Tyree Net-Zero Energy Houses-OurFuture

8/12/2019 Tyree Net-Zero Energy Houses-OurFuture

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Net-Zero Energy Housesand Offices

a vision of the future?Sustainable Operations 19 Nov 08

Webinar Presentation

FPL, Madison, WI

byMel Tyree BA PhD LLD FRSC

NRS-10


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The Globe & Mail28 June 2008

The energy content of 1 barrel of oil = theenergy content of 8.6 years of human labor.

Th ink abou t i t .

A human lifespan could produce the energy ofabout 3 barrels of oil in usable work or impact onthe world (@ 10 h of work per day).

CONCLUSION: human-kind has dominated life

on earth thru the unfair advantage of fossil fuels.What is our future when this advantage (fossilfuel) is gone?


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Energy cost of buildings in Canada

30% of Canadas energy consumption

50% of Canadas electricity consumption

28% of Canadas greenhouse gases


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Energy cost of buildings in Canada

30% of Canadas energy consumption

50% of Canadas electricity consumption

28% of Canadas greenhouse gasesWith declining fossil fuels and rising prices,

WHAT MIGHT THE HOUSING FUTURE

BE?


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My Net-Zero Energy House(Also zero emission house)


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My Net-Zero Energy House(Also zero emission house)

This house will save a projected$165,000in fuel and energy costs.Over the next 20 years.


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My Net-Zero Energy HouseWhat were the design criteria?


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Objectives of my Net-Zero Energy House

Sustainable Energy Design (uses no fossil fuels)

Generate as much energy on site in a year asis used on site in that year.

Be energy efficient

Be cost-effectiveBurn NO fuel of any kind on site IF POSSIBLE

Use sustainable materials

Use materials with low toxicity

Cost should be competitive with conventionalhome over a 20-year period, i.e., if you pay moreto build it then savings from operating costs topay for it should break even in the first 20 years.


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Cost-effective ConsiderationsWhich costs more?

Insulating the house?

Providing sun & wind power systems?


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To answer these questions we first needto know how much energy a typical houseuses in a year.


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To answer these questions we first needto know how much energy a typical houseuses in a year.

Where does most of my energy go?To general electrical needs?To heating?


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Energy Audit of my House

Lights and electrical appliances?Hot water needs?

Heating in winter months?

Need to use common units!J = Joules or GJ = Giga Joules

kWh = kilowatt hours = 3,600,000JBTU = British Thermal Units

(1 kWh = 3,412 BTU)


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Approximate Energy Audit

Energy Consumption Per Year9,000 kWh lights, appliances etc

4,500 kWh hot water35,000 kWh heating (assumes 90% burn efficiency)

Total: 48,500 kWh18.5% lights, appliances etc

9.3% hot water

72.2% heating


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Lights & Appliances: 18.5%How to save energy?

Compact fluorescent lighting VERY costeffective

Select washing machine with high spin

cycleDry clothes outside on line (free) ratherthan in drier as much as possible

Select energy efficient dish washerