is situated at Újlak. – B: 0883, 1105, 1122, T: 7456.→Hunyadi, János; Hunyadi, László; Szilágyi, Mihály; Mátyás I, King.
Újlaki, László Sr. (Ladislas) (Lendvahosszúfalu, now Brezovica, Slovenia, 15 June 1915 - Budapest. 1994) - Actor. He completed his studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, and in 1936, he was contracted by the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház). Budapest, where he stayed until 1949. In the same year he became a member of the Madách Theater (Madách Színház), Budapest. His stage characters were precisely formed and presented with authenticity. His pleasant voice and clear elocution contributed to his perfect acting. In many plays he acted together with Sándor (Alexander) Pécsi. His roles included Kabanov in I. Osztrovszky's Storm (Vihar); Pepel in M. Gorky's The Lower Depths (Éjjeli menedékhely); Father Jácint in F. Molnár's The Swan (A hattyú); Bonemisza in D. Szomory's Louis II (II. Lajos), and Ardelier in A. Sütő's Star at the Stake (Csillag a máglyán}. There are more than 30 feature and TV films to his credit including State Department Store (Állami Árnház) (1952); Dollardad (Dollárpapa) (1956); Zrínyi (TV series. 1972); A Tiny Place Under the Sun (Egy kis hely a nap alatt) (1973); Stephen the King (István a Király) (1984); Petőfi (1977); Brutus (1980); Mata Hari (1985), Neighbors (Szomszédok) (TV series. 1987), and Wilderness (Vadon) (1989). He received the Merited Artist title (1971) – B: 1445, 1719, T: 7103.→Pécsi, Sándor.
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Ujlaky, László Jr. (Ladislas) (Budapest, 8 March 1942 - ) – Actor. After completing his studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art, he became a member of the Szigligeti Theater (Szigligeti Színház) in Szolnok, in 1964. From 1972 to 1979, he played at the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Szeged, and he spent three seasons at Győr and six at Pécs. From 1988, he was again a member of the Szigligeti Theater in Szolnok. Since 2002, he has been a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) in Budapest. With his precise character depicting, he excels equally in musicals and in dramas. His roles include Bey Mustafa in P. Abraham’s Ball at the Savoy (Bál a Savoyban); Edmund Tyrone in O’Neill’s Long Day's Journey Into Night (Hosszú út az éjszakába); Frosch in J. Strauss Jr’s: Fledermaus (Denevér); Priest, Mr. Cotton, Hussein in Ibsen’s Peer Gynt; Alonso, King of Naples in Shakespeare’s The Tempest (A vihar), and Brakenbury in Shakespeare’s Richard III. He is a recipient of the Mari Jászai Prize (1977). – B: 1445, T: 7456. Ujlaky, Sári (Charlotte) (Budapest, 13 January 1920 - ) – Translator of literary works and journalist. First, she was a correspondent for the periodical Hungarian Girls (Magyar Lányok) and after that, she worked as an applied art correspondent to the paper, New Times (Új Idők). In 1945, when the military forces of the Soviet Union were step-by-step occupying Hungary, she escaped to Germany, later to France. She has been engaged in translating literary works since 1955. She translated into German the Hungarian and French prose works of recent times, e.g. the novels of Tibor Déry, László (Ladislas) Németh, János (John) Kodolányi, Géza Ottlik. As a journalist, she worked for German papers and Radio, and also for the Hungarian sessions of Deutsche Welle and Deutschlandfunk of Cologne. Her works include Sprachgekreuzt, Ungarische Lyrik im Deutschen Sprachraum (1975). For her work as a translator she received the German Georg-Mackensen Prize in 1963, the Memorial Medal of the Hungarian PEN Club in 1973, and the Tibor Déry Award in 1986. – B: 0878, 1672, T: 7456.→Déry, Tibor; Németh, László; Kodolányi, János; Ottlik, Géza.
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Ujszászy, István (Stephen) (Nagykőrös, 30 August 1894 - Krasnoyarsk, Soviet Union, 1945?) - Army officer. He studied at the Military High School of Sopron and completed his education with the rank of Second Lieutenant at the Military Technical College of Mödlingen, Austria, from 1912 to 1914. In World War I, he served as an artillery officer. From 1920, he served with the artillery detachment of Szombathely as a Lieutenant, later as a Captain. Between 1922 and 1924 he studied at the Ludovika Military Academy, Budapest and, after that, he worked at the Ministry of Defense until 1930. From 1931 he served in the Hungarian foreign services, first in Warsaw until 1934, later in Prague until 1938. In 1939, with the rank of Colonel, he was appointed Head of the Military Reconnaissance and Defense. From 1942, as a Brigadier-General, he was in charge of the State Defense Center of the Ministry of the Interior. He sought connections with the legal and illegal left-wing forces in preparation for withdrawing from the war. In 1945, he was kept under house arrest by the Russians, and later taken to the Soviet Union as a prisoner of war. His further lot is unknown. – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Karády, Katalin; Ludovika Royal Hungarian Military Academy.
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Újszászy, Kálmán (Coloman) (Budapest, 13 December 1902 - Sárospatak, 24 April 1994) – Minister of the Reformed Church, theologian, educator and writer. His secondary school studies were in Budapest. He studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy of Sárospatak, completing his studies in 1927. From 1929 he taught at the Teachers’ College there and, from 1931, he was Professor at the Theological Academy of Sárospatak. Earlier, he studied for one semester each at the Theological Colleges of Glasgow, Basel and Athens. He came to be Head of the Chair of Philosophy and Pedagogy at Sárospatak. In 1932 he obtained a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Debrecen and, in 1939, he became qualified as an honorary lecturer (privatdozent) at the University of Szeged with his thesis entitled Spiritual Basis of Village Education (A falunevelés szellemi alapjai). In 1931 he started the so-called Village Seminary (Faluszeminárium), for the better understanding of the villagers. He set up a fund for talented youth in 1934, which grew into a national movement by 1941. With his colleague, Zoltán Szabó, he created the so-called People’s Academy (Népfőiskola) movement, which became a nation-wide movement and from 1944 to1946, he was its Vice-Chancellor. The People’s Academy was forced to close in 1948, and among the Reformed Institutions in Sárospatak, the Teachers’ College (1950) and the High School (1952) were nationalized, and the Theological Academy was closed down (1951), resuming operation only in 1992. After 1948, Újszászy was the Head of the College Library; from 1950 Head of the Scientific Collections of the Cistibiscan Reformed Diocese (west of the River Tisza – Tiszáninneni Református Egyházkerület) and, from 1952, he was Curator of the Zemplén Deanery of the Reformed Church in Hungary. During the period between 1964 and 1990, he was Chief Curator of the Cistibiscan Reformed Diocese. In addition, from 1969, he was the Executive President of the National Council of the Reformed Collections (Református Gyüjtemények Országos Tanácsa). He was a member of the editorial committee of the Reformed periodical, Confessio. In the village-research of Hungary, his village tutorial of Sárospatak (1931-1952) proved to be an important establishment in the Movement on Village Research. From 1952 to 1991 he was the only professor of the nationalized Reformed College and Theological Academy of Sárospatak who lived long enough to witness the return of these historical Institutions to Reformed Church ownership, and also their reopening. Újszászy was an important scholarly figure of the second half of the 20th century. In his scholarly activity the significant aspects were the education for humaneness, scouting, and the People’s College. His name became linked with Sárospatak. He was a great guardian and promoter of the “Spirit of Patak”. His numerous works include Culture, Nation, Village (Kultúra, nemzet, falu); Today’s Tasks of Hungarian Village Research (A magyar falukutatás mai feladatai); Experiences with the People’s College (Népfőiskolai tapasztalatok); Gospel and People’s Academy; Culture and Nation (Kultúra és nemzet); My Three Torches are Burning (Három fáklyám ég), and Hungarian Protestantism Yesterday and Today. Professor Újszászy played an important role in preserving the “Spirit of the Sárospatak College” during the decades of Communist regime, and he was the only living link between the the old College and the reopened one. He was awarded the Middle Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 1993. His bust may be seen at Sárospatak. – B: 0883, 0910, 1134, 1973, T: 7456.→Szabó, Zoltán.
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Ujvárosi, Miklós (Nicholas) (Hajdunánás, 25 January 1913 - Budapest, 15 August 1981) – Botanist, founder of the Hungarian Agro-Botanical School. After completing his high school studies in his town of birth, he completed the Arts course at the University of Debrecen, graduating in 1938. He acquired a Master’s Degree in 1952, and a Doctorate in Agriculture in 1959. He lectured at the University, was Head of the Botanical Gardens of Debrecen and, from 1941 to 1943, while Northern Transylvania was returned to Hungary, he was in charge of the Botanical Gardens in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). After 1943, he taught at an Agricultural College; from 1947, he lectured at the Agriculture Department of the University of Debrecen; from 1949 to 1955 he was a section head in Pallag, later in Martonvásár. From 1955 till his retirement in 1980, he was a section head of the Botanical Gardens of the Botanical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Vácrátót. Despite his disabled condition throughout his life, he proved to be an outstanding researcher of flora and vegetation, and was also an ecologist, organizer, and in charge of several botanical gardens. With his detailed studies carried out on site over several decades, he became the foremost specialist of the weed flora of Hungary’s arable lands, and was involved in the publishing of manuals in this field. His works include The More Important Weeds on the Plow-lands of Hungary (Fontosabb szántóföldi gyomnövényeink) (1951); Weed Plants (Gyomnövények) (1973), and Weed Control (Gyomirtás) (1973). He received the State Prize in 1973. In 1988, a memorial conference was held for his honor at Hajdúnánás and Debrecen. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.
Ujváry, Ignác (Ignatius) (Pest, 20 September 1860 - Kisoroszi, 4 July 1927) – Painter. He was a student in the master class of the eminent painters Károly (Charles) Lotz and Gyula (Julius) Benczúr. He continued his studies abroad: he went to Italy, Spain and Germany, and spent a longer period in Paris. He first appeared with his grandiose religious compositions, The Canonization of St. Stephen (Szt. István szentté avatása); later, when he moved to Kisoroszi, he painted vigorous, fresh scenes. He was a teacher at the School of Industrial Arts. He was the recipient of several prizes. In 1928, an exhibition of the contents of his estate was held in the Art Gallery of Budapest. The Art Gallery holds some of his works, e.g. Cotter Courtyard (Zsellérudvar); Autumn Evening (Őszi est), and Ship-building on the Danube Bank (Hajóépítés a Duna parton). He participated in the creation of Feszty’s Cyclorama, entitled The Entry of the Hungarians (A magyarok bejövetele). – B: 0883, 1821, T: 7456.→Lotz, Károly; Benczúr, Gyula; Feszty, Árpád.
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Ujváry, Lajos (1) (Louis) (Dunaföldvár, 24 February 1896 - Budapest, 31 October 1959) – Pedagogue, writer on pedagogy. He obtained a Teacher’s Degree from the University of Budapest, majoring in Hungarian and Latin Literature. He became a prisoner of war in World War I. On his return, he worked as a publisher’s proofreader in Budapest from 1921. He became a high school teacher in 1927; was headmaster at Mezőkövesd from 1936, and a specialist teacher at a high school in Miskolc. Later, when the southern strip of Northern Hungary (Felvidék) was returned to Hungary in 1938, he was a regional superintendent of schools in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia) from 1940 to 1945. He worked for the University Printers until 1949, and at the Textbook Publishers till 1952; later, he was co-editor for the Thesaurus of Words and Phrases (Értelmező Szótár), put out by the Academy Publishers. He was engaged in translating works by Stefan Zweig, Antoine F. Prevost and Knur Humsun. He published short stories, essays and pedagogical writings, as well as textbooks and methodological works. – B: 0883, T: 7456.
Újváry, Lajos (2) (Louis) (Kaposvár, 25 February 1925 - Budapest, 23 March 2006) – Painter. His higher studies were at the Academy of Applied Art, Budapest, where he was a student of István (Stephen) Szőnyi and Bertalan (Bartholomew) Poór. He graduated in 1951. He was a teacher at the High School for Applied Art until his retirement in 1985. He was a painter mainly of old peasant life, and especially the life of Szekler villages in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). He also painted the scenery of the snow-capped Gyímes mountains, as well as the Danube-bend. His pictures are characterized with lively colors and terse expression. Among his works are Luring Lights (Bújkáló fények); Cumuli (Gomolyfelhők), and Transylvanian House (Erdélyi ház). He was a member of the Mednyánszky Society. He participated in some 50 exhibitions at home and abroad. He received a number artist diplomas and the Munkácsy Prize in 2005. – B: 1654, T: 7103.→Szőnyi, István; Poór, Bertalan; Szinyei Merse, Pál.
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Újváry, Sándor (Alexander) (Kassa, now Košice, Slovakia, 6 May 1904 - Munich, 11 April 1988) – Writer, book publisher. He studied at the Faculty of Arts at the Universities of Budapest and Paris (Sorbonne). His first poems appeared when he was 16. He was editor for the journal Torch (Fáklya) (1923-1925). He edited a number of papers in the 1920s and 1930s. His writings appeared in the papers World (Világ), Evening Courier (Esti Kurír), News (Újság), and Theater Life (Színházi Élet). He wrote poems and novels. Prior to World War II, twenty of his works were published, some of them in German and French. In 1938 he founded the Griff Publishing Company, which was in operation until 1944. He took part in the Resistance Movement against German occupation of Hungary, when the armies of the Soviet Union were approaching. From 1945 to 1947, he was Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Reconstruction. In August 1947 he left Hungary and settled in Austria. In Salzburg, he published popular dictionaries. In 1952 he moved to Munich, where he purchased a printery and reestablished his former Budapest Publishing House, combined with a literary agency. His articles appeared in New Hungaria (Új Hungária), in the Hungarian Courier (Magyar Híradó), and Literary News (Irodalmi Újság) of Vienna. For a short time, he edited the critical column of Literary News. During his émigré years, he edited the republication of his earlier works and published his recollections in several volumes. He also published articles in German illustrated magazines under various names, and he wrote shooting scripts as well. His works include Die Wundermaschine, novel (1956) and The Man of Chances (A véletlenek embere), novel (6th ed., 1978). – B: 1672, 0883, T: 7456.
Újváry, Tamás (Thomas) (17/18th century) – Priest, Kuruc writer of verses. He was the “unworthy Hungarian cantor of the Church of Our Lady of many splendorous wonders on top of the Nyitra-Ködesd Hill”, founded by Erzsébet (Elizabeth) Rákóczi. He was also a chaplain of the Kuruc army during the Rákóczi-insurrection (1703-1711). In 1704, he compiled and dedicated a manuscript poetry booklet to Prince Ferenc (Francis) Rákóczi II, containing one Latin and two Hungarian verses. Both verses laud the Prince as the deliverer of the Hungarians. The two Hungarian verses are among the best products of patriotic Kuruc poesy, written from a Catholic viewpoint. – B: 1150, T: 7617.→Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Kuruc.
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Újváry, Zoltán (Hét, 25 January 1932 - ) – Ethnographic researcher. He was student at the University of Debrecen, where he studied Hungarian Literature and obtained a Degree in 1955. Following that, he was first a teaching assistant at the Faculty of Ethnography at the same University, an adjunct professor from 1962, docent from 1970, and a full professor from 1979. He became an Editorial Associate of the Hungarian Academy of Science’s Ethnographic Commission, and editor of numerous professional periodicals of the country. He became a Doctor of Science in 1989. He was editor of the series Culture and Tradition, Folklore and Ethnography and Ethnography of Gömör (Műveltség és hagyomány, folklór és etnográfia, Gömör néprajza). The areas of his research are folklore, ethnic customs, and agrarian culture. Among his numerous works are Folksongs and Ballads from a Lower-Danubian Szekler Community (Népdalok és balladák egy al-dunai székely közösségből) (1968); Research of the Agrarian Cult in Hungarian, as well as in European Folklore, vols. i-iv (Az agrárkultusz kutatása a magyar és az európai folklórban I-IV) (1969); Games and Mask, vols. i-iv (Játék és maszk I-IV) (1983, 1988); Chapters to Gömör’s Folklore (Fejezetek Gömör folklorjához) (1986); Anecdotes from Gömör (Adomák Gömörből) (1988); Homeless in the Motherland. Deportation of Hungarians to Czech-land (Szülőföldön hontalanul. Magyarok deportálása Csehországba), document-novel (1991); Sayings and Proverbs of a Land-laborer (Egy földműves szólásai és közmondásai) (1996); Waggish Anecdotes (Huncut adomák) (1998), and Collection of Sayings (Szólásgyüjtemény) (2001). He has received numerous distinctions including the Pitre Prize, István Győrffy Prize, Ferenc Móra memorial medal, the Ortutay Gyula memorial medal (1990), Ferenc Kölcsey Prize (1992), and the Csokonai Prize (1997). – B: 0874, 0878, 1257, T: 7684.
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Újvidék (German: Neusatz; Serbian: Novi Sad) – Main city of the province of Voivodina, in the southern (Bácska-Bánát) area of the historic Kingdom of Hungary, on the left banks (north) of the Danube, 81 m. above sea level, opposite the Fruskagora Range and Pétervárad, with which Újvidék is connected with a railway and a road-bridge and with which it was merged in 1929. Its population was 29,296 in 1901 (among them 10,321 Magyars (Hungarians), 9889 Serbs and 6483 Germans); 39,150 in 1921 (among them 17,200 Serbs, 10,300 Magyars, 6500 Germans), 61,077 in 1941; 257,500 in 1981; and 190,602 in 2002. It is an industrial and commercial town, manufacturing agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, munitions, textiles, canned food, pastry, soap, matches and producing china and pottery. The town’s thermal bath is rich in iodine, used medically for rheumatism, neurological and women’s illnesses. There are factories making airplanes, mills and distilleries; there is also a 2-km long riverside beach. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic Archbishop and Greek-Orthodox Bishop of Bács; altogether the town has 14 churches. There are a number of high schools, a commercial college and other special colleges, a state theater, an exchange and banks. The Serbian cultural organization, Serb Matica, founded in Pest in 1826, was moved to this town in 1864, and it became the center of the Serbian literary revival in the early 19th century. The town was already known in the 16th century. In the neighboring region there was an ethnically pure Magyar population in the Middle Ages but, after 1526, the Ottoman Turks totally wiped out this population. In 1702, the Greek Orthodox Episcopal See was moved from Szeged to Újvidék. Next to the earthworks, some military settlements developed later on, which led to the growth of this town; the inhabitants were the members of these military bases of the border regiment. When the Turks again occupied Belgrade in 1739, many German and Armenian merchants and tradesmen settled in the town, side by side with new Hungarian settlers. In 1748, Empress Maria Theresa declared the “Base of Pétervárad” (Újvidék) a royal town and called it Neo Planta, making it a royal free town of Austria-Hungary. After World War I, Újvidék, with the southern part of Historic Hungary, was ceded to the newly created South Slav state of Yugoslavia by the Dictated Peace Treaty of Trianon (1920). In World War II, when the German forces overran and broke up Yugoslavia into its component republics in 1941, Hungary retook the Bácska area with Újvidék but, after the war in 1945, Yugoslavia was reassembled, and Újvidék came under Serbian rule again. It continued as Serbia after the break up of Yugoslavia in 1990, placing the town in the state of Greater Serbia. – B: 1068, 1582, 1789, 1816, 7456; T: 7456.→Atrocities against Hungarians.
2914
Újvidék, Raid at (now Novi-Sad, Serbia) – Hungary, after a long search for a peaceful solution of the territorial dispute finally, on 12 December 1940, signed a “Treaty of Eternal Friendship” with Yugoslavia, which was not ratified by the Yugoslav Parliament. Soon after, there was a friendly approach between Germany and Yugoslavia. After a brief preparation, on 26 March 1941, Yugoslavia joined the Axis Powers, and the Yugoslav Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs put their initials onto the document. However, on 27 March, a coup d’état occurred in Belgrade and the new Yugoslav government turned against Germany. Croatia immediately declared its independence. In response Germany and Italy entered Yugoslav territory. Since Yugoslavia was in a state of disintegration, Hungary, in order to protect the great number of Hungarian nationals in Bácska (Bačka) in the southern part of Historic Hungary, ceded to the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom (later Yugoslavia) by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, the Hungarian army recovered the Baranya Triangle and the territory between the Rivers Danube and Tisza (northern Voivodina), as well as Mura-vidék (now Prekmurje, Slovenia) and Muraköz (Mura interfluve, now Medimurje, Croatia) from 12 to 18 April 1941. By this action 11.5 thousand km² of territory and 3 major Hungarian towns, as well as 40 Hungarian villages and 1 million people, 37% ethnic Hungarians, were returned to Hungary. However, the activities of the Serb guerillas (Chetniks) were intensified against the Hungarian army, the gendarmerie units and the Hungarian population. Finally, a raid was launched against the guerillas, which was concentrated on Újvidék (now Novi Sad), which affected 14 other locations as well. The raid lasted from 21 to 23 January 1942. The total number of civilians killed in the raid was 4,211. The victims included 2,842 Serbs, 1,250 Jews, 64 Roma, 31 Ruthenians, 13 Russians and 11 ethnic Hungarians. When the magnitude of the numbers of victims came into the open, the main officers responsible for the raid, including Ferenc (Francis) Feketehalmy-Czeidner, József (Joseph) Grassy, László (Ladislas) Deák and Márton (Martin) Zöldy were prosecuted but they escaped to Germany. After the war, they were returned to Hungary and executed. In the fall of 1944, when the Soviet and Yugoslav armies re-occupied these territories, in revenge the Tito partisans, after cruelly torturing them, massacred 40-50 thousand ethnic Hungarians, including women and children, simply because they were Hungarians. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Treaty of Eternal Friendship with Yugoslavia; Atrocities against Hungarians; Teleki, Count Pál; Cseres, Tibor.
2915
Ulászló I, King (Wladislas) (Krakow, Poland, 1424 - Várna, Bulgaria, 1444) – Grandson of King Lajos I (Louis the Great, 1340-1380) of Hungary, known as Wladislaw III from 1434, and by his Hungarian name Ulászló from 1440, elected King by a group of Hungarian Estates, and a delegation headed by Bishop Simon Rozgonyi, who requested his acceptance. He entered Buda and was crowned with the reliquary crown of King István I (St. Stephen, 997-1038). Until peace was made, the first two years were spent in conflict with the Cillei-Gara families, supporters of Queen Erzsébet (Elizabeth) and the Giskra troops. The following years wavered between war and peace against the Turks. In 1443, between September and December, he successfully fought the Turks in the Balkans. He waged war against them again in April 1444, and in July forged a peace agreement in Szeged, which lasted for ten years. Yet, he resumed fighting on the 4th of August. During the last and seemingly successful battle at Várna, launched against the advice of János (John) Hunyadi against the Janissaries, King Ulászló was killed. His death sealed the fate of the battle and the whole war. The contemporary Polish sources blame the Magyar aristocrats for his demise. – B: 0883, 1138, T: 7658.→Lajos I, King; Hunyadi, János.
Ulászló II, King (Wladislas) (1 March 1456 - Buda 13 March 1516) – King of Bohemia from 1471, and of Hungary from 1490. As grandson of King Lajos I (Louis the Great, 1340-1380), he claimed both crowns. At his Bohemian coronation he vowed to wage war against King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490), and in 1474, was soundly defeated. Upon the death of King Mátyás, the Hungarian aristocracy elected Ulászló king, because they thought they could easily manage him. They were right. From the hands of his adversaries, such as Prince János Corvin and his own brother, the troops of Pál (Paul) Kinizsi and Prince István (Stephen) Báthory of Transylvania rescued him. The King signed a humiliating peace accord with Emperor Miksa (Maximilian) at Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) resulting in the country being governed by István (Stephen) Szapolyai (or Zápolya), Archbishop Tamás (Thomas) Bakócz and György (George) Szatmári. While he was involved in the conflict between the Estates and the lesser nobility party, the situation of the peasantry grew worse. He became totally incapacitated and was nicknamed “Dobzse László”, meaning “László Bene” (because he answered every question with “bene” meaning “it’s good”). Near the end of his reign in 1514, under the leadership of György (George) Dózsa, a Peasant Uprising erupted. Upon their defeat, all civil rights were deprived from the peasantry through a decree issued by the Diet in 1514. The death of the King left a legacy of huge debts and liabilities and eventually led the weak government to be defeated by the Turks at the Battle of Mohács in 1526. – B: 0883, 1138, T: 7658.→House of Jagello; Mátyás I, King; Kinizsi, Pál; János I, King; Bakócz, Tamás; Dózsa, György.
Uldin – According to speculative sources he was the son of Karaton, a prince amongst the Huns, whose people appeared in the area of the Lower Danube River in the winter of 394-395, and reached the environs of the River Tisza in the Carpathian Basin in 400-405. – B: 1230, 1020, T: 7658.
Űllő (10th century) – Third son of Árpád. He passed away before 907. His name is borne by a village in the environs of Budapest. – B: 1020, T: 7658.
2916
Ulrich, Keresztély (Christian) (Vienna, 27 April 1836 - Vienna, January 1909) – Architect. He completed his studies at the Polytechnic of Vienna. Already in his early adulthood, he received important commissions abroad. In 1881, he moved to Budapest to build the grain elevator designed by him. He built a number of fine mansions on the Great Circular Boulevard (Nagykörút) of Budapest. In 1885, he designed the Hall of Industry (Városligeti Iparcsarnok) in the Town Gardens; in World War II, it was badly damaged, and had to be pulled down; also several warehouses. He built grain elevators in Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia), and Mezőhegyes. He designed public and private buildings in Vienna, Prague and Stuttgart. In 1896 he became Professor of Architecture and Architectural Engineering at the Vienna Polytechnic. He published articles and studies in various architectural journals. His main work is The Elevator of the Capital City of Budapest (Budapest főváros elevátora) (1884). He received a number of distinctions and the Medal of the Order of Ferenc József (Francis Joseph). – B: 0883, 0942, T: 7456.
Umling, Lőrinc (Lawrence) (18th century) – Painter and carpenter. A Saxon master, he probably learned his trade in the carpenters’ guild of Segesvár (now Sighişoara, Romania). On 23 June 1742, he became a citizen of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Transylvania, Romania), but he was mainly working in the Kalotaszeg (now Ţara Călatei, Romania) area. He formed his flower compositions from elements of the Italian Renaissance in elegantly colored Baroque style, and used this for the ceiling, gallery, benches and pulpits of a number of Reformed churches. From the 1770s, on several occasions, he worked with the assistance of his sons Lőrinc (Lawrence) and János (John). His church decorations include Kiskapus (now Copşa Mică, Romania) (1742), Kispetri (now Petrinzel, Romania) (1746), Magyarlóna (now Luna de Sus, Romania) (1750), Gyerővásárhely (now Subcetate, Romania) (1752), Magyarkapus (now Căpuşu Mare, Romania) (1759), Kőrösfő (now Izvoru Crişului, Romania) (1764), Bánffyhunyad (now Huedin, Romania) (1780), amd Jákótelke (now Horlacea, Romania) (1786). – B: 0883, T: 7456.
Unbudding (Sterilization) – Freeing from micro-organisms, destruction of vegetative and sporule forms of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites. The destroying procedure may take the form of treatment with dry or moist heating, ultraviolet or other radiation or by chemical materials. The unbudding of foodstuff may be made by temperature above 100° Celsius, or else by pasteurization with approximately 60° Celsius heating. Móric (Maurice) Preysz, a chemist, demonstrated the first process of unbudding – pasteurization – on 16 October 1862, three years before Pasteur at the Viticulturists Association of Hegyalja. – B: 1230, 1153, T: 7675.→Preysz, Móric.
Underground Railway – The first underground electric powered railway on the Continent of Europe was built in Budapest. Francis Joseph (Ferenc József) King of Hungary and Emperor of Austria, opened it in 1896, as part of the Millennial Festivities. It is directly underneath the Andrássy Boulevard from Deák Square to Hero’s Square in Budapest. It is 3.7 km long. With an additional 1 km lengthening, it became part of the Budapest Metro underground system in 1973. – B: 1230, 1153, T: 7656.→Ferenc József I, Emperor and King; Millennium Celebrations, Hungarian, 1896.
2917
Ungár, Anikó (Annie) (Mrs. Székely) (Kapnikbánya, now Cavnic, Romania, 10 April 1790 - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 25 December 1862) – Actress. She was a student of János (John) Kocsi Patkó. In 1808 she married her career-associate. She played in Miskolc and Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) in 1827, in Buda in 1831, and in Pest with various strolling theatrical companies. Then she withdrew from the stage. She was an artist with a wide range. Her roles included Juliet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet; Desdemona in Othello; Ophelia in Hamlet; Amalia in Schiller’s The Robbers (Die Räuber, A haramiák); Lujza in F. Schiller’s Love and Intrigue (Ármány és szerelem), and title role in Schiller’s Maria Stuart. She was one of the pioneers of Transylvanian acting. – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7456.
Ungár, Imre (Emeric) (Budapest, 23 January 1909 - Budapest, 22 November 1972) – Pianist and pedagogue. He lost his eyesight at the age of three. First he studied under Izsó Rozenfeld, then under István (Stephen) Thomán. From 1924, he regularly gave concerts in Hungary and abroad. In 1926, he was the winner of the first prize in the talent-protection competition in Budapest; in 1932, he was honored with Signum Laudis, and in the same year, together with the Soviet pianist, Alexandr Unyinski, won the first prize in the International Chopin Competition in Warsaw. In 1935 he scored successes in the USA. In World War II, he was caught in the Netherlands, from where he was allowed to return to Hungary with special permission. After 1945, he resumed giving concerts. From 1949 until his death, he taught at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest. His blindness did not prevent him from educational work. In his pedagogic work he was a colleague of Bence (Benedict) Szabolcsi, Aladár Tóth and József (Joseph) Gát. He was an eminent interpreter of the works of Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, Bartók and Kodály. He was awarded the Kossuth Prize (1949), the Liszt Prize (1962), and he received the Merited Artist title in 1956. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Thomán, István; Szabolcsi, Bence; Tóth, Aladár; Bartók, Béla; Kodály, Zoltán.
2918
Unger, Ernő (Earnest) (Arad, now in Romania, 17 January 1900 - Budapest, 28 May 1968) – Conductor, composer and pianist. He studied at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, and received his qualifications under Árpád Szendy (piano), János (John) Koessler (composition). From 1922 he taught at the conductor-training Department, and was the permanent conductor in the examining lectures of the Opera House. From 1923, he was conductor of the Concert Association of Budapest. He also organized opera presentations at the Academy of Music. In Budapest, he was the first to present Mozart’s opera Cosi fan tutte (Mindenki így csinálja) (première, 1923). At the Academy, he organized a series of opera and chamber music presentations, where the comic operas of Cimarosa and Mozart were presented from 1925 to 1930. In the same period, he also appeared as conductor of the Hungarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, as well as that of the Margaret Island Symphony Orchestra. In 1948, as a teacher of the Operatic Section at the Academy of Music, he trained and conducted the operas Háry János and Szekler Weaver (Székelyfonó) by Zoltán Kodály in Miskolc, Győr, Diósgyőr, Sárospatak and Eger – all premieres. From 1950 to 1952, he was conductor of the Győr Philharmonic and the Symphony Orchestra of the Diósgyőr Steelworks. From 1957 until his retirement in 1960, he worked as a teacher at the Academy of Music in Budapest. He trained several eminent opera singers and conductors. His works include the opera Petőfi (first night: 14 March 1944); Symphony Hungaria; Piano Concerto in Memory of Ferenc Liszt; and Hungarian Variations for Voice and Choir. – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Szendy, Árpád; Koessler, János; Kodály, Zoltán.
Unger, Karolina (Caroline) (Székesfehérvár, 28 October 1803 - Florence, 23 March 1877) – Austrian singer (mezzo-soprano) of Hungarian descent. She was a student of J. M. Vogl, A. Salieri and Aloysia Lange in Vienna; then she studied under Giorgio Ronconi in Milan. She made her debut in Vienna in 1821 in the role of Dorabella in Mozart’s Cosi fan tutte. Beethoven selected her to sing the soprano solos in the first performances of the Ninth Symphony and the Missa Solemnis; in 1824, she was the first to sing the alto solo in his Ninth Symphony. Bellini and Donizetti both wrote operas particularly for her. From 1825 she sang in Italy, in the famous impresario Domenico Barbaja’s theaters. A number of opera composers wrote operas for her, for example Bellini’s The Foreign Woman (La Straniera – Az idegen nő), and Saverio Mercadante’s The Two Figaros (A két rivális). Besides playing romantic heroines, she also had great successes in Mozart opera roles, and in Schubert Lieder performances. She was an outstanding singer. – B: 0903, 1445, T: 7456.
Ungerleider, Mór (Maurice) (Mezőlaborc, 18 January 1872 - Budapest, 20 April 1955) – Film producer, cinema director, founder of the Hungarian film industry. In 1899 he was among the first to open the so-called “coffee-house cinema” in the Venice Coffee House of Rákóczi Street, now the Tisza Movie, 68 Rákóczi Street, Budapest. In 1898, with József (Joseph) Neumann, he founded the film-lending and film-making firm, Projectograph Co. His enterprise obtained, in addition to news and educational films, also the distribution in Hungary of the largest film factories abroad; he was also engaged in the organizing and outfitting of cinemas. In 1917 and 1918, under the name of Phoenix Film Company, he prepared a number of feature films all directed by Mihály (Michael) Kertész. – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Kertész, Mihály.
2919
Unghváry, László (Ladislas) (Cegléd, 6 June 1856 - Cegléd, 1 August 1919) - Viticulturalist and owner of a fruit-tree school. He was one of those who conquered the sandy areas of the Great Plain (Nagyalföld). He was trained in horticultural and viticultural schools in Bihardiószeg (now Diosig, 27 km north of Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania), and Buda. From 1879 to 1896, he was Town Gardener of Cegléd. In the outskirts of Cegléd, in the Danube-Tisza interfluve, he set up a tree-nursery on a sandy field of 8 acres; he procured the fruit-tree seedlings from the plantation of Máté (Matthew) Bereczki. From 1886 on, he regularly published a prize-list of fruit-trees. Two years later, he already supplemented it with useful particulars and pieces of advice. Toward the end of the century, he made himself independent. In 1902 and 1903, he already had over 400 acres of vineyards and a fruit-tree school; in the latter, he carried out a considerable export trade, reaching from Poland to Turkey. His wine cellars became known everywhere in Europe. He also wrote some published works. From his enormous wealth, he established a foundation for the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His works include Elements of Fruit-tree Horticulture (A gyümölcskertészet alapismeretei) (1878), and Fruit-tree School of László Unghváry at Cegléd (Unghváry László gyümölcsfa-iskolája Cegléden) (1885). From 2008 the Commerce Hotel and Catering School in Cegléd bears his name. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.
2920
Ungvár (Ukrainian: Uzhhorod; Russian: Uzhgorod, now in Ukraine) – Town built on a flat area (132 m above sea level), with three adjoining hills; on the highest is the fort of the town, which is on the banks of the Ung (Uh) River, a tributary of the River Tisza. It is situated on the northeastern-edge of the Great Hungarian Plain, and at the foothills of the Northeastern Carpathians, now in the Ukraine, known also as Zakarpattya, Transcarpathia, or Ruthenia. The site of the town is the part of the Carpathians, where the Magyars, led by their Leader (Khagan) Árpád, entered and settled in the Carpathian Basin (896-900). According to Anonymus, Árpád already found a fort there. It is an economic and cultural center. It has a variety of manufacturing industries; many of the inhabitants are engaged in handicraft and home trade in wood, clay, etc. and commerce. Among its noteworthy buildings are the Greek Catholic Cathedral, the 18th century Roman Catholic Church, and the more recent Protestant and Byzantine-style Greek Orthodox churches; the Baroque-style Episcopal Palace, the Empire-style County Hall, the Town Hall and the Theater, several high schools, a synagogue and an Episcopal seminary. The University of Ungvár was founded in 1945. Population of the town was 14,723 in 1901 (composed of Magyars, Slovaks and Germans). In 1920, out of 17,000 inhabitants, 14,000 were Hungarian. Its population was 35,155 in 1941 (Jewish, Ukrainian, Magyar and Slovakian); 52,000 in the 1970s, 125,000 after 2000. It was an old Slavic (Ruthenian) settlement, going back possibly to the 8th century, when Ungvár (Uzhgorod) was founded. It belonged to the Kijevan state (the Principality of Russia) in the 10th century, prior to the conquest of the Carpathian Basin by the Magyars. Ever since, the town has belonged to the northeastern corner of the Hungarian Kingdom. During the reign of the Árpád-dynasty kings (1000-1301), the town was the center of royal estates. From 1322 till the late 17th century, the town was the property of the Drugeth family; later, Count Miklós (Nicholas) Bercsényi owned it. Early in the 18th century, it passed to the Hungarian Treasury. The Dictated Peace Treaty of Trianon (1920) placed it in the newly created Czechoslovak state. When Czechoslovakia started to break up under German pressure, the lowland part of Transcarpathia with Ungvár was returned to Hungary by the First Vienna Award on 2 November 1938, where it had belonged for more than 1100 years. When a separate Slovakia was formed under German initiative, Hungary retook the mountainous part of Transcarpathia above Ungvár in March 1939. After World War II, Czechoslovakia surrendered Transcarpathia to the Soviet Union in June 1945. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited it in 1991, though Sub-Carpathia never was part of Ukraine. Ever since, Ungvár has been under Ukrainian sovereignty. – B: 1068, 1582, 1789, 1816, 7456, T: 7456.→Anonymus; Árpád; Bercsényi, Count Miklós; Trianon Peace Treaty; Vienna Award I.
Ungvári, Endre (Andrew) (? - Tel-Aviv, 5 September 1974) – Actor. From 1957 he was the indispensable walk-on actor of the Hungarian theater life in Israel. The great individual success of his career was the title role of the opera Gül Baba of J. Huszka. His roles include Valet, Secretary in V. Jacobi’s The Marriage Market (Leányvásár), and Praed in G.B. Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s Profession (Warrenné mestersége). – B: 1445, T: 7456.
2921
Ungvári, Tamás (Thomas) (Budapest, 25 September 1930 - ) – Writer, literary historian, translator of literary works and critic. He obtained an Art Degree, majoring in Hungarian and English Literature, from the University of Budapest, in 1952. Afterwards, he worked for a number of newspapers. In 1960 and 1961, he was a drama critic of the Petőfi Theater (Petőfi Színház) in Budapest. From 1970 to 1974, he worked as Scientific Correspondent for the Hungarian Theatrical Institute. During 1975 to 1979, he was Editor of the Literary Publisher (Szépirodalmi Könyvkiadó); in 1980 and 1981, he was Assistant Professor at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, and since 1982, he has been professor there. He was a member of the Theatrical Science Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences until 1989. He obtained a Masters Degree in Literary Sciences in 1968, and a Ph.D. in 1989. He translated several plays from English and German. His works include Fielding (1955); Thackeray (1962); The Theatrical Revolution of Brecht (Brecht színházi forradalma) (1978); Adventure and Providence (Kaland és gondviselés) (1985), and The Birth of Beauty (A szépség születése) (1988). He received the Attila József Prize in 1985. – B: 1445, 1257, T: 7456.
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Ungvárnémeti Tóth, László (Ladislas) (Kistokaj, 17 February 1788 - Vienna, 31 August 1820) – Poet. He was a descendant of a family of ministers of the Reformed Church. He started his schooling in Miskolc, and studied Theology in Sárospatak. In 1810 he met and formed a friendship with Ferenc (Francis) Kazinczy in Eperjes (now Prešov, Slovakia). Breaking off his theological studies, from 1814 he studied Medicine at the University of Pest, and concurrently worked as an assistant editor of István (Stephen) Kultsár’s paper, Home News (Hazai Tudósítások). In 1819, he went to Vienna to complete his medical studies, but he passed away, aged 32, possibly from cholera, before graduation. While studying medicine, he was also engaged in literature; having learnt Greek and Ancient Greek, he composed poems in those languages, for which he appended Hungarian translations. His works include His Poems (Versei) (1816) and Poems in Greek by László Tóth of Ungvárnémet (Ungvárnémeti Tóth László görög versei, magyar tolmácsolattal) (1818). – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Kazinczy, Ferenc.
Ungváry, László (Ladislas) (Untener) (Budapest, 8 December 1911 - Budapest, 21 September 1982) – Actor. In 1933 he received his diploma from the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, and obtained a contract from the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) in Budapest, where he remained a member throughout his career. He also appeared on stage after his retirement in 1980. Although he played in all kinds of roles, classical and modern, he tended to be drawn to the classical roles. His fine voice and majestic style asserted themselves most effectively in roles featuring striking costumes. His acting gestures and the language were equal in value; he attached great value to the plastic, expressive, fine movement on the stage. He suggested the inclusion of these aspects of theatrical art on stage. He prepared the first syllabus and taught it in the college from 1950 until 1956. He often appeared on the air and, also in some important film roles. His roles included: Cléante in Molière’s The Miser (A fösvény); Ariel in Shakespeare’s The Tempest (A vihar); Oberon in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer-Night’s Dream (A Szentiványéji álom); Malcolm in Shakespeare’ Macbeth; Orsino in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night (Vízkereszt); Cassio in Shakespeare’s Othello; Benedick in Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing (Sok hűhó semmiért); Count Almaviva in Beaumarchais’ Marriage of Figaro (Figaró házassága); Otto, then Biberach in Katona’s Bánk bán; Lucifer in Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája), and Ferdinand in Schiller’s Love and Intrigue (Ármány és szerelem). There are 35 feature and TV films to his credit, including The New Landlord (Az új földesúr) (1935); Europe Does Not Answer (Európa nem válaszol) (1941); Semmelweis (1952); Relatives (Rokonok) (1954); The Captain of Tenkes i, ii (A Tenkes kapitáya I,II) (1963); Spider Net (Pókháló) (1973); Kojak in Pest (Koják Pesten) (1980); Torch-flame (Fáklyaláng) (TV, 1969); Chinese Jug (Kínai kancsó) (TV, 1974), and The Siege of Beszterce (Beszterce ostroma 1-13 (TV, 1976). He was presented with the Kossuth Prize (1953), the Merited Artist title (1958), and Outstanding Artist title (1982). – B: 0883, 1445, 1031, T: 7456.
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Unitarian Church in Hungary – Its origin is in Transylvanian Unitarianism of the 16th century, which was founded by Ferenc (Francis) Dávid (1510-1579). Following World War I and due to the “Treaty of Trianon" (1920), the majority of the church-membership, eight deaneries were attached to Romania. The 9th deanery, which was in Budapest, has been turned into an autonomous Church. At present, the Church is made up of 11 parishes and 50 diaspora communities with about 25,000 members. The highest governing body of the Church is the Synod, presided over by the bishop as the spiritual president, and the general curator as the lay president. The members of the Synod are the ministers of the Church, the elected officers, and the representatives of the parishes. The “Church Representative Council” and the “Presidency” function as organs of the church administration. In 1971, for the first time, the Hungarian Unitarian Church could elect its own bishop in the person of József (Joseph) Ferenc, and the lay president was Béla Bartók Jr. The Unitarians’ situation in Hungary was resolved in 1948 between the Hungarian Government and the Church, when the Church was taken under the control of the Hungarian Government. Until that time, the Unitarian Bishopric was in Kolozsvár (now Cluj Napoca, Romania), and the Church was led from there. The Unitarian Church of Hungary was in a situation where her headquarters and the majority of the members were in Romania, and the members remaining in Hungary had to reorganize their life. First, they could not elect a bishop, so the Church was led by a vice-bishop or a vicar. There are three Unitarian churches in Budapest: the Budapest Unitarian Church, the Béla Bartók Unitarian Church, and the Pestszentlőrinc Unitarian Church. Other churches in Hungary are in Debrecen, Győr, Füzesgyarmat, Hódmezővásárhely, Kocsord, the Dunántuli (Transdanubian), and Duna-Tiszaközi (Between the Danube and the Tisza). There are altogether 11 Unitarian ministers. – B&T: 1023.→Dávid, Ferenc; Unitarian Church in Transylvania; Trianon Peace Treaty.
Unitarian Church in Romania – The oldest Unitarian Church traces its roots to 16th century Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). The founder of the Unitarian Church was Ferenc (Francis) Dávid (1510-1579). After becoming acquainted with the Unitarian ideas in Europe, he returned home and founded the Unitarian Church, and elaborated its basic tenets. The beginning of the Unitarian Church is thought to have been at the “Diet of Torda” (Transylvania, now in Romania) in 1568, where the freedom of religion and conscience was for the first time declared in history. The resolution concerning religion, made at the Diet held in Torda between 6 and 13 January 1568 was: "Our Royal Majesty confirms at the present diet what he had decided at the previous debates within his country about the matters of religion, namely that in every place the preachers shall preach and explain the Gospel, each according to his understanding of it, and if the congregation accepts it, so be it; if not, no one shall compel them, for their soul would not be satisfied, but they shall be permitted to keep a preacher whose teaching they approve. Therefore, none of the superintendents or others shall annoy or abuse the preachers on account of their religion, according to the previous constitutions, and it is not allowed for anyone to be imprisoned or punished by removal from his post on account of his teachings, for Faith is the gift of God; this comes from hearing and hearing by the word of God."
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The new faith spread quickly even beyond Transylvania, mainly in various parts of Hungary. The Hungarian Unitarianism and its Polish variant, the “Socinianism” proceeded through the Netherlands, to Britain and America. Ferenc Dávid converted the Ruling Prince of Transylvania, János (John) Zsigmond (1540-1571), and much of the population to the idea of one God, with Jesus as the model of human perfection. Throughout most of its 500-year history, the Church has been either controlled or suppressed by the government. While, in the 16th century, there were 500 congregations in Transylvania, today there are 150. After the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate in 1920, the Church lost one deanery to truncated Hungary, and the Transylvanian Church fell under Romanian authority. This created a new situation. In 1921, the Agrarian Reform took away most of the Church estates. It was difficult to run 26 elementary, 2 secondary schools and a Theological Academy. However, at the end of 1930s, the Church had 36 Elementary schools, 2 High Schools, one Agricultural School, a Theological Academy, and a People’s Academy. The 45 years of Communist rule took away all schools, and started to demolish not only religious faith, but everything Hungarian. The political change in 1989 barely changed the situation of the Church. Most of the formerly nationalized Church properties have yet to be returned. The Church is organized on the Synod-Presbytery system; but an Episcopal form of polity governs the Unitarian Church in Transylvania. Authority in the Unitarian Church is vested in the “Consistory”, which is made up of lay-people and clergy. Local churches elect lay members to the Consistory. A bishop is elected by the Consistory, which meets quarterly. The bishop initially served for a life term. Under new by-laws, the bishop is elected for a six-year term. An annual General Assembly of elected lay-people meets in December. An Executive Committee also works with the bishop. The local clergy elect Deans and they work with and for the bishop. Church membership is determined at birth by parentage (boys are assigned to the father's faith, girls to the mother's) and changing churches is rare. Before 1989, the Communist culture discouraged attachment either to a religion or a local church; but the new regime offers less hostility to religion. Local churches have a lay board, elected annually. The minister relates to the board as the bishop to the Consistory. According to the 1992 census, there were 80,000 Unitarian believers in 126 parishes, 38 affiliated and 220 diaspora congregations under the care of 100 pastors, organized in 6 districts. There are 3 High Schools with state support, a College, and a Theological Academy. Church publications are the Christian Sower (Keresztény Magvető), quarterly; Unitarian Gazette (Unitárius Közlöny), bi-monthly; Unitarian Pulpit (Unitárus Szószék), bi-yearly, and the Book-Calendar (Könyvnaptár). Since 1995, the Church has had its own printing press. Banned associations in 1948 are active again, such as the Ferenc Dávid Association; National Ministerial and Women and Youth associations. The Church has strong ties with the Hungarian, North American and English Unitarianism and founding members of the International Association for Religious Freedom (IARF), 1900. – B: 1023, 1024, T: 7103.→Dávid, Ferenc; János II, King; Varga, Béla; Unitarian Church in Hungary.
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Unitarian Church in Hungary and Unitarian Church in Romania – separated by historical causes restored their unity on 28 June 2012 at Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). – B: 1874, 1031 T: 7103.
Unitarian Hymn Poesy – One of the unique branches of Hungarian hymn poesy. Its development dates from the last third of the 16th century, when it became necessary to provide songs primarily for church services. It adopted many hymns of the Reformation with a few dogmatic alterations; however, they soon composed a few songs as well. The oldest known Unitarian Hymn Books date from the first decade of the 17th century. Besides religious songs, the 17th century witnessed the flowering of a special kind of didactic poetry: songs about the various trades, on the duties of women, etc. As well, they further developed the art form of Biblical storytelling. Due to its interrelation with contemporary bourgeois lifestyle, it is a valuable source of Hungarian cultural history. – B: 1150, T: 7617.
Unitarianism – The name “Unitarian” has its origin in the Latin word Unus est Deus – God is One. Unitarianism is a liberal religion free of dogma that could bind the soul, and that emphasizes the relationship between God and man. The major teachings of Unitarianism consist of the oneness of God; the importance of following the example of the human Jesus; the immortality of the soul; an unconditional respect for life and the surrounding world; and the development of man, a creature that Unitarians consider to be born with the ability to do good. Based on these teachings, education, culture and social life are of great importance to the Unitarian Church. Besides its centuries-old schools, the organizations of the Church, such as the Ferenc Dávid Association, Unitarian Literary Association, Women's Association, Youth Association and the Ministers' Association, and the church periodicals such as Christian Sower and Unitarian Journal are worth mentioning, the latter being among the oldest such publications in Transylvania. Among the traditional Unitarian values, the most widely known are: the promotion and promulgation of religious tolerance, openness toward differences in religion, and a willingness to familiarize oneself with them, a respect for the freedom of conscience, and a national and social commitment. The teachings of the Unitarian Church are based on the Bible, that is to say, they cherish and respect the basic scriptures of Christianity; however, they don't take this text word for word, but rather interpret it with the help of the achievements of Biblical scholarship. In faith issues, they consider conscience and reason to be the ultimate authority. Their liturgical services are: baptism, marriage, funeral, Lord's Supper and confirmation. Their church architecture, the equipment used inside the churches, the vessels used for liturgical purposes and the ministers' garments are almost identical with those used by the Reformed Church. The Unitarian Creed states: I believe in one God, the creator of life, our providential Father. I believe in Jesus, the best among the sons of God, our true master-teacher. I believe in the Holy Spirit. I believe in the mission of the Unitarian Church. I believe in repentance and eternal life. Amen. From the words quoted above, it can be concluded that Unitarians consider themselves to be Christians. The original meaning of the word Christian is: follower of Jesus, a person living according to the teachings of Jesus. Those who deny that they are Christians should clarify once and for all whether the name Christian denotes the
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followers of Jesus, or those who accept the dogmas that gradually gained acceptance starting with the 4th century – such, as the one about the Holy Trinity. Unitarians do not believe in the Trinity; instead they see Jesus as a man worthy of being followed and the Holy Spirit as the helping power of God rather than separate persons within one deity. Unitarian beliefs similar to the ones mentioned above also evolved in other parts of the world during the past two centuries (United States of America, England, The Czech Republic, India, The Philippines, etc.). The Unitarian organizations in the different nations do not belong to one unifying organization, though they maintain many partner-church relationships. As a consequence of the Treaty of Trianon (1920), there are two separate Hungarian Unitarian Churches today; however, Unitarians hold a single one in their hearts, and hope that “that which belongs together, will be joined” soon. The Transylvanian Unitarian Church comprises 126 congregations organized into 6 districts, with approximately 65,000 church members; its high authorities and the bishop's office are located in Kolozsvár, and most of the inner organizations and institutions are also based in the same city. The Hungarian Unitarian Church has 11 member congregations with a few thousand churchgoers, and is centered in Budapest. Both these organizations are based on Synod-Presbyterian principles, their most important organs being the Synod and the Main Council of the Church. Finally, the names of a few famous personalities are given here. Few may know that they were (among other things) Unitarians: John Sigismund, Gáspár (Gasper) Heltai, Miklós (Nicholas) Bogáti Fazekas, Sándor (Alexander) Bölöni Farkas, Sámuel Brassai, János (John) Kriza, Balázs (Blaise) Orbán, Béla Bartók Sr. and Béla Bartók Jr;, László (Ladislas) Lajtha, Ferenc (Francis) Balázs, László (Ladislas) Szabédi, Gyula (Julius) László, Imre (Emeric) Mikó, György (George) Bözödi, as well as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Samuel Morse, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Alexander Graham Bell, Linus Carl Pauling [United States of America], Joseph Priestley, Robert Burns, George Stephenson, Charles Darwin, Charles Dickens [Great Britain]. – B&T: 1874.→Some of the names in the above article have their own entry.
*United States of America and Canada, Hungarian Books and Archival Collection in the Libraries of – Hungarian or Hungarian related books can be found in every large city of North America in public and university libraries and private collections. Archival material is also plentiful; letters of Lajos (Louis) Kossuth, records of the Hungarian Cabinet and Parliament, reports of accredited ambassadors in Budapest and Washington, diplomatic correspondence of the first and second World Wars, correspondence dealing with the affairs of the leaders of American/Hungarian organizations and persons in Hungary, English language newsletters and collections of old periodicals and reviews that no longer can be found in libraries, which were destroyed in Hungary, a genuine treasure of untouched original works. Washington Library of Congress: It has a separate Hungarian section. Catalogued collections of Hungarian publications can be found here. The National Archives offers a particularly large collection for those, who wish to research Hungarian/American connections: collections of documents acquired from the Szálasi government by the American Army in 1945 in Southern Germany, discussions between Mussolini and Prime Minister Miklós Kállay on 1 April 1943, and minutes of meetings of the conferences in Teheran and Yalta.
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New York Public Library: It contains more, than 20,000 volumes of Hungarian works. The Journal Division in 1972 subscribed to 165 journals and in 1973 to 159; since then they have increased the subscriptions for more journals. e.g. the issues of Hon, published in 1867 shed light on the times and circumstances of the 1867 Compromise with Austria. Columbia Public Library: More than 10,000 volumes of Hungarian works can be found here. Approximately 4,000 works related to Hungarian matters written in English, German, French and other foreign languages are also available. In this large library numerous portraits of well-known American Hungarians are kept and also the statue of the great nationalist poet Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi is exhibited, a gift from the city’s Hungarian community. A collection of newspaper articles related to Lajos Kossuth’s American visit and other interesting documents are in the collection. Approximately 10% of the volumes are translated from other languages into Hungarian. Stanford, CA. Hoover Institution: It has a substantial amount of documents, which cannot be found anywhere else, relating to the government of Béla Kun. They are composed of original government telegrams, hand written and typewritten government notes, minutes of the meetings of the People’s Council and other interesting items. Here we find the National Council’s official notes, documents of the Bethlen government, documents dealing with affairs of Hungary, and Gestapo documents. Chicago Public Library: It has more than 2,500 volumes of Hungarian works; approximately 110 volumes are catalogued each year. Indiana Ball State University: It acquired more than 300 volumes dealing with Hungary. As a rarity, it has one volume from King Mátyás’s Corvina Library (15th century), which constitutes a proud acquisition of this library. Dartmouth College: Into the library János Perényi, Hungarian ambassador in Washington and confidant of Count Pál Teleki, are placed the so-called “break-away” documents. University Library of Yale: Mr. Osborn – son-in-law of Montgomery, who in the 1930s was the American ambassador to Hungary, donated a portion of his father-in-law’s diplomatic notes and noteworthy writings relating to the life-styles of the ruling class. The vast majority of Montgomery’s documents are in a private collection. In that collection, one can find befitting characterizations sent to Washington of Regent Horthy and Cardinal Serédi, Tibor Echardt, Prime Minister Pál Teleki and Otto Habsburg. Corvinus Virtual Library: The Corvinus Library has operated for decades under the auspices of the Hunyadi Veteran Scouts Co-operative, Hamilton, Ont., Canada. Its aim is to ameliorate Hungary’s image in the world by producing and distributing books and CD-s in English about the true history and culture of Hungary. Unfortunately, there were very few - fair and objective – books available on Hungary. To help to fill the demand, the Library has distributed thousands of books and CDs on the subjects among university, research, media, and government libraries. The number of works appearing on the website is growing: http://www.hungarianhistory.com. – B: 1020, T: 7666.
United States of America, Hungarian Population of – The reason for Hungarians’ emigrating to the US was either political or economical. They arrived sporadically and in waves. In 1831, Sándor (Alexander) Bölöni-Farkas had already founded a Hungarian colony in New Orleans, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and in other much smaller places.
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(1) The first wave of Hungarian immigrants was made up of refugees after the War of Independence of 1848-1849. They were the Kossuth-immigrants. (2) The great wave of Hungarian immigration began in the 1870s, and peaked just before World War I. The reason for this massive outflow of people was purely economic. It was instigated by the agricultural crisis at the end of the 19th century, the great vine phyloxera epidemic, and the struggle between the Hungarian and Romanian factions in Szeklerland in Eastern Transylvania (now in Romania). At the same time, there was a great need for laborers in the United States and the Americans were aggressively recruiting in Europe. The Hungarian immigrants were mostly day-workers and small landholding peasants. There was a Hungarian immigrant meeting at the Shakespeare Hotel of New York City on 3 November 1871. The first Hungarian insurance association was formed in 1882 in New York, and by 1910, they had several hundred insurance associations. Hungarian churches sprang up all over the US from the 1890s on. The number of Hungarians by the official census of 1880 was 11,526; by 1890 they numbered 62,435, and by the census of 1900, the number of Hungarian-born citizens in the US was 145,714.
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(3) After World War I, the arriving Hungarians were planning to stay on for about five years, but only 37% returned to Hungary, the rest remained and settled down. The latecomers did not use any of the establishments of their predecessors. The majority of the new immigrants between 1925 and 1943 were merchants and some highly educated middle class people, among them such internationally recognized scholars as János (John von) Neumann, Leo Szilárd, Edward Teller, Jenő (Eugene) Wigner. By 1920, the Hungarian-speaking population numbered 473,538. Statistically, their presence in the different states compared with the total population is as follows: in Indiana (South Bend), Massachusetts (Bridgeport) and Michigan (Detroit) 2-5%; in Illinois (Chicago) 6-10 %; in New Jersey (Trenton), New York (New York City), Ohio (Akron, Cleveland, Toledo) and Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) over 10%. By 1920, the 10 cities in the US with the largest number of Hungarian inhabitants were Akron, Bridgeport, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, South Bend, Toledo, and Trenton. (4) There was yet another immigrant wave after World War II. The newcomers established themselves in cities already having a considerable Hungarian population. The statistics indicate that between 1941 and 1950 some 16 thousand new Hungarian immigrants arrived to the U.S.A. In spite of the McCarran-Walter bill of 1952 opening the door to thousands of new immigrants, Hungarian arrivals diminished considerably due to the 1949 sealing of the Hungarian borders by the Communist regime. There were only sporadic arrivals after that. In 1964 there were about 500 Hungarian researchers and scholars in the USA. (5) After the crushed Revolution and Freedom Fight of 1956, there came another great stream of immigrants. From January 1957 the American authorities made several concessions towards the Hungarian refugees that made possible the arrival of more than 30 thousand Hungarians into the U.S.A. by June. "These Hungarians became valuable assets instead of a burden to America". Such praise was simply unknown until then, as the US immigration authorities usually were recognized to be more difficult than welcoming. By 1968, the number of Hungarians living in the United States was estimated to be around 800 thousand. There were some 120 thousand in New York City, 51 thousand in Cleveland, 42 thousand in Los Angeles, 37 thousand in Chicago, 33 thousand in Detroit, 29 thousand in Pittsburgh, and 25 thousand in Philadelphia. The 1980 census indicated there were 727,223 citizens claiming Hungarian as their mother tongue, while 1,049,679 declared a Hungarian origin.
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The breakdown of their number classified by mother tongue/origin by the individual states: Alabama 1,678/2,416; Alaska 710/1,022; Arizona 8,034/11,569; Arkansas 1,021/1,470; California 71,428/110,2856; Colorado 5,698/8,205; Connecticut 22,307/32,122; Delaware 1,218/1,485; Florida 47,444/68,319; Georgia 3,665/5,278; Hawaii 744/1,071; Idaho 717/1,032; Illinois 30,373/43,737; Indiana 18,382/26,470; Iowa 1,350/1,944; Kansas 1,581/2,277; Kentucky 2,088/3,007; Louisiana 2,628/3,784; Maine 835/1,202; Maryland 9,980/1,4371; Massachusetts 6,854/9,870; Michigan 48,396/69,690; Minnesota 3,970/5,719; Mississippi 559/805; Missouri 6,310/9,086; Montana 1,047/1,508; Nebraska 1,230/1,771; Nevada 2,413/3,475; New Hampshire 1,007/1,450; New Jersey 70,607/14,6411; New Mexico 1,248/1,797, New York 11,5981/16,7013; North Carolina 3,298/4,749; North Dakota 935/1,346; Ohio 102,581/147,717; Oklahoma 1,552/2,235; Oregon 3,614/5,204; Pennsylvania 76,544/110,223; Rhode Island 842/2,213; South Carolina 1,537/2,213; South Dakota 623/897; Tennessee 2,149/1,094, Texas 10,173/14,649; Utah 809/1,165; Vermont 771/1,110; Virginia 8,225/11,844; Washington 5,540/7,978; West Virginia 5,159/7,429; Wisconsin 9,781/14,085; Wyoming 556/801. U.S. cities claiming the largest number of Hungarians classified by mother tongue/origin: New York City 63,826/91,909; Cleveland (Cuyahoga) 34,330/49,435; Los Angeles 33,709/48,541; New Brunswick (Middlesex) 20,085/29,210; and Detroit (Wayne) 19,056/27,441. – B: 1020, 1134, T: 3240. →Neumann, John von; Teller, Ede; Wigner, Jenő.
Universitas Istropolitana – Since the 16th century frequently – but incorrectly – it has been referred to as Academia Istropolitana (Greek: Istropolis-Danube City) in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). It was founded in 1465 by Pope Paul II, on the request of the Hungarian King Mátyás I, (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490). It was the first University in the territory of present-day Slovakia, and was the only University in the Kingdom of Hungary at that time, although historically not the first on Hungarian territory. Many well-known professors from Austria, Italy and elsewhere taught at the school, such as Galeotto Marzio and János (Johann, John) Vitéz. Regiomontanus was the Chair in Mathematics, while the court astrologer for the King, Martin Bylica was the Chair in Astrology at the University. The University ceased to exist after the death of King Mátyás I. The Renaissance university building still stands in Pozsony, housing the Academy of Performing Arts. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Vitéz, János; Mátyás I, King.
Universities in Hungary are as follows:
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Andrássy Gyula German Speaking University, Budapest (Andrássy Gyula Budapesti Német Nyelvű Egyetem – AUB). The Institution, named after Count Gyula (Julius) Andrássy, has four faculties: Comparative State and Law Studies, International Relations, Central European Studies, and Ph.D. Studies. The main building is the Festetics Palace in Budapest. The University opened in 2002, and is financed by the Hungarian Government, the Austrian Government and the German states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. The first students completed their studies in 2005. László (Ladislas) Sólyom, Hungary's former President has taught there since 2002. About 130 students studied there in 2006; approx. 45% came from Germany and Austria, 45% from Hungary, and 10% from other Central European countries. There are partner universities in Heidelberg, Passau, Bayreuth, St.Gallen, Osnabrück, Linz and Göttingen. B: 1031, T: 7103.→Andrássy, Count Gyula (1).
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Budapest University of Technology and Economics (Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságudományi Egyetemt - BUTE) – The predecessor of the University was the Institute-Geometrico-Hydrotechnicum (Institute of Engineering), established by Emperor József II (Joseph) in 1782, as part of the Liberal Arts Faculty at the University of Buda. The Institute’s students were trained for three years. It was the first in Europe to award engineering degrees to students of land surveying, river control and road construction. Early 19th century development efforts and the demands by the National Assembly made necessary the establishment of a tertiary institution for training professionals for the industry. The foundation of the School of Industry (Ipartanoda) was endorsed by Emperor Ferdinánd V in 1844, and the school was named after Palatine Joseph. Many of its students and professors took part in the 1848 Revolution and War of Independence. In 1850, the Institutum Geometricum merged with the Joseph College and the new school was named “Royal Joseph Polytechnic” (József Nádor Politechnikum) in 1856. In 1871, Emperor Franz Joseph gave autonomy to the Royal Joseph University and right to issue engineering diplomas after five years of study. It was the first institution in Europe to train engineers on university level. In 190l, the University was entitled to grant doctoral degrees, the Doctor Rerum Technicarum. By then, with regard to the number of students, the University was third in rank among the higher technical institutes in Europe, after Berlin and Munich. The first woman student graduated in 1925. In 1934, the Parliament made significant changes in the organization of the University. The new institution was named the “Royal Joseph University of Technical and Economics”, and united in itself the Mining and Forestry Academy of Sopron, the Veterinary College and the Faculty of Economics of the University of Budapest. Five faculties were created: 1) Faculty of Engineering and Civil Engineering; 2) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Chemical Engineering; 3) Faculty of Mining, Metallurgical and Forestry Engineering; 4) Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary College; 5) Faculty of Economics. With its 98 departments, the university became the biggest higher educational institute in Hungary. Around the end of the decade, the university had some 2,500 students out of 11,747 university students nationwide. In 1949, its name changed to “Technical University of Budapest”. The University has the following faculties: Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Architecture, Chemical Engineering and Electrical Engineering. In 1955, the Faculty of Transportation was added. In 1971, an experimental atom-reactor was put in service. Since 1984, the instruction has been in English, in addition to Hungarian. In 1987, the Faculty of Natural and Social Sciences was established. In 1992, the Faculty of Electrical Engineering became the “Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics”. The Continuous Education of Engineers has been in operation since 1939 – the first in Europe. Among its renowned professors were Károly Zipernowsky, Donát Bánki, Zoltán Bay and Frigyes Schulek – to mention a few. The University has bilateral links with some 102 universities worldwide and its professors are office bearers of more than 200 international scientific organizations. – B&T: 0976.→Bánki, Donát; Bay, Zoltán; Schulek, Frigyes; Zipernovszky, Károly.
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Central European University (Közép-Európai Egyetem – CEU, Budapest) – The idea of bringing together students and faculties from diverse regions to an international base for higher learning in Central Europe, was born in 1989 at Dubrovnik, in the former Yugoslavia. Among its founders were György (George) Soros, Miklós (Nicholas) Vásárhelyi and William Newton-Smith. Today, it is an internationally recognized institution of post-graduate education in social sciences and humanities. The University seeks to contribute to the development of open societies in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and to expand worldwide to emerging democracies. The University draws students from 46 countries beyond its original regions, from North America, Asia and Africa. The University has some 14 academic departments, schools and programs, such as the Department of Economics; Gender Studies History; Legal Studies; Medieval Studies; Philosophy and Political Science – to mention a few. During the 2002-2003 academic year 926 students enrolled. About 100 professors from 25 countries teach at CEU. The Hungarian state recognized CEU in 1995. – B&T: 0987.
Corvinus University of Budapest – The forerunner of this University, the Faculty of Economics of the Royal Hungarian University, was established in 1920. In 1934, the faculty was merged with other institutions, including the University of Technology, to form the Hungarian Royal Palatine Joseph University of Technology and Economics (József Nádor Egyetem). In 1948, the University of Economics became an independent organization. In 1953 it was renamed Karl Marx University of Economic Sciences. In 1990, after the regime change, the University was renamed Budapest University of Economic Sciences. In 2000, with the integration of the College of Public Administration, the institution was named Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration (BUESPA). In 2003, the three faculties of the former University of Horticulture (then part of the St. Stephen University) were integrated into the BUESPA. In 2004 the University received its present name. The new name refers to King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490). The Corvinus University of Budapest has 7 different faculties. These can be grouped into three subject areas: Business, Public Administration and Horticulture. As of 2003, (before the merger with the horticulture faculties), the University had 620 professors and 16,537 students, with 2,721 students graduating. In 2006, it had a total of 17,000 students. Classes are offered also in English and German in addition to Hungarian. A growing number of the university's students come from foreign countries. – B: 1031, T: 7103.
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Debrecen University of Reformed Theology (Debreceni Református Hittudományi Egyetem – DRHE) was founded as the Debrecen Reformed College in 1538 (Debreceni Református Kollégium). It trains ministers and teachers for the Reformed Church. An Academy of Law and a Teachers' Training College were established in the 19th century, and a Faculty of Arts in 1908. The three Faculties (Theology, Law and Arts) were united as the Hungarian Royal Count István Tisza University in 1912 (A Magyar Királyi Gróf Tisza István Tudományegytem). In 1952, it was renamed Lajos Kossuth University (Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem). In 1951, the Faculty of Theology was deprived of its right to bestow a university degree and had to leave the main university building; it became the Theological Academy of the Reformed Church in Hungary. In 1990, DRHE was again authorized by the Higher Education Law to issue a university degree. It was a founding member of the Universitas Association and of the Debrecen University Federation in the integration process. As a church institution, it could not be integrated into a state university, but it is an associated member of the University of Debrecen. The rights of maintaining the Institute are exercised by the Transtibiscan (Tiszántúli) Reformed Synod through the College Board, and the institute is closely integrated into the traditional educational system of the Debrecen Reformed College (secondary and elementary school, libraries, Office of Finances, boarding schools). The work of the Institutes of the College is coordinated by the College Board through the Principal’s Office. In the areas of education and management, DRHE does have autonomy. The Rector is responsible for the preparation, execution and supervision of the decisions made by the Board of the Faculty. He can share these tasks with the Vice-Rector and, on occasion, with other members of the Board. The exchange of information and coordination is informal and needs more non-academic staff and a new structure to organize planning, decision-making and supervision. Members of the student government, the Council of Theological Students, participate in decision-making in an advisory capacity, except for entrance exams, where they decide over 25% of the points. The educational programs are based on the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS). Trainings offered: Master of Divinity, Master of Theology and Teacher of Religion (MA, BA). The DRHE ECTS Package is available via Internet ECTS Info. The Debrecen University of Reformed Theology, having worked through the integration process, is associated with the University of Debrecen. As a church institution, it cooperates with other Hungarian-speaking Reformed Theological Seminaries and Universities (Budapest, Sárospatak, Pápa, Kolozsvár/Cluj, Komárom /Komárno and Nagyvárad/Oradea) associated with Coetus Theologorum. There is a centuries-old system of church scholarships, through which several of the students can study in different U.S. and Western European Universities every year. Bilateral contacts have been established with the Theologische Universität in Kampen and the Austin Theological Seminary. – B&T: 0958, 1015.
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Eötvös Loránd University of Science (Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem – University of Budapest, ELTE) – The foundation stones of today's ELTE University in Budapest were laid by Péter Pázmány (1570-1637), the Cardinal-Archbishop of Esztergom, at Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia) in 1635. At the time of its foundation, the University had only two faculties: Faculty of Theology and Faculty of Arts. There were almost a thousand students attending the University and the secondary school classes two years after its opening and there were also foreign students right from the start. In 1667, the University was expanded by the establishment of the Faculty of Law, and in 1769 by the addition of the Faculty of Medicine, and the total number of departments increased to 25. In 1777, the University was placed in the newly rebuilt royal palace in Buda. The radical modernization of the University started and accelerated after 1860. New departments were established with well-equipped libraries. During these years, its academic sophistication and its stature rapidly increased, until it attained a level comparable to that of the well-established European universities. In 1921, the University was renamed the Péter Pázmány University of Budapest (Budapesti Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetem) in honor of its founder. The name was again changed to (Baron) Loránd Eötvös (Báró Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem), after the previous Rector and Professor of the University. In 1950, the Theology Faculty was separated from the main body. Today, it is Péter Pázmány Catholic University, Budapest. In 1951, the Faculty of Medicine became independent under the name of Medical University of Budapest (today Semmelweis Medical University; Semmelweis Orvostudományi Egyetem – SOTE). Since 1990, research and tuition in sociology have been pursued at the University's Institute of Sociology and Social Politics (Szociológiai Intézet és Társadalpmudományi Kar), which received University status. After the integration process of the Hungarian higher education institutions, the University of Budapest has six faculties: Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Sciences, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Teacher Training, Faculty of Special Education, and Faculty of Nursery and Elementary School Teacher Training. The University has links with some 30 universities worldwide and participates in many international programs. – B&T: 0973.
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Evangelical-Lutheran Theological University, Budapest (Evangélikus Hittudományi Egyetem, Budapest) – The beginning of the Lutheran theological training goes back to the decades of the Reformation. In the Latin school of Sopron, the Old Testament Hebrew language was already taught in 1557, and this school, as the Theological Institute (Teológiai Intézet), became one among three other locations of 17th century Lutheran Theological training in Hungary. The Institute became independent in 1892 under the name of Evangelical Theological Academy of Sopron (Soproni Evangélikus Theológiai Főiskola). The Academy in Sopron became the Theological Faculty of the Royal Hungarian Erzsébet University of Science in Pécs in 1923 (Magyar Királyi Errzsébet Tudományegyetem). After the Communist take-over of 1948, theological faculties of all denominations were separated from their respective universities. The Lutheran Faculty became a Theological Academy and, because of the nearness of the Western border, it had to move to Budapest in 1951. First they were accommodated in a part of the building of the nationalized Fasor High School, and they had to move to the Lendvay Street building of the Church, which was afterwards taken over by the State Office for Church Affairs. Later, the Academy was moved to a wing of the Üllői Street Headquarters. In 1974, a new building in Zugló became its home. In 1989, the Institute moved to its modern building. Its legal status was unclear up to 1990. After the collapse of the Communist regime in 1990, the Hungarian Parliament recognized it as a University. The training of pastors takes 5 years (10 semesters), plus an additional year of practice in one of the parishes. The teachers of religion are trained for 5 years parallel to their full training as teachers of a particular subject at another university. The University offers a five-year program of theological studies concluding with a university degree. At the University there is a Chair for the Old Testament, New Testament, Church History, Systematic Theology, Practical Theology, Religion and Society, and for Church Music. Sociology, Psychology and Pedagogy are represented by guest lecturers from other universities. In addition to Hebrew, Greek and Latin, German or English is also compulsory for every student. The Hungarian Law on Higher Education recognized the diploma as equivalent to an MA in Theology. Since 1992, a Protestant Postgraduate Course has been offered every summer for graduates. There are 220 young people studying at the Institute, most of them preparing for the ministry, and some of them are training to become teachers of religion. In addition to this regular training, there is also training for graduate teachers who wish to become teachers of religion. Beside this, the University runs regional college-level courses of Religious Education and Catechetics at Nyíregyháza, Győr and Kaposvár in 8 semesters. The length of the Ph.D. program consists of 6 semesters. In the main building, a library of about 50,000 volumes (most of them in German and English) and a reading room are available for teachers and students. The Lutheran Students’ Home has a dormitory of 90 beds, as well as a dining room with kitchen. The University has a long tradition of having guest students at the Institute. – B&T: 0985, T: 7103.
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Jewish University (Jewish Theological Seminary and University of Jewish Studies) (Rabbiképző Szeminárium és Zsidó Egyetem, Budapest) – Hungary has one of the largest Jewish populations in Europe. The Capital City of Budapest has up to 130 thousand Jews amounting to 95 % of their total number in Hungary. They consist of two groups: the Orthodox and Reformed Jews. The Jewish Theological Seminary was established in 1880, and has long been the only rabbinical training facility in Eastern Europe. Later it has been expanded into a Jewish University. This is the only Jewish institute of higher learning in Eastern and Central Europe. Its 250 students study in five faculties: the Jewish Teachers’ College, Jewish Community Work Faculty, Rabbinical School, Liturgy Faculty (Cantorial School) and the Faculty of Jewish Culture. It works in close cooperation with Midreshet Yearushalayim and Schechter Institute Faculty. Hungarian student teachers also participate in a SIJS study program in Israel. The University has its own facilities, including a library and college, and foreign students exchange program. – B&T: 0986.
Károli Gáspár Reformed University (Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem, Budapest) – It was named after Gáspár Károli (1530-1591), Reformed Minister in Vizsoly and Bible translator. The Reformed Church in Hungary opened its first university of its own on 1 July 1990. The Parliament declared the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest a University, together with the Teacher Training College of the Danubian Reformed District in Nagykőrös, and with Faculty of Arts and Law School. The University consists of Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Theology, Teacher Training College, School of Librarianship and a Law Academy in Kecskemét. Departments of the Faculty of Arts include Hungarian Language; Hungarian Literature; Contemporary Hungarian Literature; Ancient History; Medieval Hungarian and Universal History; Early Modern Hungarian and Universal History; Modern Hungarian and Universal History; English Language, English Literatures and Cultures; German Language and Literature; Japanese Language and Literature; Psychology, and Communication. After many attempts to establish a Reformed University, it was finally realized. – B: 0910, T: 7103.
Liszt Ferenc University of Music, Budapest (Liszt Ferenc Zeneművészeti Egyetem, Budapest) – The beginning of the Institution dates back to 1840, when Ferenc (Franz) Liszt gave his first benefit concert for the Hungarian National Conservatory of Music, and after 18 months, this teaching institution of music was built. It was the first Hungarian Music School, and the birth place of Hungarian Music Education. This Music Institute has continuously served Hungarian Musical Art since 1841. In 1851, its name was Pestbuda Conservatory of Musicians Society (Pestbudai Hangászegylet Zenede). Its name changed to National Music School (Nemzeti Zenede) in 1867. Now the name of the new Old Academy is the Bartók Béla Secondary Music School (Bartók Béla Zeneművészeti Szakközépiskola és Gimnázium) and it is the Music Teacher Training Institute of the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music. In 1992, the Academy was promoted to the status of a State University.
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The Institute originally offered courses in piano, composition, harmony and music esthetics. In the 1880s, two new departments - those of violin and cello - were added. Today, it has the following faculties and departments: Composition and Conducting; Musicology; Keyboard Instruments and Harp; Strings; Woodwinds; Brasses; Percussion; Singing and Opera; Repetiteur; Music Theory, Chamber Music and Church Music. Besides the Training School, there is a School for Exceptionally Talented Children, and a School for Instrument Repair. The Central Library has the largest musical collection in the country. Its 400,000 music scores, 70,000 books, 1,000 different periodicals and approximately 25,000 records provide the basic material used for teaching and research. The Academy has many international links. The Academy has had such excellent professors as Ferenc Liszt, Ferenc (Francis) Erkel, Jenő (Eugene) Hubay, Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály to mention a few of the long list of world-famous musicians who have been educated at the Academy of Music of Budapest. – B&T: 0977.→Bartók Béla; Hubay, Jenő; Liszt, Ferenc; Erkel, Ferenc; Kodály, Zoltán.
National Public Service University (Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem), Budapest - It was founded on 1 January 2012 with the amalgamation of the Zrinyi Miklós National Defense University (Zrinyi Miklós Nemzetvédelmi Egyetem), the Police Officer Academy (Rendőrtiszti Főiskola), Budapest and the Public Administration Science Faculty of the Corvinus University (Corvinus Egyetem Közigazgatás-tudományi Kara), Budapest. – B: 1031, T: 7103.
Partium Christian University (PCU) (Partium Keresztyén Egyetem, PKU; Universitatea Creştinǎ Partium, Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania) – Hungarian-language University at Nagyvárad in the Partium area (the eastern strip of the Great Hungarian Plain), between truncated Hungary and Transylvania (Erdély), near the Hungarian border. This eastern, north-south strip of the Great Plain was formed and named Partium or “Parts” (Részek) in the times of the Turkish occupation of the central part of the Historic Kingdom of Hungary of the Carpathian Basin. This strip of flatland was between the Turkish-occupied area and the Principality of Transylvania. It was ceded to Romania after the Dictated Peace Treaty of Trianon-Versailles of 1920 and, as a result, the Hungarian population of Romania lost its University. However, after the political changes of 1990, the Reformed population of the Partium in the Church-District of Királyhágó initiated the establishment of the István Sulyok Reformed College, which was approved by the Romanian authorities in 1991, as an addition to the Reformed Theological Faculty at Nagyvárad, of the Protestant Theological Institute of Kolozsvár. It started with 238 students. For the 1994-1995 seasons a temporary work permit was granted for the departments of Religious Teachers; Social Work and Religious Teachers; German Language and Literature. From 1995 to 2000, the scope of instruction of the College was extended with the departments of Management, School of Music and Teaching of Foreign Languages. At the end of 1995, the College separated from the Protestant Theological Institute of Kolozsvár and transformed itself into an independent tertiary institution under the title of Christian University of the Partium. In 2000 it obtained its working permit. From 2000 to 2003, it was extended with the Departments of English Language and Literature, English, Romanian, Philosophy, Sociology, Social
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work, Touristics and Advertising Graphics. The Chairs of the University are: English Language and Literature, Philosophy, Hungarian Language and Literature, Modern Languages and Literatures, German Language and Literature, Romanian Language and Literature, Sociology and Theology. After a break of half a century, on 30 September 2008, it became a reality for Hungarians of Transylvania to have an independent Hungarian tertiary institution, recognized by the state: the Christian University of the Partium. – B: 2036, 2078, T: 7456.→Partium; Sapientia University.
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Pázmány Péter Catholic University (Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem, Budapest) – Founded by the Conference of Catholic Bishops on 30 January 1992, by extending the Catholic Theological Academy, founded by Cardinal Péter Pázmány in 1635 at Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia). In 1993, the Parliament endorsed it and, in 1999 the Holy See bestowed its foundation charter. With it, the University is one of the 800 Catholic Universities worldwide, and one of the 52 universities with the Holy See’s foundation charter. It has some 8,000 students and has the right to issue the baccalaureat, licenciate and scientific doctoral degrees. Features of the Catholic University are: Catholic ideals and reflection upon the growing richness of human knowledge in the light of the Catholic faith. It is enriched with research, faithfulness to the Christian message conveyed by the Church, education to the service of God’s people and humanity in a way which leads to the transcendental goal. The University cooperates with other Catholic universities and educational institutes at home and abroad. The Theologial Faculty on its Budapest Campus has four departments: Theology, Teaching of Religion, Canonist and Doctoral schools. Main research areas are: Dogmatics, Biblical Studies, Christian Philosophy, Moral Theology, Church History and Patristics. Faculty of Humanities is on the Piliscsba-Klotildliget Campus. It offers a variety of ancient and modern languages and literatures, and deals with teacher training and continuous education. Main areas of research are: Philosophy, Medieval subjects, Modern History, Arts History, Christian Arts, Sociology and Slovakology. The Faculty of Law and Political Sciences is on the Budapest Campus. It provides basic, also postgraduate and law studies. Areas of research: Legal History, Jurisprudence, International Law, Law and Economic Ethics, and Civil and Environmental Laws. The Faculty of Informatics and Technology is on the Budapest Campus. It started in 2001-2002. The Canonist Postgradual Institution (Kánonjogi Posztgraduális Intézet) is on the Budapest Campus. It provides training for clergy as well as for laity with a Degree in Law. Since 1 January 2008, the Vitéz János Roman Catholic Teacher Training College (Vitéz János Római Katolikus Tanítóképző Főiskola – VJRKTF) of Esztergom has been operating as the Vitéz János Faculty (Vitéz János Kar) of the Péter Pázmány Catholic University. The University has a number of scientific journals and magazines, such as Folia Theologica; Teologia; Studia Theologica Budapestinensia; Studia Orientalia; Verbum, etc. The chairman of the Hungarian Catholic Bishops’ Conference is ex officio the Grand Chancellor of the University, who is the Head of the University’s Government, representing the Holy See. – B: 0963, 1031, T: 7103.→Pázmány, Péter.
Polytechnic of Budapest→Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
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Sapienta University, Transylvania, Romania (Sapienta Egyetem, Erdély/Transylvania, Romania) – The reasons for founding a Hungarian Private University in Transylvania lie in the fact that university education in Hungarian was gradually and systematically suppressed by the Romanian nationalist Communist policy, and that the negotiations with state authorities in regard to a Hungarian University led nowhere in the 1990s. In order to provide university level education for students of the 2-million strong Hungarian ethnic minority in Transylvania, on 14 April, 2000, the leaders of the “historical Churches”, i.e., the Catholic, Reformed, Evangelical-Lutheran and Unitarian Churches, expressed their intention to establish the Sapientia Endowment Fund for founding the Transylvanian Hungarian University (Erdélyi Magyar Tudomány Egyetem, EMTE). To this end, the Hungarian Government granted 2 billion Hungarian forints (HUF). Soon, the University was set up and was named “Sapientia University” with the late Sándor Tonk as its rector, and was inaugurated in October 2000. Its central administration is located at Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca); its faculties’ locations are: Nagyvárad (now Oradea) initially with the István Sulyok Reformed College, which developed into the Partium Christian University; Marosvásárhely (now Targu-Mures), with Hungarian schools, and Csíkszereda (now Miercurea Ciuc) in Szeklerland in three former hotels bought and transformed for educational purposes. The Faculty of Arts, the Law School, Business School, Communications School and the Central Library are at Kolozsvár. At Marosvásárhely, the Faculty of Sociology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Informatics, Automation, Mathematics, and Music Teacher Training School are located. In Nagyvárad, besides the Faculty of Arts, there is the Teacher’s College. In Csíkszereda, there is the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Food Sciences, etc. The University has a development plan, and the projected number of students was 5,500 in 2005. The University’s links with other universities are expanding. – B: 0984, T: 7103.→Partium Christian University.
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Selye János University (Univerzita J. Selyeho) – The first independent Hungarian-language University in the outskirts of Komárom (Révkomárom, now Komarno) on the left (northern) banks of the Danube, now in Slovakia. It began functioning in September 2004. Its center is in the Officer’s Pavilion of the English (Angol) Park, near the Klapka Plaza. It consists of three faculties: the Theological, Economic, and the Educational Faculty for teacher training. The Reformed Theological Faculty was formed by the integration of the Calvin Theological Academy, founded in 1994, while the Faculty of Economics was originally a transferred faculty of the Corvinus University, Budapest. The need for the establishment of a Hungarian-language University already became clear in 1990. Members of Parliament, Miklós Duray (Nicholas), Zoltán Sidó and Gyula (Julius) Popély proposed it, but the Czechoslovak Parliament rejected it. The proposal of Edit Bauer in 1992, to establish a Hungarian Faculty within the Teachers’ College of Nyitra (Nitra) was also rejected by the Slovak Parliament. In 2001, the Slovak Government decided on the establishment of a Hungarian Faculty in the Konstantin University of Nyitra, but this failed because of the resistance of its staff. In the same year, lectures on Economics began in Komárom as a transferred faculty of the Corvinus University of Budapest. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, under pressure from the Hungarian Coalition Party, the Dzurinda Government agreed to the establishment of an independent Hungarian University. The celebration for the founding of the University took place in the Ceremonial Hall of the Officer’s Pavilion in the presence of the Hungarian and Slovak ministers of education on 17 January 2004. The first Vice Chancellor was Sándor (Alexader) Albert. Lectures started with 601 students in September 2004. The University became richer with the addition of a new building near Újvár. – B: 1031, T: 7456.→Sapientia University; Partium Christian University.
Semmelweis University of Medicine (Semmelweis Orvostudományi Egyetem, Budapest – SOTE) – The completion of the University of Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia) with a Medical Faculty took place late in the 18thcentury. It was the result of Empress and Queen Maria Theresa’s Decree of 7 November 1769. A separate building was erected for the new Faculty, and was completed by May of 1772. Instruction started in 1770, at first with five institutes. Later, the University was moved to Buda.
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The Civil Code of April 1848 included a separate article (1848: XIX) concerning the University. This declared the independence of the University and the principle of liberal freedom of education. After the Compromise with Austria in 1867, the Hungarian language was reestablished in its rights with the 44th Article of 1868. A large-scale construction started in the 1870s. As a result, the “Budapest Medical School” was established. It was here that the conscious prevention of operative infections was introduced, under the influence of Ignác (Ignatius) Semmelweis. In the 1860s, there were between 400 and 600 students, by the 1880s over 1,000. During World War I, most of the students and teachers were called up for military service and the number of beds in clinics was hastily increased to 2,000. In 1918 and 1919 there was some confusion, because of the developing revolutions. Personal changes and political screenings were instituted. Professors were dismissed, among others György (George) Hevesy, one of the founders of nuclear medicine, who became a Nobel-Prize winner abroad. The excessive number of students, as well as experience gained from revolutions, led to the Act of 1920: XXV, the notorious “Numerus Clausus Act” that restricted the conditions of admission on the entry of Jewish students. A ministerial order of 1924 opened the institutions for women. After World War I, the dismemberment of Hungary by the Versailles-Trianon Peace dictate on 4 June 1920 put the University in a difficult financial situation. The depression of 1929 resulted in increased unemployment even among the doctors. In 1922, a reform of medical training was introduced. The duration of studies was increased from 5 to 6 years. Up to 1944, World War II had not had much effect on the life of the Medical Faculty, apart from the care of the wounded and the military service of the teachers. As the front line drew nearer, the evacuation of the University commenced. The clinics were relocated to Visegrád, to Fót, and to villas in Buda, and moving the Faculty to Germany began, but was only partially accomplished. The damages to the buildings were enormous: 4 clinics were hit and most of the equipment was destroyed. The renovation was more or less completed only in 1949. After the war, political screening committees began their work, and this led to personal changes in the teaching staff again. After the Communists’ takeover, the family background of the candidates became of primary importance. In 1948, a new educational reform was again introduced. Around this time, several hospitals were combined with the University and transformed into clinics. At the same time, specialization took place within the branches of medical sciences. On 17 September 1950, the University adopted the name of Loránd Eötvös to replace that of Péter Pázmány. In 1951, the Medical Faculties of the University were transformed into an independent Medical University. On 7 November 1969, in the year of the bicentenary of the Faculty of Medicine, the University took the name of Ignác Semmelweis. Medical research takes place mainly at the University. About 150 projects are in progress, partly with international cooperation. Among the Hungarian universities, SOTE produces the greatest number of publications, the percentage amounts to 40. The University is connected to 21 foreign (German, Austrian, Swedish, Swiss, French, Scottish, American, Italian, Dutch and Lithuanian) universities or other types of higher-level educational institutions.
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Between 1970 and 2000, some significant developments took place. The Clinic of Dermatology, ruined in 1956, was rebuilt; in 1978, the high-rise block of Theoretical Subjects (NET) and the Clinic of Transplantation were finished. More than 3,100 clinical beds were included for medical treatment and education. Since the 1970s, increasing numbers of foreign students have been attending the University. Out of 4,000, every third student is from a foreign country. Since 1983, teachers have been giving instruction also in German, and since 1989, in English as well. With its 240,000 volumes, the Central Library of the University is the largest and best medical-biological collection in Hungary. Following the change of regime, a new constitution of the University was adopted. – B&T: 0971.→Semmelweis, Ignác
Széchenyi István University of Győr (Széchenyi István Egyetem, Győr) – Its foundation date was 1 January 2002. In its earlier form, it was the Jesuit Academy, which had operated since the 18th century, offering instruction in Theology, Philosophy and Law. During the period between 1776 and 1892, it operated as the Royal Academy of Győr. In 1963, it was under consideration for the establishment of a Builders’ Technical and Architectural University. However, in 1968, what was already established became a College of Transportation and Telecommunication, which was built at Révfalu (a northern suburb of Győr) in 1974. The town of Győr has been preparing to have its own University for 200 years. The College assumed the title after the name of the “greatest Hungarian”, Count István (Stephen) Széchenyi, in 1986. From the early 1990s, besides the engineering subjects, instruction and training in the field of economics and hygiene were also introduced. In 1995, because of the program transfer from the University of Budapest, the Law School also returned to Győr and, in 2002, it became the Faculty of Law of the Széchenyi University of Győr. It also received the extension of the Diploma of Education Institute of the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music of Budapest, integrated with the University of Győr. So, by the turn of the millennium, the University of Győr became an unusually multi-faceted teaching-institution, with a large number of students and a high scientific quality of its teaching staff. It deservedly received the rank of university on 1 January 2002. The Univertsitas-Győr Foundation played a determining role in its attaining this success. The University adheres to the national schooling program. The instruction in the University is presented in three faculties and two educational institutes. These are the Ferenc Deák Faculty of Political Science and Jurisprudence, the Gyula Kautz Faculty of Economics, and the Technical Science Faculty, comprising the Gábor Baross Building, the Traffic Institute, and the Ányos Jedlik Institute of Mechanical, Informational and Electrical Engineering; in addition, there is the Lajos Petz Institute of Public Health and Welfare, and the Tibor Varga Institute of Music. While in 1995 the University had only 1800 students, by 2007 the student numbers had increased to 6000. – B: 1031, 2041, T: 7456.→Széchenyi, Count István; Deák, Ferenc.
Szent István University (Szent István Egyetem – SZIE, Gödöllő) – Established by the Act LII. 1999 by the Hungarian Parliament, and started its mission on 1 January 2000, integrating several smaller institutions of high tradition and reputation, which were formerly independent universities and colleges. As a result, the Szent István Egyetem (St Stephen University) has now become the largest Hungarian University.
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The University headquarters are located in Gödöllő. The University is a multi-campus institution. It has 10 different faculties in six different places in the central region of Hungary. It also includes several field stations for practical training and research. The BSc and MSc level of tertiary education is at the School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Gödöllő; the School of Economics and Social Sciences, Gödöllő; the School of Food Technology, Budapest; the School of Horticulture, Budapest; the School of Landscaping, Environmental Preservation and Development, Budapest; the School of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest; Ybl College of Architecture, Budapest; the College of Architecture and Economics, Gyöngyös and the College of Teacher Training in Jászberény. Courses are offered in Hungarian, English, German, Russian and some in French. Tuition depends on the field of interest. The University offers 37 courses at the undergraduate level. Ph.D. courses are offered in different fields. The University has over 30,000 students including those on long-distance learning. The number of teachers is about 1,100. The number of foreign students is 800, from the USA, Germany, Scandinavian and the neighboring countries. The University has a wide range of international cooperation with more than 100 institutions from 52 countries all over the world. Main patrons of the University are the Soros Foundation, the Mellon Foundation and the American, French and German Embassies in Budapest. Szent István University is a member of many international organizations, such as CRE. ACRU, ICA, AIESEC, IAAS, etc. – B&T: 0957.
University of Applied Arts (Magyar Iparművészeti Egyetem, Budapest) – Its predecessor was the Royal Hungarian School of Applied Arts (Magyar Királyi Iparművészeti Iskola), founded in 1880. Gusztáv (Gustavus) Keleti was its founder and first director. The school offered training in furniture design, interior design, building sculpture, ornament-painting, ceramics, smithery, textile and graphic design. Between the two world wars, Director György (George) Dénes put his stamp on the Institution. He designed the noted pavilions for the World Exhibition in Toronto (1911), in Barcelona (1929), in Brussels (1935), and in Paris (1937). After World War II, the Institution was reorganized and it received the name Hungarian Academy of Applied Arts (Magyar Iparművészti Akadémia) in 1949. The first Industrial-form Design Department in Europe was founded here in 1951, under the leadership of Farkas A. Dózsa. In 1991, the Academy received University status and achieved significant results in design-theory and research fields. In the 1990s, an institute development plan was realized and the Institute moved out of its Henger street location. Training takes place in nine faculties: Basic Training; Architecture; Form-Design; Silicate Design; Textile Design; Visual Communication; Manager Training; Theory and Teacher Training. There is a continuous education program as well. Among the titular professors of the Academy were such renowned artists as Amerigo Tot, sculptor, former student, Italy; Pierre Vágó, architect, France; Victor Vasarely, painter, France; György Kepes painter, USA. The Academy participates in bilateral contacts with other foreign institutes, and in programs such as the “Socrates/Erasmus”, the “UIAH” and the “CEEPUS” to mention a few. The Institute has its own library, gallery and publications. – B: 0980, T: 7103.→Tot, Amerigo; Vágó, Péter; Vasarely, Victor; Kepes, György.
University of Budapest→Eötvös Loránd University of Science.
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University of Debrecen (Kossuth Lajos Tudomány Egyetem, Debreceni Egyetem, formerly known as the Gróf [Count] Tisza István Tudomány Egyetem) – The beginnings of higher education in Debrecen go back to the Medieval period; the Reformed/Calvinist High School and College was founded in 1538. During the first half of the 20th century, the various faculties were parts of one University complex up to the end of World War II. After that, the complex University was split into separate
universities. The political changes of the early 1990s brought about a structural change in higher education. The reunification of the separated Universities into a larger University structure in Debrecen has commenced. The Universitas Association (Association of Debrecen Universities) was founded in 1991 with the following member institutions: the Debrecen University of Agriculture (Debreceni Agrártudományi Egyetem – DATE); the University Medical School of Debrecen (Debreceni Orvostudományi Egyetem – DOTE); the Debrecen Academy of Reformed Theology (Debreceni Református Hittudományi Egyetem – DRHE); Kossuth Lajos University (Kossuth Lajos Tudomány Egyetem – KLTE) and the Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Atommag Kutató Intézet – ATOMKI). In 1991, the Debrecen Universitas Union (Debreceni Universitas Egyesület – DUE) was officially formed; this brought along a dynamic development in cooperative research and education among the institutions. Economic and business training were launched. Law training was reestablished on a faculty level. Training in Pharmacy and Molecular Biology was launched. The Management Center for Higher Education was formed with international cooperation under the auspices of DUE. The group of participant institutions was expanded at the end of 1997 with the addition of the Ferenc Kölcsey Reformed Teacher Training College (Kölcsey Ferenc Református Tanítóképző Főiskola – KFRTF); thus the founding members consist of all the six institutions of higher education of Debrecen, as well as ATOMKI, as an associated member. The member institutions of DESZ, further admitted the Debrecen Conservatory of the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music. By 1 January 2000, the University of Debrecen was formed, with 20,000 students. The Colleges and Universities of County Hajdú-Bihar have been integrated and, as a result, the University of Debrecen started out with five university- and three college-level faculties. The faculties of the legal predecessors – the three large Universities of Debrecen – that entered this union are: the Faculty of Agriculture (DATE), the Faculty of Medicine (DOTE), the Faculty of Science, and the Faculty of Arts (both the latter KLTE). Additional units that entered this monumental organization, not belonging to any faculty by 1 January 2000, are: Faculty of Economics (KLTE), the István Wargha Teacher Training College in Hajdúböszörmény, the College of Health in Nyíregyháza, and the Faculty of Engineering (KLTE). There are other research institutes at Karcag and Nyíregyháza, the Institute of Agro-economics and Rural Development in Debrecen, and the Institute of Agricultural Research and Development. Other departments, like the
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Department of Dentistry, the Department of Pharmacology and the Department of Law are planning to become faculties in the near future. The School for Public Health has been pioneering in preventive healthcare. Based on their predecessors, Agricultural, Medical and Health Centers have been formed. ATOMKI, and the institutes maintained by the Church (the Debrecen University of Reformed Theology and KFRTF) are affiliated institutions of Debrecen University. – B&T: 0974.
University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration, Budapest – BUESPA (Budapesti Közgazdaságudományi és Államigazgatási Egyetem) – Founded as a separate, independent institution in 1948, and in 2000, it has been integrated with the College of Public Administration. It has four faculties: Faculty of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences and the College Faculty of Economics. It has more than 100 agreements with partner universities worldwide. It has been a member of the Community of European Management Schools (CEMS) since 1966 and, since 2001 the Program in International Management (PIM). Courses are offered in Hungarian, English, French and German by Hungarian and by native teachers. It also participates in the Central European Exchange Program for University Studies, the CEEPUS, with Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The University has bilateral agreements with Universities in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Asia. Such agreements offer student exchange possibilities, whereby students may spend one or two semesters at partner institutions. In the academic year of 2002 and 2001, the University had 5,891 full-time and 5,386 part-time students with an academic staff of 604, and an administrative staff of 438. There are about 250 non-Hungarian degree-seeking students from more than 20 countries, and exchange students from 40 universities, on the basis of bilateral agreements. The publication of the University is entitled Society and Economy. Professors of the University participate in publishing special issues on Managing Business in Hungary 1999, Back to Market Economy 2000, and The Small Transformation 2001. – B: 1013, T: 7643.
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University of Fine Arts (Magyar Képzőművészeti Egyetem, Budapest) – There were unsuccessful attempts to organize the higher education of Fine Arts in Hungary from the middle of the 17th century. There were only some short-lived private schools of the arts. Those who wanted to be educated in Fine Arts went to Vienna, Munich or Paris. The origin of an Academy goes back to Pest of the 1870s, where the intertwined history of the Hungarian National Fine Arts Association (Országos Magyar Képzőművészti Tásulat), founded in 1861, and the Royal Hungarian National Drawing School and Art Teacher Training School (Országos Magyar Királyi Mintarajztanoda és Rajztanárképrezde) helped the formation of the Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts in Pest, which was founded in 1871. The central building was erected in 1876 on an elegant avenue (now Andrássy Boulevard) in Pest. The Academy’s other main site is Epreskert (Mulberry Garden). It consists of five buildings, each containing studios. It was founded as a master painter school in 1882, and has been an integral part of the Academy since 1921. The Academy was promoted to University status in 1992. It offers five-year courses, leading to the award of Master of Arts University Degree in painting, sculpture, graphics, graphic design, stage and costume design, and restoration. The Academy also offers special courses and a doctoral program as well. It has studios, exhibition places, a library and an artist’s colony in Tihany, and the Feszty House in Budapest. Within the Socrates/Erasmus program, the Academy has links with other art schools in Holland, Italy, England, Finland, Germany, Spain and Greece. – B&T: 0979.
University of Kaposvár (Kaposvári Egyetem, Kaposvár) – It was founded on 1 January 2000 by the Hungarian Parliament. The new University has a development program. It has the Faculty of Animal Science (Állattudományi Kar). Its main research and education fields are animal husbandry and related subjects: animal physiology, genetics, feeding, informatics, environmental issues, etc. It provides training for agrarian engineers, agronomists, agrarian engineer-teachers, husbandry engineers, to mention a few. It also offers a doctoral program. The Pedagogical Academy of Csokonai Vitéz Mihály (Csokonai Vitéz Mihály Pedagógiai Főiskolai Kar), the Teacher Training School in Kaposvár was founded in 1950. The Academy is now a part of the University. The Technical Chemistry Research Institute (Műszaki Kémiai Kutatóinzézet, Veszprém) is also a part of the University. Its main task is research and creating new methods. The Fodder-Production Research Institute (Takarmánytermesztési Intézet, Iregszemcse) has the task of improving various fodder plants, education and developing contacts with similar institutes abroad. – B: 0967, T: 7103.
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University of Keszthely (Pannon Egyetem. Georgikon Mezőgazdaságtudományi Kar; University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty of Agriculture). Georgikon, the first regular agricultural higher educational institution on the continent of Europe, was founded by Count György (George) Festetics of Tolna in 1797, and soon became the promoter of the capitalization process of the feudal estate system, and the supporter of scientific progress during the period of the Enlightenment and Reform Age in Hungary. After the Hungarian War of Independence in 1848-1849, the University resumed education in 1865 under the name of Higher College of National Husbandry and Forestry (Országos Gazdászati és Erdészeti Felsőbb Tanintézet). In 1869, the name of the Institution was changed to National Husbandry School, and changed yet again in 1869 to assume the name of Royal Hungarian High College of Agriculture (Magyar Királyi Mezőgazdasági Főiskola) Due to political reasons, from 1949, education was interrupted again in Keszthely for 5 years, and was resumed only in 1954 under the title of Agricultural Academy of Keszthely. In 1962, the Institution was reorganized as the College of Agriculture, and in 1970 as the University of Agriculture, with two faculties: one at Keszthely and one at Mosonmagyaróvár. Since 1989, the 200-year-old Institute as the Georgikon Faculty of Agriculture of the Pannon University of Agricultural Sciences, has been providing education, research, extension and other scientific activities. – B: 2035, T: 7103.
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University of Kolozsvár (Kolozsvári Egyetem; Babes-Bolyai University, Kolozsvár now Cluj-Napoca, Transylvania-Erdély, Romania). It was originally Ferenc József University, later Bolyai University and, since 1949, when the Romanians nationalized this Hungarian University, it has been known as Babes-Bolyai University. – Transylvania became a part of Hungary in the 10th century, and was ceded to Romania by the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate in 1920. The beginnings of higher education in Transylvania go back to the 16th century. Reigning Prince János Zsigmond (John Sigismund, 1541-1571) had already considered the foundation of an Academy. Reigning Prince and Polish King István (Stephen) Báthory (1571-1583), with the help of the Jesuits, founded the first University at Kolozsvár in 1581. It had three colleges: Theology, Philosophy and Law, and had the right to issue baccalaureate, doctoral and magister degrees. In 1583, two more colleges were erected. The University existed until 1603. Reigning Prince Gábor (Gabriel) Bethlen (1613-1629), founded the Collegium Academicum in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia) in 1622. This ceased to exist in the second half of the 17th century because of the Turkish-Tatar invasion, but resumed its operation in Nagyenyed (now Aiud) later on. Only in 1698 was a new University founded in Kolozsvár, run by the Jesuit Order, with the name of Academia Societatis Jesu Claudiopolitana. It had three faculties: Theology, Law and Philosophy. In 1776, the Jesuit College changed hands and came under the control of Piarist monks, with the addition of a Faculty of Medicine. The number of students grew considerably from 50 in 1703, to 493 in 1771. During the 19th century, a Surgery School and a Law School functioned in Kolozsvár, continuing the tradition of the former Collegium Theresianum, founded in 1777. In 1867, three Theological Institutes functioned at Kolozsvár: Catholic, Reformed and Unitarian. On 12 October 1872, the Hungarian University of Kolozsvár was opened under the name of Royal Hungarian Ferencz József I. University (Magyar Királyi I. Ferencz József Tudományegyetem). The University was founded by the Hungarian Parliament by Acts XIX and XX, 1872. At this time, the University had 42 teaching staff and 285 students. After the end of World War I, radical changes occurred in the life of the University. The armistice took place on 11 November 1918. On 1 December 1918, an ad hoc Transylvanian Romanian “National Assembly” at Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia), without the presence of the Hungarian, Szekler and Saxon partner nationalitities, unilaterally declared the union of Transylvania with Romania. Following this declaration, the Romanian Army occupied Transylvania. On 21 May 1919, the University of Kolozsvár was taken over by new provisional Romanian academic authorities and, on 1 February 1920, the new Romanian University was inaugurated, although the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate ceded Transylvania to Romania only on June 4, 1920 – more than a year later. As a result, the Hungarian University of Kolozsvár had to move to Szeged, Hungary. When the Second Vienna Award of 1940 returned Northern Transylvania to Hungary, the exiled Hungarian University returned from Szeged to Kolozsvár and the Romanian University moved from Kolozsvár to Nagyszeben (now Sibiu) and Temesvár (now Timisoara). However, the Romanian University returned to Kolozsvár again in 1945 under the name of Victor Babes University. In the same year a Hungarian University was established in Kolozsvár under the name of János (John) Bolyai. In 1949, the two universities merged under the name of Babes-Bolyai University (Babes-Bólyai Tudományegyetem; Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai), and provided teaching both in Romanian and Hungarian. Later on the teaching in Hungarian was gradually suppressed after 1959. Today, it is almost a fully-
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fledged Romanian University. – B: 0983, T: 7103.→János II, King; Báthory, Prince István; Bethlen, Prince Gábor; Bolyai, János.
University of Miskolc (Miskolci Egyetem) – In 1949, Act XXIII of the Hungarian Parliament decreed: “For the advancement of higher educational technical training, a Technical University for Heavy Industry (Nehézipari Műszaki Egyetem) is to be established in Miskolc. The University will contain faculties of Mining, Metallurgical and Mechanical Engineering”(Bánya, Kohómérnöki és Gépészmérnöki Kar). The University has a history of 250 years. The predecessors of two faculties were operating in Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia) until 1919 and then, until 1949, at Sopron. Between 1949 and 1959, the Departments of the Faculty of Metallurgical Engineering and the Faculty of Mining Engineering gradually moved to Miskolc. In 1735, the Court Chamber of Vienna had founded a School of Mining and Metallurgy in order to train specialists according to the requirements of the industrial revolution, and to upgrade precious metal and copper mining in Hungary. The school at Selmecbánya was the first school founded by Austria. Between 1762 and 1770, with the establishment of three departments, the organization of the three-year Academy of Mining and Metallurgy took shape. The first International Technical Association (Societät der Bergbaukunde) in the world was established in 1786 at Szklenó, near Selmecbánya, under the direction of professors from Selmecbánya. This Association had some 154 members from 13 European countries, as well as from Mexico and Bogota, and included such famous scientists as Antoine Lavoisier, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and James Watt. In the first part of the 19th century, the Academy had some 500 students. In 1808, the Forestry School was linked to the Academy. In 1848 and 1849, the students from Hungary joined the War of Independence, while the other students left Selmecbánya. Owing to the unstable situation and the Austrian autocracy, teaching was delayed until 1850. Many of the professors and the students died during the Revolution and the War of Independence from Austrian rule, or were sent to prison, or were simply dismissed. In 1867, with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, the Academy became a Hungarian state institution, named Hungarian Royal Academy of Mining and Forestry (Magyar Királyi Bányászati és Erdészeti Akadémia). The Hungarian language was gradually introduced into teaching between 1868 and 1872. By 1872, the structure and training of the Academy had been re-established. At the turn of the 19th century, the Academy was upgraded with new buildings and up-to-date laboratories. From 1904 it was operating as a College of Mining and Forestry. In the 1913-1914 academic years, the College had 20 well-equipped departments and 580 students. The training was free. World War I shattered hopes for the development of the College. Four-fifths of the students had to go to the front line; more than 50 of them died at several battlefields in Europe, and many more were seriously injured or became POWs. In 1919, when Selmecbánya became part of the newly created Czechoslovakia, the College moved to Sopron in Western Hungary. The name of the Alma Mater from 1922 was The College of Mining and Forest Engineering (Bányászati és Erdészeti Főiskola). Teaching was under-way in Mining Engineering, Non-ferrous Metallurgical Engineering, Ferrous Metallurgical Engineering and Forestry Engineering. The Departments of Mining and Metallurgy operated in this organization until 1949, when they became the Faculty of Mining Engineering (Bányamérnöki Kar) and the Faculty of Metallurgical Engineering
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(Kohómérnöki Kar) of the Technical University for Heavy Industry (Nehézipari Műszaki Egyetem). In 1952, the departments of the metallurgical faculty moved to Miskolc. Until 1959, the mining engineering training was divided between Miskolc and Sopron in such a way that the first two years were taught in Miskolc, while the higher years were taught in Sopron. This was the case until 1959, when the Departments of Mining moved to Miskolc. At present, a University for Forestry and Timber Industry (Erdészeti és Faipari Szakiskola) was created at Sopron, and in 1953, 236 metallurgical and mechanical engineeparts received their degrees. At the same time, in Sopron, 59 degrees for mining engineering were awarded. After the crushed Revolution and Freedom Fight of 1956, almost all the personnel of Sopron University, with professors and students as one body, escaped to the West, and settled in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where they continued their studies in Hungarian and graduated. In 1959, the departments of the Mining Faculty moved from Sopron to Miskolc. At that time the three faculties of the University had 28 departments. The early 1960s saw the start of a drive toward an improvement and expansion of the University facilities. In 1969, the scope of the University increased with the creation of the College for Metallurgy (Kohóipari Főiskola) in Dunaújváros, and in 1970, with the College for Chemical Industry and Automation (Vegyipari és Automatizálási Főiskola). In 1981 the training of lawyers was started and, in 1983, this became the Faculty of Law. The training of economists, which has been going on since 1987, was transformed into an independent faculty in 1990. The University received the name of Miskolc University in the same year. The Institute of Arts was established in 1993. With the establishment of the new faculties, the aim of the University of Miskolc was to broaden the scope of training to as many fields as possible by providing students with various new courses. The other main goals of the University are to continue its research with international reputation and prepare students for the requirements and needs of a new era with high academic standards, as well as to catch up with Europe and the latest scientific achievements of the world. The University has links with some 58 universities worldwide. Among other programs, the Center for European Studies, 1998, is prominent. – B&T: 0975.→University of Western Hungary.
University of Pannonia (University of Veszprém until 1 March 2006, Pannon Egyetem, formerly known as Veszprémi Egyetem) – Veszprém is one of the oldest towns in hnungary. In the 13th century it already had an Academy where the “seven free arts”, the Philosophy, Grammatic, Rhetoric, Dialectic, Arithmetic, Geometry and Astronomy, already were taught. The University of Pannonia was founded in 1949, and worked as a regional faculty of the Technical University (Műszaki Egyetem) of Budapest. In 1951 it became independent under the name of University of Chemical Engineering (Vegyipari Egyetem) of Veszprém. Since 1991, the University has been called the University of Veszprém. The University first offered courses in four areas of Chemical Technology: Oil- and Coal Technology, Electrochemical Industry, Inorganic Chemical Technology and Silicate Chemistry; then, from the middle of the 1960s, an additional two courses: Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Process Control and System Engineering became part of the Chemical Engineering Education in Veszprém. In 1970, new courses were introduced: Agrochemistry in 1970, Chemical Engineering Management in 1973, Higher Level Foreign Language Teaching in 1983, and Instrumentation and Measurement
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Techniques in 1984. The restructuring process in the following years resulted in additional courses in Information Technology and an Automation course being created. The University introduced Teacher Training courses for teachers of English, and then for teachers of German and French, and the education of philologists in different specialties. In the meantime, the education of Catholic Theologians began at the Theology College, and the Faculty of Teacher Training (Pedagógia, Pápa), now Faculty of Arts (Művészeti Kar), and the Faculty of Engineering (Mérnöki Kar) were established. The center of scientific and cultural life, the University of Veszprém, together with the 200-year-old Georgikon Faculty of Agriculture in Keszthely, turned into a 3-faculty University on 1 January 2000. On 1 September 2003, two new faculties were created: the Faculty of Economics (Gazdaságtudományi Kar) and the Faculty of Information Technology (Műszaki Informatikai Kar). The University hosts several conferences. The leaders of the institution strive to turn the University into the educational, intellectual, and research center of the Transdanubian (Dunántúl) Region of Hungary. – B: 1031, T: 7103.
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University of Pécs (Janus Pannonius University; Pécsi Egyetem, Pécs) – The history of Hungarian higher education began in 1367, when King Lajos I (Louis the Great, 1342-1382) established the first university of the country in Pécs. How long it existed is not known; but historical findings suggest that by the 15th century its place had been taken by two separate Colleges, one for Divinity and one for Law. In 1785, Emperor Joseph II (1780-1790) transferred the Royal Academy from Győr to Pécs, where it operated until 1802, when it moved back to its original location. In 1833, Bishop Ignác Szepessy, in co-operation with the Town Council, established the Academy of Pécs with two faculties: Law and Arts. On 15 June 1921, an Act of the Hungarian Parliament transferred the Erzsébet (Elizabeth) University of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) to Pécs. In the period between 1923 and World War II, the University proved to be a dynamic and outstanding spiritual workshop, offering courses in the Humanities, Law, Medicine and Theology. The Institute of Minorities and the Institute of Hungarian Sociography at the Faculty of Law, together with the excellent researchers and teachers, made the University well-known all over Europe. In 1941, the Faculty of Arts was transferred to Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). After 1951, when the Medical School became an independent institution, the University subsisted with only the Faculty of Law. The Faculty of Economics, which had been opened here as the Pécs Branch of Karl Marx University of Economics in 1970, was established in 1975. The Teacher’s College of Pécs merged with the University in 1982 and, in the same year, the University assumed the name of Janus Pannonius. In 1992, the Teachers’ Training Faculty was divided into a Faculty of Humanities and a Faculty of Sciences, increasing the number of faculties to four. The fifth faculty was added in 1995, when the Pollack Mihály Technical College (Pollák Mihály Műszaki Szakközépiskola, Szakiskola és Kollégium) was integrated into the University. The Faculty of Fine and Performing Arts was established in 1996. The integration process was completed in January 2000 with the merger of Janus Pannonius University, the University Medical School and the Illyés Gyula College of Education, leading to the establishment of the present University of Pécs. The number of students is 25,000 with a 5,000-strong teaching staff. – B&T: 0970.→Janus Pannonius.
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University of Science of Szeged (József Attila Tudomány Egyetem; Szegedi Tudományegyetem – SZTE, Szeged) – Its beginning goes back to the Versailles Trianon Peace Dictate, 4 June 1920, which divided up the Historic Kingdom of Hungary, and ceded Transylvania (Erdély) to Romania. Since it was impossible to run a Hungarian University in Romania, the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca) moved to Szeged in 1921. Between 1924 and 1930, new buildings were erected; despite the difficult circumstances, the University achieved a good reputation. It was here that Albert Szent-Györgyi received the Nobel Prize for his researches with regard to vitamin C. When, in 1940, Northern Transylvania was returned to Hungary, the I. Ferenc József University – actually its Law School – moved back to Kolozsvár. In Szeged, a new University was founded and received the name of Regent Miklós Horthy (Horthy Miklós Tudományegyetem). During World War II, when the Eastern front moved through Szeged, activities resumed in the University in October of 1944. In 1962, the University assumed the name of Attila József, the late Hungarian poet (József Attila Tudományegyetem – JATE). From 1937 to 1945, there were three faculties with 36 departments. This number increased to 72 during 1993-1994. The number of students was 744 between 1937 and 1945 and, between 1993 and 1994, it was 5500 with 627 teaching staff. The last decades have witnessed the expansion of the University in respect to new faculties and new buildings. In 1999, the Hungarian Parliament accepted the law of the integration of universities. As a result, the Scientific University of Szeged (Szegedi Tudományegyetem) was created in 2000. Under its aegis belong not only the faculties of the former József Attila University, but also new ones, such as the Medical University of Szeged. The University has 11 faculties and colleges. These are: the College of Agriculture, College Faculty of Food Engineering, Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Juhász Gyula Teacher Training College and the Conservatory of Music. The University has growing contacts with universities abroad and an intensive publishing activity as well. – B: 0972, T: 7103.→University of Kolozsvár; Szent-Györgyi, Albert; József, Attila; Juhász, Gyula.
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University of Western Hungary (Nyugat-magyarországi Egyetem – NyME, Sopron) – Its origin can be traced to the Academy of Selmecbánya (now Banské Štiavnica, Slovakia), founded in 1735 by King Károly III (Charles). Its mandate was the training of mining-engineers. In 1762, Empress and Queen Mária Terézia (Maria Theresa) created three departments, and in 1770, she elevated the institution to Academy. In 1807, the Forestry Institute (Erdészeti Tanintézet) was established. In 1846 it became a Mining and Forestry Academy (Bányászati és Erdészeti Akadémia). In 1918 the Czech army occupied Selmecbánya and the Academy moved first to Budapest, and then, in 1919, to Sopron. In 1921 the students of the Academy helped to expel the Austrian gendarmerie from Sopron and, thereafter, a plebiscite decided the fate of Sopron. It remained in Hungary. In 1949 the Faculties of Mining Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering (Bányamérnöki és Kohómérnöki Karok) were transferred to Miskolc, where they became part of the University of Miskolc. After the fall of the 1956 Revolution, the professors and the students en bloc emigrated to Canada, where they settled in Vancouver BC and, within the University of Vancouver, they formed the Sopron Division and continued their higher studies in Hungarian and obtained diplomas in Forestry Engineering. In 1962, the University of the Forestry and Timber Industry (Erdészeti és Faipari Egyetem) was founded in Sopron. In 1999, the Hungarian Parliamenry Act LII created the University of Western Hungary, to be opened by 1 January 2000. The University encompasses a number of academies. Faculties of the University are: Benedek Elek Pedagogy Academy (Benedek Elek Pedagógiai Főiskola); Faculty of Forestry Engineering (Erdőmérnöki Kar); Faculty of Timber-Industry Engineering (Faipari Mérnöki Kar); Faculty of Economics (Közgazaságtudományi Kar); Apáczai Csere János Teacher Training Academy (Apáczai Csere János Tanitóképző Főiskolai Kar) of Győr; Academy of Geo-informatics (Geoinformatikai Kar) of Székesfehévár, and Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences (Mezőgazdaság- és Élelmiszeretudományi Kar) of Mosonmagyaróvár. In 2008, three Academies of Szombathely joined the University of Western Hungary. The University has endowments, international links with foreign universities and its own library as well as faculty libraries. – B: 0981, 1031, T: 7103.→University of Miskolc.
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Zrinyi Miklós National Defense University (Zrinyi Miklós Nemzetvédelmi Egyetem – ZMNE) – In the age of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, training of military officers took place in the School of Engineering in Vienna. In 1788, the Academy of Military Engineering was organized in Vienna. The first higher military academy in Hungary was founded in 1872, by Act XVI, under the name of Royal Hungarian Ludovika Military Academy (Magyar Királyi Honvéd Ludovika Akadémia), Budapest. In 1931, the II. Main Group of the Ludovica Academy was established (A Ludovika Akadémia II. Főcsoportja). In the beginning of the 1940s, this group was divided. One part became the Air Force Officers’ Training School in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia), named after Regent Miklós Horthy, after 1942 renamed to István Horthy Air Force Officers’ Academy (Horthy István Honvéd-repülő Akadémia). Between 1940-1944, the Royal Hungarian Bolyai János Military Academy (Magyar Királyi Bolyai János Honvéd Akadémia) trained officers for the engineering corps of the army. Army officers’ training was suspended for two years after World War II, and resumed only in 1947 in three academies: the Kossuth Military Academy (Honvéd Kossuth Akadémia) and the Military Commissary Academy (Honvéd Hadbiztos Akadémia). The Army Military Academy (Honvéd Hadi Akadémia) was for the training of officers for the General Staff. After 1949, additional military schools were established such as the Kossuth Lajos Artillery Engineering Officers’ School (Kossuth Lajos Tüzér Technikus Tiszti Iskola) and the Signal Corps and Engineering Officers’ School (Híradó és Műszaki Tiszti Iskola). However, in 1957, these two schools were merged under the name of United Officers’ School (Egyesitett Tiszti Iskola). Its successor was the Zalka Máté Military Engineering Academy (Zalka Máté Katonai Műszaki Főiskola) in 1967. Since 1990, its new name has been Bolyai János Military Engineering Academy (Bólyai János Katonai Műszaki Főiskola). On 1 January 2000, the Zrinyi Miklós National Defense University (Zrinyi Miklós Nemzetvédelmi Egyetem) was founded with three faculties: the Faculty of Military Science (Hadtudományi Kar) with 12 departments, the Faculty of Leadership and Organizational Science (Vezetés- és Szervezéstudományi Kar) with 12 departments and the Bolyai János Military Engineering Academy as a faculty (Bolyai János Katonai Műszaki Főiskolai Kar). The University has doctoral, language and scholarship programs; and a Central Library with some 450,000 volumes and 350 periodicals, and publishing activities. Since Hungary is now a NATO member, the importance and responsibility of the University have grown considerably. The University was amalgamated into the National Public Service University on 1 Jaanuary 2012. – B: 0982, T: 7103.→Ludovika Royal Hungarian Military Academy; Horthy, István; National Public Service University.
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University Press – The original features of this Press were purchased by Miklós Telegdi, Monseigneur of Esztergom, from the Jesuits in Vienna in 1577. In 1604, this was combined with the Press of the Cardinal of Esztergom. From Esztergom, this Press was transferred to Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia) in 1655 to the Jesuit College and University. It was moved to Buda with the transfer of the University in 1777. Initially, this Press was involved with the production of textbooks and Catholic religious documents. Since the mid-19th century, it has produced a whole range of scientific material. At the beginning of the 20th century, it produced numerous bibliophile texts. It was moved to the Pest side of Budapest in 1925. It was united with the Forrás Press in 1950, and was separated from the University. – B: 1150, 1153, T: 7656.
Unwed Girl (Hajadon) – The verbatim meaning of the Hungarian expression means bareheaded. As long as anthropology can detect, the Hungarians distinguished the wed and the unwed females by costume. The unwed female walked without a head cover. When she married, she covered her head, and had the right from that moment on to wear the head cover. The unmarried female who became pregnant had only a kerchief for head cover. The origin of that custom reaches back far beyond the time of the Hungarian settlement in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century. – B: 1020, T: 3233.
Upper Nobility (Higher Nobility) – The name of the privileged upper strata of the nobility, owners of huge estates in feudal Hungary. With their enormous wealth, they wielded great political influence. From their ranks came the highest dignitaries of the realm. Until 1848, by birthright, they were members of the Upper House of the General Assembly. After 1867, from their ranks came the majority of the members of the government. – B: 1231, T: 3233.
Urai, László (Ladislas) (Budapest, 1920 - Budapest, 5 April 1987) – Physician and angiologist. He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Budapest in 1946, after which he was an associate at No.1 Clinic; from 1950 in No. 3 Clinic and, from 1960, in No. 4 Clinic of the Medical School of Budapest. From 1981 on, he was Professor of Angiology. He dealt mainly with angiology and illnesses of auto-immunity. He wrote some studies in journals in Hungary and abroad. He was member of the editorial board of several journals, and secretary of the Hungarian Angiological Society from 1966. He was also Head of the Editorial Board of the periodical, Peripheral Circulation from 1984 to 1986. He obtained his Medical Doctorate in 1975. His main work was: On Certain Visceral Connections of the Diffuse Scleroderma ‘Progressive Systemic Sclerosis’ (Masters Degree thesis, 1960; in Hungarian). He was awarded the Soltész Memorial Medal in 1985. – B: 1730, T: 7456.
Ural-Altaic Languages (yur'-ul-ahl-tay) – The numerous Ural-Altaic languages extend from Scandinavia, Hungary, and the Balkans in the west, to the easternmost reaches of the Amur and the Island of Sakhalin, and from the Arctic Ocean to central Asia. According to some investigators, Japanese and Korean should also be classed with the Altaic languages. Nowadays these two large language groups are considered sufficiently different in nature to be treated as two distinct and independent linguistic groups.
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Linguistic Features – All the Ural-Altaic languages share some characteristics of syntax, morphology, and phonology, but not all characteristics. The languages use constructions of the type “the-by-me-hunted bear” rather than “the bear that I hunted,” and “a-singing I went” rather than “I sang as I went.” There are few if any conjunctions. Suffixation is the typical grammatical process – that is, meaningful elements are appended to stems, as in “house-my” – “my house”; “I went house-from” – “I went from the house”; “go-in-while” – “while (in the act of) going” and “house-(plural)-my-from” – “from my houses”. Many Ural-Altaic languages require vowel harmony; the vowels that occur together in a given word must be of the same type. Stress generally falls on the first or last syllable; it does not move about, as in the English word-series family, familiar, familiarity. Typically, the Ural-Altaic languages have no verb for “to have.” Possession is expressed by constructions, such as the Hungarian nekem van – “to-me there-is”. Most of these languages do not express gender, do not have agreement between parts of speech (as in French les bonnes filles – “the good girls”), and do not permit consonant clusters, such as pr-, spr-, -st, or -rst, at the beginning or end of words. Family Status: according to the linguistic standards, languages that make up one family must show productive-predictive correspondences. The shape of a given word in one language should be predictable from the shape of the corresponding word, or cognate, in another language. Thus Hungarian -d at the end of stems, as in ad – ‘he/she gives,” is known to correspond to the Finnish consonant sequence – nt – in the interior of words, as in Finnish anta – “give”. All of the Uralic languages have been shown to be related – the vocabulary and grammar of each member language can be examined in the light of correspondences, such as that which are between Hungarian -d and Finnish -nt-. But Altaic is not a language family in the same sense that Uralic is, for laws of correspondence, such as those available for Uralic have yet to be discovered in Altaic. Altaic does have three branches, however – Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus, each of which forms a subfamily. Turkic and Mongolian on the one hand, and, to a lesser extent, Mongolian and Manchu-Tungus on the other, exhibit many striking resemblances. But the shared features may reflect only borrowing, and not a common origin. Uralic Languages – The Uralic languages are traditionally divided into two major branches, Finno-Ugric and Samoyed. Finno-Ugric in turn contains two subgroups: Finnic and Ugric. The former is divided into the Baltic-Finnic, Volga-Finnic, and Permian languages; the latter comprises the Ob-Ugric languages.
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Baltic-Finnic. Finnish, with 5 million speakers, and Estonian, with 1 million, are the best known of the Baltic-Finnic languages. Others are Karelian, spoken by 175,000 people in northwestern Russia and eastern Finland; Veps, spoken by 8,000 people between the Dnepr and the Volga; Votian, spoken by 700 people of the Udmurt Autonomous Republic of the former USSR; and Livonian, spoken by 500 people in the Livonia district of Latvia. Lapp is similar in structure to Finnish, but the various Lapp dialects, spoken by 40,000 people, spread over Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula of Russia, diverge greatly from each other in phonology and even to some extent in grammar. Finnish is famous above all for its many cases, 12 of which are productive – that is, any Finnish noun can be followed by one of the 12 case suffixes. Another pervasive feature of the language is consonant gradation, such as the t/d alternation found in the declination of the Finnish word for “hundred”: nominative sata, genitive sadan, ablative sadalta, partitive sataa, and so on. Finnish is also distinctive in having a verb that, translated roughly, means “not to” . Compare ulvon, “I howl”, with en ulvo, “I do not howl”, and ulvo, “you howl”, with et ulvo, “you do not howl” , where en and et mean, respectively, “(I) do not” and “(you) do not”. Volga-Finnic and Permian. Mordvinian, spoken by 1,262,000 people along the middle Volga, and Cheremis, spoken by 600,000 people in the district where the Kama joins the Volga, constitute the Volga-Finnic language group. Both of them, but especially Mordvinian, are close to Finnish in grammar and vocabulary. Less like Finnish are the Permian languages – Zyrien with its 628,000 speakers, and Votyak with its 704,000 in northeastern European Russia. All of the Volga-Finnic and Permian languages have a negative verb and a large number of cases. Ugric – The Finnic languages are more or less geographically contiguous. The Ob-Ugric languages, Vogul and Ostyak, occupy the extreme east. Vogul's 8,000 speakers and Ostyak's 21,000 live east of the Urals, in the Ob Valley. One of the most striking Ugric linguistic features is the so-called objective conjugation. Vogul and Ostyak are very precise. In these languages the objective conjugation has three distinct forms, to indicate whether the object is “it”, “them” (plural), or “the two things” (dual). Furthermore, Vogul and Ostyak can also express the subject in the singular, plural, or dual. Vogul and Ostyak have only from four to seven cases, depending on dialect. The Ugric languages have no consonant gradation.
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Samoyed – The Samoyed languages are the easternmost representatives of Uralic. Presumably they were the first to separate, as a group, from the original, proto-Uralic language. They are spoken in the northeastern corner of Europe, near Zyrian, and in north-central Siberia. Yurak, with 28,000 speakers, Tavgi, with 1,000, and Yenisei, with 500, form a North Samoyed group, and they can be distinguished from the South Samoyed language, Selkup, with 4,000 speakers. Other Samoyed languages, now extinct, are known only from 18th and 19th century records, Loan Words and Early Records. In the course of their histories, the individual Uralic languages have come into contact with a great many languages from other families – Turkic, Germanic, Baltic (an earlier form of Latvian and Lithuanian), and Slavic. Finnish kuningas, “king”, is an early loanword from a Germanic language, hence its resemblance to English king and German König. Finnish vapaa, “free”, was borrowed from a Slavic language – compare with the Slavic root svobod-. The same Slavic root found its way, independently, into Hungarian, as evidenced by the word szabad. The oldest significant text written in the Hungarian language is a funeral sermon from about 1195. Finnish and Estonian texts survive from the Protestant Reformation, which swept over Scandinavia and much of the Baltic in the 16th century; the reformer of the Finns, Michael Agricola (1512-1557), also translated the Bible into Finnish. Zyrien was recorded in the 15th century by Saint Stephen of Perm, apostle of the Zyriens, who fashioned a special alphabet for the language. Altaic Languages – The Altaic languages are spread over an area that is even larger than that covered by Uralic. Of the three branches of Altaic, Turkic ranges from Anatolia to the Volga basin and central Asia; Mongolian extends from China and Mongolia as far west as the lower Volga and Afghanistan; and Manchu-Tungus occupies the northern coast of northeastern Siberia, and runs as far south as the Amur and as far west as the Yenisei, which divides Siberia into its eastern and western halves.
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Turkic – Written evidence of the Turkic languages begins with the Orkhon inscriptions of the 8th century AD, found near the river Selenga in Mongolia, and continues wherever and whenever a Turkic population came into contact with one of the higher religions, such as Islam, Judaism, Christianity, or Manichaeism. Linguistically, the Turkic languages form a tightly knit group. Knowledge of one Turkic language usually enables an investigator to analyze words and simple sentences in any other Turkic language, except Chuvash. To explain this, it is hypothesized that an original, proto-Turkic language split into two branches: West Turkic and East Turkic. West Turkic went its own way, both phonetically and in terms of contact with other languages, and eventually became Chuvash, now spoken by 1,700,000 people living in the Volga Basin in the Chuvash Autonomous Republic of the former USSR. The early speakers of East Turkic must have remained together for a longer time and split up only comparatively recently into the many present-day languages. Still, the East Turkic languages are usually classed into five subdivisions: Oghuz, mainly represented by Turkish, the language of Turkey; Kipchak, which has over a dozen representative languages, including Kazan Tatar, Kazakh, Kirghiz, and Bashkir; Sayan Turkic, represented by Tuvan, Altai, Shor, and several other languages; Turki, represented primarily by Uygur and Uzbek; and Yakut, which comprises Yakut Proper, Khakas, and Dolgan. Turkish, like Finnish, has vowel harmony. It also uses cases and possessive suffixes, which can combine as in ev-ler-im-in, “of my houses”, made up of the word elements found in ev-ler, “houses”, ev-im, “my house”, and ev-in, “of the house.” Such agglutination is also characteristic of Turkish verbs: compare gel-mek, “to come”, “gel-ir-im, “I come”, gel-iyor-um, “I am coming”, gel-di-m, “I came”, gel-me-mek, “not to come”, and gel-me-d-in, “I did not come”. Mongolian – Despite their considerable geographical distribution, the present-day Mongolian languages or dialects are all closely related and all descend from a common proto-Mongolian parent language. The vigorous but short-lived military conquests of Genghis Khan in the 13th century brought the Mongols well into Europe and, to this day, traces of Mongolian may be discovered in a few provinces of Afghanistan, and over 100,000 Kalmyk-Mongols live in the Kalmyk republic of the former USSR. Khalkha is the language of the Mongols of Mongolia, with its capital at Ulan Bator. Buryat (Buriat) is spoken in the Buryat Autonomous Republic of Russia. Other Mongolian languages include Dagur, with 24,000 speakers in northwestern Manchuria and the Chinese province of Xinjiang (Sinkiang); Monguor, in Qinghai (Tsinghai) province; Kalmyk; Oirat; Moghol; Santa; Paongan; and Yellow Uigur. The grammatical processes encountered in the Mongolian languages are similar to those of Turkic. The Mongolian languages have many cases and in that respect they resemble some of the Uralic representatives, notably Finnish and Hungarian.
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. Manchu-Tungus – Just as the Turkic languages can be thought of as the western wing of Altaic, the Manchu-Tungus – also known simply as the Tungus – languages constitute the eastern wing. Most of these languages have been known only since the 19th century, but two of them, Manchu and Jurchen, are preserved in historical records that go back much further. Manchu, now spoken by only a few thousand people, was the original language of the tribe of horsemen that became the Qing (Ching) dynasty and occupied the Chinese throne from 1644 to 1912. Similarly, Jurchen, now extinct, was the language of the tribes that became the Jin (Chin) dynasty, ruling from 1115 to 1234. The Manchu-Tungus languages fall into two groups. South Tungus includes Manchu, Goldi, Olcha, Orok, Udihe, and Orochon; and the North Tungus languages are Eveneki, or Tungus Proper, and Even, also known as Lamut. The relation between Uralic and Altaic – The grammatical structures of Uralic and Altaic are quite similar, and about 70 words in each group – such as the Finnish kaly, “sister-in-law”, and Uigur kalin, “bride” and “daughter-in-law” – appear to be cognates. But the correspondences between the two groups of languages are unsystematic; they could be the result of borrowing or chance. No precise predictive-productive sound laws, for instance, have been established. Alternatively, it is argued that the parallels between Uralic and Altaic are slight, because the two groups split apart a long time ago. In addition to the Ural-Altaic hypothesis, which is that Uralic and Altaic form a super-family of languages, there is also an Indo-Uralic hypothesis, in which Uralic is linked with the Indo-European languages; a Uralic-Yukagir hypothesis, according to which Uralic and Yukagir, a Paleo-Siberian language, are related; a Uralic-Chukotko-Kamchatkan (another Paleo-Siberian language or language family) hypothesis; a Uralic-Eskaleut (Eskimo and Aleut) hypothesis; an Altaic-Korean hypothesis; an Altaic-Japanese hypothesis; and an Altaic-Ainu hypothesis – Ainu being the language of the prehistoric inhabitants of the northern islands of Japan. – B: 2025, T: 7456.
Ural-Altaic People of Turan – From the most ancient times members of this large group, ethnically considered, always lived on the steppes of Inner and Central Asia bordered by the Nan-san, Tien-san, Altai and Ural Mountains. Their common characteristics are: medium build with round head, black hair, small, dark eyes, yellowish skin color and protruding cheekbones. Groups living in the border areas are somewhat different, having blue eyes and blond hair and are taller. Anthropologists divide them into two groups and six sub-groups. Group I: (1) Western sub-group or Uralic-Altaic race; (2) Lapp-Samoyed type; (3) Ugrian type; (4) Turk type Group II: (5) Mongol type; (6) Tunguz type. Most clearly the Mongols kept all ancient Uralic-Altaic characteristics, while the Hungarians mixed with the brown Caucasian race; they are classified as Turkic type. The number of the Uralic-Altaic people is estimated to be about 160 million today. – B: 1078, 1020, T: 3240.
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Uralic Languages – The family of languages comprising the Finno-Ugrian and Samoyed languages and peoples. Their place of origin, Urheimat, is considered to have been probably in the area of the Ural Mountains, hence the name Uralic. Its linguistic unity lasted until about 4000 BC, when it split up into a western branch, forming the Finno-Ugrian language family, and an eastern branch, forming the Samoyed language. The place of origin must have been on the southern and middle part of the Ural Mountains, on both the eastern and western slopes: a relatively small area, compared with its later expansion westwards, and especially eastwards. Some 2000 years ago, the peoples speaking Uralic languages occupied about 1/3rd of the European continent, forming a more significant ratio compared with the present situation. The Uralic languages form two major branches: the Finno-Ugric (consisting of the Finnic and the Ugric subgroups) and the Samoyed. The Finnic subgroup contains the Finnic (with Finnish) and Baltic (with Estonian) languages and the Volga-Finnic (with Mordvinian and Cheremis, both very close to Finnish) and Permian languages, comprising Zyrien and Votyak. The Ugric subgroup comprises the Ob-Ugrian languages: Vogul and Ostyak, living at the opposite end of the Finno-Ugric area and the Magyar (Hungarian). The ancestral vocabulary (lexical stock) reveals the way of life of these peoples speaking Uralic languages, as shown by the Hungarian words on fishing (hal, tó, víz, etc.), hunting (nyíl, íj, ideg, nyúl), plant-geography (fa, fenyő, szil, kereg), food (íz, főz, tűz, lé, kenyér, méz, só), climate (hó, köd, jég, fagy), clothing and dwelling (öv, mos, fon, ház, lak, ágy, ajtó), domestic utensils (fúr, fest, kés, fejsze, vés, kő, arany, ón), counting (olvas, két, három négy, húsz, száz), orientation (hol[d]-nap, év, tél, tavasz, éj, menny, bal), family connections (eme=anya, fél=feleség, nő=asszony, vő, meny, ángy, ipa, had, fiú, férj, árva), religion (lélek, révül). All these demonstrate that not only their language was related, and common to them, but also their material and spiritual culture and social organization. The most striking linguistic feature of all the Ugric languages is the objective conjugation. Vogul and Ostyak have three distinct forms, to indicate whether the object is “it”, “them” (plural), or “the two things” (dual); furthermore, Vogul and Ostyak can also express the subject in singular, plural, or dual. Vogul and Ostyak have only up to seven cases (depending on the dialect). Another aspect of the Ugric languages is the lack of consonant gradation. – B: 1068, 1582, 1789, 1871, 7456, T: 7456.→Altaic Languages; Finno-Ugrian Language Group.
Ural Mountains – A 2560-km long mountain range forming the border between Europe and Asia. Its NW-extension is the Pajchoj Range; south of this, as far as 60˚ N-latitude, the Stony Ural Mountains rise, reaching a height of 1600-1800 m, with the highest peak being Narodnaya, 1894 m, covered by three small glaciers. South of this is another peak, Tolpos-Iz, 1680 m. The middle section of the Urals is the Metallic Urals, which broadens into two, and later into three mountain ranges, extending southwards and, around the source of the Tura River, they flatten into a set of hills not exceeding 400 m. Further south the Wooded Urals follow, dividing into a number of branches, such as Ural-Tau, Urenga, Jaman-Tau, Ilmen Range, Mugodzhar Range, reaching heights of 1500-1600 m.
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Geologically, the Ural Mountains became folded in the Paleozoic Era (55 to 47 million years ago). The western part consists of Paleozoic sedimentary beds, while the ranges of the middle part, forming the watershed, are made up of metamorphic rocks, mainly crystalline schists; the southern section of the Ural Mountains consists of plutonic and volcanic rocks. To these a granitic and gneissic belt is joined and on the eastern side, there is a series of younger folded strata. The climate of the mountain system is of continental character; the median value is low, at Zlatoust it is 0.2˚C, and usually fluctuating greatly. The annual precipitation amounts to 500-600 mm. The northern part of the mountain range belongs to the Tundra region, while south, from latitude 64˚, the pine forests appear, but only below the altitude of 550 m. The valleys used to have a cover of swamp and scrub in their original state. The central Urals are covered by deciduous forests; the southern part is dominated by grassland and shrubs. The natural original animal life had wolves, bear, sable, hamster, species of squirrels, stag and deer, with a rich avifauna. The northern Urals are only inhabited by the nomadic Samoyeds and Zyrians (Zuryens). Russians and Cheremis live further south. The population is generally sparse; it began to be denser only since the rise of the mining industry; the first ironworks were built in 1623 and the first gold-mine opened in 1754. The Ural Mountains became Russia’s most important and diversified mining and industrial region, with mining centers like Jegorsino, Orsk, Troick, Chelyabinsk, Bogoslovsk, engaged in extracting anthracite, black coal and lignite. There are iron-ore mines at Magnitogorsk; copper-ore occurs at Bogoslovsk, Nerjansk and in the Ural River valley; important platinum mines are in the Tagil, Iz, and Tura River areas; and there are also some bauxite mines. Ore-deposits of other metals (zinc, lead, nickel, antimony, manganese, wolfram) are considerable. Oil fields and refineries in the Kama and Belaya River valleys of the western Urals are the most important in Russia. Many valuable precious stones occur, like emerald, ruby, sapphire, topaz, garnet and tourmaline. The centers of the smelting and metallurgical industry are: Magnitogorsk, Bjelorjeck, Zlatoust and Sverdlovsk. The food, timber and textile industries are of secondary importance. During the Communist era, the Ural Mountain area experienced an enormous industrial development, based on the iron ore and coking coal transported by rail from the Kuznetsk Basin, and more recently, from the Karaganda Basin. Nuclear power will supplement the power resources of the Ural area. The Russians, speaking a Slavic language, form the overwhelming majority of the people of the Urals. The area west of the Ural Mountains is considered to be the original home (Urheimat) of the ethnic groups speaking the Uralic languages, which were unified by 4000 B.C., thereafter splitting into two major branches: the Finno-Ugrian (e.g. the Permyaks and the Votyaks or Udmurts) and the Samoyed branches. The Altaic language group is represented in the Ural region by the Tatars and Bashkirs, speaking Turkic languages.– B: 1068, 1789, 7456, T: 7456.→Ural-Altaic Languages; Uralic Languages
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Urai, Erika (Budapest, 30 March 1930 - ) – Graphic artist. Between 1945 and 1950, she attended the private school of Álmos Jaschik. From 1948, for a year and half, she took Art History, Folk Art and Archeology at the University of Budapest; but she was not able to finish her university studies. Between 1950 and 1955, she worked as a graphic artist at the Geological Institute. Thereafter, the Academy Publisher contracted her, and she started working with book design. Soon after, she started creating book illustrations, book covers and complete book designs for the more significant Hungarian publishers (Europa, Móra, Corvina, etc.). Her design art and her whole work and success were greatly indebted to the educational method and personality of her above-mentioned teacher, Álmos Jaschik. She designed the title page of more than 1200 books. Among her more significant illustrations are: volumes of The Diver’s Notebooks (Búvár Zsebkönyvek) of Móra Publishers; Mahabharata (1965); Cushion Book (Párnakönyv) (1966); K. Kőhalmi’s Shaman Drums, Sound (Sámándobok szóljatok) (1973); Weöress-Károlyi’s The Whole Wide World (Hetedhétország) (1975); Hungarian Folk Costumes (Magyar népviseletek), with the text of Mária Florian; and The Book of Cars (Autók könyve) (1986). Her books were published, among others, by the German Dausien and the English Pergamon Presses. She prepared a series of illustrations, depicting ancient Japanese customs, ordered by the city of Akita of Japan. Among her many exhibitions were at Vár, Tata (1979), Gallery of the Castle Theater, Budapest (1998), Estonian National Library, and Tallinn (2001). She appeared several times on the International Children’s Books show in Bologna, and at the book fair of Frankfurt. Some of her group shows were: The 10th Hungarian Exhibition of Fine Arts, Art Gallery, Budapest (1965), Grafikai Biennale of Brno (1966), Premi Catalònia D’ Illustracio, Barcelona (1984, 1990), Livres-Objects, Vasarely Muzeum (1998), the Free School of Almos Jaschik, and the Oak-tree Gallery, Budapest (2000). Through her work as a graphic artist, Erika Urai is one of the most significant Hungarian book illustrators. Her prizes include the Most Beautiful Book Prize, Nivo Prize (17 times), and the Prize of the Hungarian Culture Foundation (1993). – B: 1654, T: 7684.
Urányi, János (John) (Balatonboglár, 24 June 1924 - Budapest, 23 May 1964) – Kayaker. He competed in races from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. In 1946, he was the National Champion. In 1957, he won the European Championships. In 1958, he won the World Championships in Prague. He competed in three Summer Olympic Games. He won a gold medal in the K-2 10,000 m event at the Melbourne Summer Olympics in 1956. In 1961, he retired from active sports and became the manager of the Dózsa Shipbuilding Works. The Sport and Leisure Time Center in Balatonboglár bears his name. T: 0883, 1031, T: 7103.
2968
Uray, Tivadar (Theodore) (Munkács, now Mukacheve, Ukraine, 9 November 1895 - Budapest, 22 June 1962) – Actor. For one year he studied at the Medical School of the University of Budapest; following that he studied at the College of the National Actors’ Association, where he received his diploma in 1915. The following year, he received a contract with the Inner City Theater (Belvárosi Színház), Budapest and, in 1917 with the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest; in 1919, with the Hungarian Theater (Magyar Színház), and in 1923, with the King Theater (Király Színház). Later he returned to the National Theater. In 1950, he became a member of the Madách Theater (Madách Színház). He had great character-portraying abilities, was multi-faceted and colorful in acting, with elegant
appearance and delivering his lines in impeccable Hungarian. He had an unerring feeling for style. His roles comprised everything from an amorous lover to a tragic hero, and he was able to portray excellent character figures. He played equally convincing roles in classical dramas, and in pieces with modern themes. His roles included the Shakespearean title roles of Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Antony in Antony and Cleopatra; Prospero in The Tempest; Biberach and Otto in Katona’s Bánk bán. He also appeared in feature films from 1917, including The Quack-doctor (A kuruzsló) (1917); Petőfi (1921); Semmelweis (1939 and 1952); Dollar Dad (Dollárpapa) (1956), and The Last Supper (Az utolsó vacsora) (1962). He was awarded the Kossuth Prize (1955), and given the Merited Artist (1953), and the Outstanding Artist (1954) titles. – B: 0883, 1445, 1031, T: 7456.
Uray, Vilmos (William) (Budapest, 10 May 1914 - Miskolc, 11 April 1977) – Mechanical engineer. He completed his high school studies privately in Pápa and Budapest, and obtained his Engineering Degree from the Budapest Polytechnic in 1942, where he worked as a trainee in the Department of Electrical Engineering. From 1946 to 1950, he taught at the Electrical Industry High School of Budapest. Late in the year, he was moved to the Precision Engineering Industrial Research Institute, where he was engaged in the motion-equation of cursor instruments and the problem of tachometric measurements. From 1951, he was Associate Professor and Head of Department of Electrical Engineering at the Heavy-Industrial Technical University of Miskolc, a newly established tertiary institution, where his first task became the creation of basis of instruction. Here he carried out his teaching and research work beyond his retirement in 1976, until his death. His scientific work is hallmarked by 11 books, 4 patents, and numerous publications in technical journals in Hungary and abroad. He achieved significant results in his problems of energetic and arc-formation connected with the manufacture of electro-steel. He carried out some scientific research on the running of rolling mills with asynchronous motors of cascade connection. He was a member and committee-member of the Hungarian Electro-technical Society, which honored him with the 1975 jubilee prize. His works include Electrical Engineering (Villamosságtan) (1962); Die Untersuchung der Betriebskenngrösse von Lichtbogenhofen auf Grund des Kreisdiagramms, in Acta Technica, 1962.No.1–2, Electro-technology (Elektrotechnika), with Szilárd Szabó (1974). – B: 0883, T: 7456.→University of Miskolc.
2969
Urban, Aladár (Csorvas, 17 April 1929 - ) – Historian. He studied History at the University of Budapest (1947-1952). Following that, as a teaching assistant, he taught Modern Universal History at the same University. Between 1989 and 1992 he was a University Professor and, between 1992 and 1994, he was Head of Department. He retired in 1999. During the years between 1994 and 1997, he was a representative at the General Assembly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and also of the mixed board of the Science of History Committee and the Hungarian-American Historians. From 1975, he was one of the editors of the illustrious journal Centuries (Századok). His area of research is Hungarian and European History, 1848-1849, and the 18th-20th centuries US History. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1985. Among his works are Europe in the Whirlwind of Revolution 1848-1849 (Európa a forradalom forgószelében 1848-1849) (1970); Studies About 1848 (Tanulmányok 1848-ról) (1981); Lajos Batthyány’s Prime Ministership (Batthyány Lajos miniszterelnöksége) (1986); Republic in the New World (Köztársaság az új világban) (1994); Text Collection to the History of the United States of America (Szöveggyüjtemény az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Történetéhez), co-author (2001); Count Lajos Batthyány… (Gróf Batthyányi Lajos… (2007), and From Batthány to Kossuth (Batthyanytól Kossuthig … (2009). He received the Prize of the Academy in 1989. – B: 0874, T: 7684.→Batthyány, Count Lajos; Kossuth, Lajos.
Urbán, Ernő (Ernest) (Sárvár, 4 September, 1918 - Budapest, 19 September, 1974) – Writer and journalist. He earned a Degree from the University of Budapest specializing in Hungarian and French Literature. His first writings were published in the paper, Pester Lloyd in 1939. Further poems and essays appeared in the papers Life (Élet); Dawn (Napkelet); Festival (Ünnep); The Bridge (Híd), and Our Destiny (Sorsunk). A collection of poems entitled Songs from the Danube Promenade (Ének a Dunakorzón) was published in 1942. In 1945, he participated in the land distributions and joined the Communist Party. In that year he published The Legend of the Red Star (A piros csillag meséje). As a journalist he acquired extensive knowledge of the effects of social changes on rural life, a theme that occupied him throughout his literary career. His initial stage works reflect dogmatism, from which he later distanced himself, as is evident in the stage satire The Cucumber Tree (Uborkafa) of 1953. He wrote several successful movie scripts such as Baptism by Fire (Tûzkeresztség); Storm (Vihar), and Love Travels on Carriage (Hintónjáró szerelem). Near the end of his life he directed several innovative television documentaries. As a journalist, he was interested in the great shifts in the fate of humanity. He was a follower of the Hungarian storytelling tradition. His main works include Anna Gál's Victory (Gál Anna diadala) (1951); (Whirlwind) (Forgószél) (1958); Golden Smoke (Aranyfüst) (1960); The Big Adventure (A nagy kaland) (1963); The Heart of the Sahara (A Szahara szíve) (1969); With the Chronicler's Pen (A krónikás tollával) (1964); The Magic Of Our World (A világunk varázsa) (1974), and Living History (Eleven történelem) (1975). He was a recipient of the Kossuth Prize (1952) and the Attila József Prize (1971). – B: 0883, T: 7667.
2970
Urbán, György (1) (George) (George R.) (Budapest, 1921 - London, 9 October 1997) – Literary historian, political writer. He completed his studies at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Budapest in 1947. In 1948 he went to England on a scholarship and settled in London, where he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of London in 1956. Between 1948 and 1960, he worked at the Hungarian section of the BBC; from 1960 to 1965 he conducted his own program of the Free University of Radio Free Europe. Thereafter, he became a consultant there, directing the programs of various nationalities, supplying them with well-known western thinkers, scientists, politicians, writers, and interviews with diplomats. In the meantime, he carried out research work at the Universities of Indiana, South-Carolina, Harvard and Sussex. From 1983 to 1986, he was Director of Radio Free Europe in Munich. In the late 1980s he was a counselor for Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in foreign policy. He published his works in several volumes. His writings were also published in the journal Encounter, and some English and American dailies, weeklies and magazines. His works include Talking to Eastern Europe, interview (1964); Toynbee on Toynbee, interview (1973), and Gespräche mit Zeitgenossen, Acht Dispute über Geschichte und Politik (1982). – B: 1440, 1672, T: 7456.
Urbán, György (2) (George) (Sátoraljaújhely, 12 June 1936 - ) – Painter. His higher studies were at the Academy of Industrial Art (1954-1957) and at the Academy of Applied Art, Budapest, under the direction of Géza Fónyi and Bertalan (Bartholomew) Poór. (1957-1961). He was on a Derkovits scholarship between 1964 and 1967. He lives and works in Budapest and Munich. From 1993 to 1997 he was a teacher at the Óbuda Artists’ School. With his pictures, he assisted at the opening of the Ibrányi Gallery in 1986. He started off as a realist-painter with traditional themes: still life paintings, life-scenes, and portraits. In the 1970s, he was inspired by abstract themes, such as movements, rhythm, light and dynamics; he was influenced by the Bauhaus Masters. In the 1980s and 1990s, he created reliefs and plastic arts. He worked with glass, plexi-glass, metals, and color fluorescent tubes. His characteristic themes include ball-plastics, mirrors and music works, particularly those of Vivaldi; and poems, mainly those of Sándor (Alexander) Weöres. His paintings include Planets (Bolygók); Brown Rocks (Barna sziklák); Brown Mood (Barna hangulat), and Music. He also designed stage settings, e.g. I. Eck’s Descent to the Underworld (Pokoljárás) (1968), and I. Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája) (2000). He has been exhibiting since 1961. His works are in the Art Collection in Budapest, country towns and abroad as well. He is a recipient of the Pro Urbe Sárospatak Prize (1996), and the Knight Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1996). – B: 1653, T: 7103.→Poór, Bertalan; Derkovits, Gyula; Weöres, Sándor.
2971
Urbanek, János (John) (Fiume, now Rijeka, Croatia, 6 March 1905 - Barcelona, 9 September 1971) – Mechanical engineer. He obtained his Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Budapest Polytechnic in 1927. From 1927 to 1930, with a state scholarship, he conducted research at the Institut d’Optique of Paris, in the field of practical spectral optics; in 1930, at the University of Paris (Sorbonne), he obtained a Ph.D. in Technical Studies. From 1930 to 1944, he lectured on theoretical electrical engineering, electro-technology and illuminating engineering, at first as a demonstrator, later as an assistant lecturer, and from 1941, as an honorary lecturer. From 1944 to 1949, he was Head of the Test-Hall of the Ganz Electrical Works in Budapest. In 1949 he founded the Electrical-Industrial Research Institute, whose director he was until his retirement in 1969. He became a titular professor in 1960. He published a number of studies in French, English and Hungarian journals, and took part and lectured at several international conferences. His works include Sur la diffusion de la lumières par les surfaces polies (1930), and Ideal Material Structures in the Electronics (1979). He was a recipient of the Kossuth Prize (1953). – B: 0883, T: 7456.
Urbányi, László (Ladislas) (Rákosszentmihály, 29 January 1902 - Budapest, 7 May 1974) – Chemical engineer. He obtained his Degree in Chemical Engineering from the Budapest Polytechnic in 1926. He was a research chemist at the Veterinary Academy from 1926, where he took part in the research on rickets, as an associate of József (Joseph) Marek and Oszkar (Oscar) Wellmann. In 1930, he received an internal scholarship for research. After obtaining a technical Ph.D. in 1928, he worked as a demonstrator at the Polytechnic (1931), later becoming the Head of the Biochemical Laboratory (1935), and an honorary lecturer (privatdozent) and Associate Professor in 1937, Professor of the University College in 1941; later full Professor, giving lectures in chemistry and biophysics in 1943. In the Veterinary Department of the University of Agricultural Sciences, he was Director of the Chemical Institute (1947), Professor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor in 1950. Subsequently, he was Director of the Independent College of Veterinary Sciences in 1956-1957. He obtained a Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences in 1952. He was a correspondent for the Research Institute of Animal Husbandry from 1957 to 1967. From his retirement in 1967 until his death in 1974, he worked as a scientific consultant. The result of his specialist work, mainly in biochemistry, as well as physical and analytical chemistry, is shown by the more than 200 published studies in such fields as the mineral supply of the animal body and the biochemistry of foraging. He was the recipient of several memorial medals, including the Wellmann Medal (1973). – B: 0883, T: 7456.
2972
Urbányi, Pál (Paul, Pablo) (Ipolyság, now Šahy, Slovakia, 1939 - ) – Writer and journalist. He emigrated with his parents to Argentina in 1947. He completed his secondary education in Spanish, after which he studied Medicine, Psychology, Mathematics, Physics and History of Literature on university level but, instead of a teacher’s career, he chose commerce. He gave lectures and became the owner of a business. From 1970, he became engaged only in literature and he wrote in Spanish. Two of his books appeared in Buenos Aires. Later he became a journalist. As a correspondent of the liberal paper La Opinion, he experienced political difficulties when Peron’s dictatorship was introduced in Argentina; therefore he moved to Canada; he taught Spanish at a private university in Montreal, and worked at the transmission in Spanish of the CBC Radio Station. His works include La noche de los revolutionaries, short story (1972); En ningua parte, novel, also in English and French (1981); The Bequest (A hagyaték), satire (1992); Sunset-syndrome (Naplementeszimptóma), in Hungarian (2004), and God’s Zoo (Isten állatkertje) (2007). He was made Freeman of Ipolyság in 2004. – B: 1672, T: 7456.
Uri, János (John) (Nagykőrös, 27 December 1724 - Oxford, 18 October 1796) – Orientalist and librarian. His higher studies were at the Universities of Debrecen, Harderwijk and Leyden, where he was engaged in the study of Semitic Philology. From 1770, he catalogued the Oriental material of the Bodleian Library of Oxford, published various manuscripts, and gave lectures at the University of Oxford; but he did not return to Hungary. Ézsaiás Budai visited him in Oxford in 1794. His works include Bibliothecae Bodleianae codicum manuscriptorum orientalium, Catalogus… (1787). – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Budai, Ézsaiás.
2973
Urmánczy, Nándor (Ferdinand) (Maroshéviz, now Topliţa, Transylvania, Romania, 1 October 1868 – Maroshéviz, 31 October 1940) – Politician and journalist. He completed his legal studies at the University of Budapest. In 1902 he was elected Member of Parliament representing the Liberal Party of Szászrégen (now Reghin, Romania). In 1905 he crossed over to the Independence Party and then to the 1848 Party. In 1906 and 1910 he was again elected Member of Parliament. In 1919 he moved to Budapest from Transylvania (Erdély) because of its Romanian occupation. He was one of the spokesmen of the Irredentist Movement. In 1928 he led a delegation to the English newspaper entrepreneur and minister Lord Rothermere, who in his papers advocated the revision of the Treaty of Trianon. The so-called national-flag movement was linked to his name. He urged the territorial revision of the Treaty in the leading Hungarian newspaper Pest News (Pesti Hirlap). – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Trianon Peace Treaty; Rothermere, Lord Harold Sidney Harmsworth; Revisionist Movement in Hungary.
Ürményi, Lajos (Lewis) (Jászkisér, 3 October 1837 - Szerencs, 29 January 1927) – Actor and playwright. He was a piano teacher at first, but adopted acting as a career, joined Jusztin Kocsisovszky’s Group, and somewhat later he found the best provincial opera company in István (Stephen) Reszler’s ensemble of Debrecen and Pécs. By the mid-1860s, he was employed as character actor and opera singer. As a playwright he made his debut with his work King Samuel (Sámuel király) on 22 February 1862. With his work Oath and Duty (Eskü és kötelesség), he received Academic Commendation in 1864. From the fall of 1871 he received father roles. After these early successes, from 1872, he faced unmerited neglect and, in 1882, he retired from public appearances; later he contracted to a different company for every season. In 1892 he went into retirement. In the fall of 1880 he directed a musical company in Baja. His roles included László Hunyadi in F. Erkel’s George Brankovics (Brankovics György), and Gloucester in Shakespeare’s King Lear (Lear király). His published works include Borbála Ubrik (1869), George Rákóczy II (1871), and Apostle Hunn (1900). – B: 1445, T: 7456.
2974
Ürmössy, Anikó (Mrs. Lajos Gellért) (Selmecbánya, now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, 30 August 1892 - Budapest, 27 February 1968) – Actress and elocutionist. She completed her studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, in 1916. She played at theaters in Budapest: the Modern Stage (Modern Színpad), then the Inner City Theater (Belvárosi Színház); in 1918 at the Fasor Avenue Cabaret (Fasor kabaré) and, from 1918, at the Andrássy Boulevard Theater (Andrássy-úti Színház); from 1924 to 1926 at the Renaissance Theater (Reneszánsz Színház); in 1926-1927 again at the Inner City Theater. Thereafter, she only had contract with the Bethlen Plaza Theater (Bethlen-téri Színház). From 1951 to 1955, during the Stalinist-Communist era, she was a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest, but she received very few roles. She excelled as a recitalist. She presented poems of Endre (Andrew) Ady, Dezső (Desider) Kosztolányi and Attila József. Her roles include Toncsi in Gellért-Szánthó’s The Great Report (A nagy riport), and Auntie Rézi in L. Gellért’s Timosa. – B: 1445, 0883, T: 7456.→Ady, Endre; József, Attila; Kosztolányi, Dezső.
Ürögdi, György (George) (Moskovits) (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania, 8 July 1904 - Budapest, 14 January 1987) – Historian. He studied at the Universities of Freiburg, Munich and Bern from 1922 to 1926. He obtained a Ph.D. in Economics in Bern, in 1926, and a Ph.D. in Arts, majoring in ancient history, at the University of Pécs, in 1938. From 1926, he worked as an official for the Hungarian Commercial Bank of Budapest in Nagyvárad; from 1928 at Pécs and, from 1942 in Budapest. Until 1948, he was a managing clerk and, between 1945 and 1948, President of the Works Committee of the Bank. In 1948 and 1949, he was section head of the National Book Bureau of the Prime Minister’s Office; from 1949 to 1952 he was Head of Section in the Ministry of Adult Education. From 1953 to 1958 he was Section Head at the School of Arts. From 1958 until his retirement in 1965, he was in charge of the Roman Age Section of the Historical Museum in Budapest, and also that of the Aquincum Museum. He received a Master’s Degree in History in 1966. He was engaged in the economic and political history of Roman times. Significant are his scientific and popularizing works, which include Lucius Cornelius Sulla (1938); The Old Rome (A régi Roma) (1963); Cleopatra (1972), and Nero (1977). – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Aquincum.
Urr, Ida (Kassa, now Košice, Slovakia, 24 November 1904 - Budapest, 2 August 1989) – Physician and poet. She obtained her Medical Degree from the University of Budapest in 1929. She worked as an internal pathologist in Kassa from 1927. In 1941 she settled in Budapest. During World War II, as a physician of the Swedish Red Cross, she aided in the escape of politically persecuted persons. After the War, she worked as Senior Physician and Gerontologist. Her poems of contemporary tone appeared in anthologies and in independent volumes. Her works include Sobbing (Zokogások) poems (1923); There Is No Bread (Nincs kenyér) poems (1936); Herewith the Writing (Itt az írás) poems (1940); Magic of the Light-screen (A fényrács mágiája) poems (1980), and Hymns on the Banks of the River Hernád (Hernádparti himnuszok), poems (1985). – B: 1730, 1890, T: 7456.
2975
Uruguay, Hungarians in – Approximately 13 to 14 thousand Hungarians lived in Uruguay at the beginning of the 1910s. Without government constraints, about half of them looked upon the country only as a temporary stop. Eventually they moved to Argentina, but newcomers replaced them. This lasted until the government changed its immigration policy in 1930. Around the mid 1920s, many Hungarians emigrated to Brazil, especially from Transylvania (Erdély, now Romania) and when their temporary visa expired, faced with economic problems, many of them moved to Uruguay. They were mostly farmers and craftsmen. Their newspaper, the Hungarian Courier of Uruguay (Uruguayi Magyar Kurir) was published in 1927. In 1941, a group from the Hungarian colony formed the Antifascist Committee with the help of leftist establishments. Also in 1941, they set up the Committee for a Free Hungary, and it organized a collection campaign for the Allied Powers. Between 1941 and 1946, they had regular radio broadcasts on Sundays, and later established their newspaper, the New Hungary (Új Magyarország), and printed it in 1500 copies. At the same time, as the establishment of the Hungarian National Independent Front, there was a call in the Latin-American countries for a meeting of the First Latin-American Congress of Free Hungary that actually opened on 25 September 1943. Its first honorary president was Count Mihály (Michael) Károlyi. On the initiative of Rev. Dezső (Desider) Balázs Nagy from Argentina, there was a movement among the Hungarian Reformed people to establish a congregation in 1958. It was finalized in 1960 with Rev. Pál (Paul) Kovács. The congregation grew and was active. After the pastor moved to the USA, the congregation declined; from 1975, Rev. Imre (Emeric) Szabó served them from Argentina. Some ten thousand Hungarians live in the country with 2-3 thousand in Montevideo. – B: 1020, 1875, T: 3240, 7103.→Károlyi, Mihály; Nagy, Balázs Dezső; Kovács, Paul. Uruguay’s National Anthem – The music of Uruguay’s national anthem, based on a poem by the poet Francisco Acuna de Figueroa, was composed by the Hungarian Ferenc József Debály in 1841. – B: 1020, T: 7617.
2976
Usztics, Mátyás (Matthew) (Penészlek, 9 April 1949 - ) – Actor and stage manager. In 1969 and 1970, he was a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest; from 1973 to 1975 of the Szigligeti Theater (Szigligeti Színház), Szolnok and, between 1975 and 1977, of the No. 25 Theater (25. Színház). In 1977 he was contracted to the Hungarian Film Manufacturing Company (MAFILM), and thereafter, he became a freelance artist. He was one of the founders of the Rock Theater (Rock Színház). In 1962 he had great success in the rock-operetta Star-makers (Sztárcsinálók). He is a multi-faceted actor with a fine technique, who is equally at home in cabarets, comedies and heavier genres. He often appears on radio, television and cabaret shows. Since 1990, he has been Director of the Sándor (Alexander) Bodnár Drama Academy, and that of the National Chamber Theater (Nemzeti Kamara Színház). He was one of the founders of the Magor Movement (Magor Mozgalom), and that of the Hungarian Guard Society (Magyar Gárda Egyesület). His roles include Seneca in M. Várkonyi - T. Miklós’ Star-makers (Sztárcsinálók); Rochefort in A. Dumas Sr.’s The Three Musketeers (A három testőr); Verro in Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens (Athéni Timon), and Lomov in Chechov’s A Marriage Proposal (Leánykérés). He played more than 40 films, including Petőfi (1977); Ángi Vera (1979); Requiem (1981); Wagner (1983); Mata Hari (1985); Sztalin (1992), and Country Town (Kisváros) (1993-1999). – B: 1445, 1031, T: 7456.
Utasi, Csaba (Vörösmart, 15 January 1941 - ) – Literary historian, critic and translator of literary works. He completed his high school studies at Újvidék (1955-1959). He obtained a Degree from the Faculty of Hungarian Language and Literature at the University of Újvidék (now Novi Sad, Serbia). He obtained a Ph.D. from the same University in 1983. His area of interest is Hungarian literature of Vajdaság (now Voivodina). He was editor of the Forum Publisher (1965-1972), then he was a teaching assistant (1972-1984), and docent (1984-1990); thereafter, he was a special professor (1990-1995), and finally Professor at the University of Újvidék from 1995 in the Faculty of Hungarian Language and Literature. He teaches the History of 20th century Hungarian Literature. He was Director of the Institute of Research in Hungarian Language and Literature, and that of Hungarology (1983-1987), and was Assistant Dean of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Újvidék (1987-1989). He has been a member of the Society of Hungarian Writers, the Hungarian Scientific Association of Voivodina, the International Society of Hungarian Philologists, and a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His major works are After Ten Years; Essays, Critiques (Tíz év után; esszék, kritikák) (1982); Our Literature and the Kalangya; Monograph (Irodalmunk és a Kalangya; monográfia) (1984); Blood and Wounds; Studies and Critiques (Vér és sebek, tanulmányok, kritikák) (1994); People Only; Fifty Poems, Fifty Critiques (Csak emberek, ötven vers, ötven kommentár) (2000), and Far from Everything (Mindentől messze) (2002). He has also prepared translations of literary works. His awards are the Híd Literary Prize (1982) and the Szenteleky Kornél Literary Prize (1993). – B: 0874, 0878, T: 7684.
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Utasi, Mária (Vörösmart, 11 November 1943 - Újvidék, now Novi-Sad, Serbia, 20 February 1985) – Poetess. She obtained a diploma of education from Szabadka (now Subotica, Serbia), and continued her studies in Hungarian Language and Literature at the University of Újvidék. Thereafter, she taught at Kopács (now Kopačevo, Croatia) and Laskó (now Lug, Croatia), then resumed her studies at the University of Budapest, obtaining an arts degree, majoring in Hungarian. For a short time she worked as a translator at Szabadka. In 1979 she settled in Újvidék and worked for the daily New Word (Új Szó); she worked in its translating section until her death. Her works include Bier at Sunrise (Hajnali ravatal) (1970) and Water-worn Sign (Vízmosta jel). – B: 0883, T: 7456.
Utassy, József (Joseph) (Utasi between 1965-1968) (Ózd, 23 March 1941 - Zalaegerszeg, 27 August 2010) – Poet and literary translator. He completed his high school studies at the Dobó High School, Eger, from 1955 to 1959. He completed his higher studies in Hungarian Ethnography at the University of Budapest between 1961 and 1967. Between 1959 and 1967, he worked as a clerk at the National Savings Bank (Országos Takarék Pénztár – OTP); thereafter he worked as a reporter of art at Pétervára. Between 1963 and 1964, he was a laborer at the Sheet Metal Manufacturing Plant (Lemezgyár) of Borsodnádasd. Between 1967 and 1972 he was a boarding school teacher of the Students’ Hostel, an institute of vocational training. In 1969 Utassy was one of the founders of the group of poets called the Ninths (Kilencek). In 1970, he became a member of the Hungarian Writers’ Association (Magyar Írók Szövetsége). From 1972 he was a free-lance writer. From 1995 he was a member of the Society of Hungarian Writers (Magyar Írók Egyesülete). Since 2002 he has been a member of the Academy of Hungarian Artists. Among his numerous works are My Fire, My Flag (Tüzem, lobogóm) poems (1969); Orphan of the Stars (Csillagok árvája) poems (1977); On the Way from Hell (Pokolból jövet) poems (1981); Light on the Shackles (Fény a bilincsen) poems (1994); Fifty-five Devils (Ötvenöt ördög) childrens’ poems (1997); The Questioning of God (Isten faggatása) (2000), and Fire of Fires (Tüzek tüze) (2001). The publishing of some of his books met the objection of the regime. Despite his illness, he created a valuable life work. He was the recipient of a number of distinctions, among them: the Attila József Prize (1978), the High-level Prize (1981), the Prize of Pro Hungarian Art (1989), the Tibor Déry Prize (1989, 1996), the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1994), the Pro Literature Prize (1997), the Laurel Wreath (2001), the Kossuth Prize (2008), and the Gábor Bethlen Prize (2009). – B: 0874, 0878, 1257, T: 7684.
Ütő, Endre (1) (Andrew) (Nagykanizsa, 11 October 1903 - ?, 13 December 1978) - Actor and stage designer. He studied at the Academy of Applied Arts, Budapest. In 1925 he graduated from the Academy of Acting in Budapest and joined the National Theater of Pécs. His most famous performances on rural stages include Horatio in Hamlet, Otto in Bánk bán, and Bubenyik of the Noszty Boy's Case with Mari Tóth (A Noszty fiú esete Tóth Marival). He began as a stage designer in 1930 in the theater of Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia), commissioned by Árpád Horváth, where he produced about 40 stage illustrations each year. He was the first to paint a linoleum poster for the National Theater of Pécs. From 1945 he was a member of the theaters of both Pécs and Miskolc, where he applied his talent practically to all kind of theatrical art forms. On his retirement in 1967 he was distinguished with a permanent membership in the Miskolc Theater. In 1987 an
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exhibition of his work was held at the Cultural Center of Berettyóújfalu. His main stage designs include E. Kästner's Three Men In The Snow (1953); Lope de Vega's The Dog in the Manger (1949); Ferenc Molnár's Olympia (1957); Gorky's Vassa Zheleznova (1961); Jenő Heltai's The Dumb Knight (A néma levente) (1962), and Miklós Gyárfás' Joanna's Night (Johanna éjszakája), 1966. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7667.
Ütő, Endre (2) (Andrew) (Budapest, 2 June 1937 - ) – Opera singer (bass), producer, theater director, ceramic-pottery artist and sculptor. He was born into a Szekler (Transylvanian Hungarian) family, from where his talent originated. The family moved to Budapest in the early 1940s. After an early, brief, but promising sports career in basketball, he found his career in opera. In 1967 he studied at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, under Maestro Andor (Andrew) Lendvay and graduated in Italy from the St Cecilia Music Academy in Rome, where he was a scholarship winner, under Maestro G. Favaretto. Soon after winning two international singing competitions in Italy, he appeared and sang with Luciano Pavarotti in Verdi’s Rigoletto. In 1963, he had his debut at the Opera House, Budapest in the role of King Arkel in Debussy’s Pelléas and Mélisande. In 1964 he became a soloist at the Opera House. He sang 50 leading base roles of classic operas, but he successfully presented character figures of modern operas as well. His roles include the title role in B. Bartók’s Bluebeard’s Castle; Seneca in Monteverdi’s Coronation of Poppea (Poppea megkoronázása); Timur in Puccini’s Turandot; Colline in Puccini’s La Bohème (Bohémélet); Gremin in Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin; Zakarias in Verdi’s Nabucco; Mephisopheles in Gounod’s Faust; Hagen in Wagner’s Twilight of the Gods (Götterdämmerung – Istenek alkonya), and Doktor in Berg’s Wozzeck. Since 1998, he has produced 5 successful open-air opera productions at the Cziráky Castle in Lovasberény, and at the Nádasdy Castle in Nádasladány. He has often appeared as a soloist in oratorios. In July 1990 he was appointed Director of the Opera House of Budapest. In this capacity, even in more difficult conditions, he wanted to maintain the standard and the rejuvenation of its ensembles and artistic standard. Since his retirement in 1996, he has lived with his wife and creative partner in Lovasberény, County Fejér, where he established his Art Gallery and Studio. His figurative, visual art career started in 1983. His artistic woodcarvings and the glazed pottery composition could be called vitrified or faïenced wood. So far he has had 23 local exhibitions and one in Italy with great success. The artist's 200 year-old home, a thatched cottage, is a historic site, housing the Lenke Gallery, the artist's permanent exhibition. He also uses his figurative art experiences in theatrical scenery, as a stage designer, producer and director. He was awarded the Ferenc Liszt Prize in 1970. – B: 1445, 2107, 1031, T: 7456, 7103.
Uyghurs (Uigurs, Jugars, in Hungarian: Ujgurok) –
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The Uyghurs (in their language Yugars) are a Turkic ethnic people, living in 10 tribes, followers of Islam. Their country is in Eastern and Central Asia, primarily in the Xinjian (Sinkiang) Uyghur nominally Autonomous Region, (in China since 1955), covering an area of 1,646,000 km² with a population of some 15 million (1982) and its capital Urumqi (Urumchi, Ürümqi or Tihwa), pop. 677,000 (1975) situated south of the Junggar (Dzungar) Basin and on the northern slopes of the Tian Shan Mountains. Large Diasporas of Uyghurs exist in the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. Smaller communities are found in Mongolia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Russia, and Taoyuan County of Hunan Province in south-central Mainland China. Uyghur neighborhoods can also be found in major Chinese cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Actually, they are living in 32 countries in the world.
During their history, there have been many upheavals against foreign domination, and there has been an independence movement since 1933 to create a new sovereign state, Uyghurstan or East Turkistan. Historically the term “Uyghur” (meaning “united” or “allied”) was applied to a group of Turkic-speaking tribes that lived in what is now Mongolia. Along with the so-called Kökturks (a.k.a. Gökturks) the Uyghurs were one of the largest and most enduring Turkic peoples living in Central Asia. They existed as a tribal federation ruled by the Juan Juan from 460 to 545, and then by the Hephthalites (White Huns) from 545 to 565, before being taken over by the Gökturk Empire (Khaganate). Before the Uyghur Empire was founded, the Turkic Empire ruled the Steppes from Mongolia to Central Asia. In 744, the Uyghurs, together with other subject tribes, Basmil and Kharlukh, defeated the Turkic Empire and founded the Uyghur Empire. Their empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to Manchuria, and lasted from 745 to 840, when they were overrun by the Kyrgyzs, another Turkic people. The result was that the majority of tribal groups formerly under the umbrella of the Uyghurs migrated to what is now modern Xinjiang. Joined by other Turkic tribal groups living in Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin, they established the Idiqut kingdom, which lasted until 1209, when they submitted to the Mongols under Genghis Khan. Throughout history, the term Uyghur has taken on an increasingly expansive definition. Initially a small coalition of Tiele tribes, it later denoted citizenship in the Uyghur Empire, and finally, it was expanded to an ethnicity, which includes ancestry to two genetically distinct populations: Turkic and Tocharian.
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The Uyghurs claim to be the descendants of the Huns. They also claim to be related to the Hungarians. Their legends know that their ancient brothers set out and moved to the distant west. Recent DNA research has proved that they are genetically close to the Hungarians. In their legend a once great emperor had two sons called Tartar (Hunor) and Mungli (Maugor), who became the ancestors of the Tartars and the Mongols [see: Abul Ghazi Bahadur, a 17th century historian of Khiva]. Hungarian and Uyghur folk-tales, even customs and folk music also show similarities, the music of both peoples is based on the pentatonic, or five-note scale system. They were horse-riding archers, like the Magyars, who similarly used to be horse-riding archers: their horsemen using the crossbow. On their graves they erect wooden headboards (kopjafa), an ancient Hungarian custom. Where and when the Magyars and Uyghurs lived next to each other in the Asian steppes is still not clear. There is a sufficiently close physical, racial relationship between them. The Uyghurs usually have light skin, hair and eyes, along with facial characteristics varying from mongoloid to north European. The 19th century Hungarian traveler and linguist, Alexander (Sándor) Csoma de Kőrös originally set out to find the ancestral home of the Hungarians among the Uyghurs. However, he was detained in Tibet, as he was considered to be a British spy and was denied entry. An expedition was organized to the Uyghurs by the Hungarian World Federation and led by the human biologist and anthropologist, Dr. Zsolt Biró during 2007. To this day the Uyghurs show keen interest in their Magyar relatives in the distant west and occasionally visit them. The literature on the Uyghurs includes: Ármin Vámbéry: Uigurische Sprachmonumente und das Kudatku Bilik (1870); Das Türkenvolk (1885); At the Cradle of the Magyars (in Hungarian) (1914); Ervin Baktay: On Top of the World (A világ tetején) (1930); T. Duka: Alexander Csoma de Kőrös (1885); H. Nath Mukerjee: Csoma, The Hermit-Hero from Hungary: The Great Tibetologist (1984); W. Schott: Zur Uigurenfrage (Parts I-II) (1874-1876); W. Radloff: Das Kudatku Bilik in Faksimile, Transkription und Übersetzung. Parts I-III (1890-1910); F.W.K. Müller: Uigurica I-IV (1908-1931); M. Hartmann: Chinesisch-Turkestan (1908); Károly Czeglédy: Wandering of Nomad Peoples from Orient to Occident (in Hungarian) (1969) and D. Osetzky: The Turkic Ancestors of the Magyars (1977). – B: 1031, 1068, 1789, 1816, 1904, T: 7617, 7456.→Urumqi; Kőrösi Csoma, Sándor; Vámbéry, Ármin; Kiszely, István; Yugars; White Huns.
Uzbeks – (1) A group of the Turkic ethnic peoples in Central Asia; they lived on the territories of Bokhara, Ferghana and Khiva. The name of the highly cultured Uz peoples of the Uygur-Turk branch is not ethnographic but political, and originated in the 10th century. They took this name during the rule of the great conqueror, Mohamed Seibani. It originated from Özbég, nickname of prince Ghajas-ed-Din, meaning “illustrious gentlemen”. They are mostly farmers and number over 2 million. (2) In one of his oldest laws Hungarian King László I (St. Ladislas) (1077-1095) called the liberated slaves Uzbeks among other castle guards and servants. – B: 1078, T: 3240.
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Uz Ethnic Group – A group of the Turkic people, allies of the Khazars, who lived in the 9th and 10th centuries between the River Volga and the Ural Mountains, at the inner territory of the Kazakh-Kirgiz peoples. The Greeks called them Uz, while the Arabs named them Ghuz. They quarreled with the Pechenegs (Besenyők) before 835, and around 888, they totally displaced them. Later, they lived in the neighboring territory of Lake Van in Asia Minor, among the Magyars. Eventually the Szeklers (Hungarians of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) assimilated most of them, while others lost their language and ethnicity among the later arriving Vlach settlers. – B: 1078, 1666, T: 3240.→Khazars; Pechenegs; Vlachs; Szeklers.
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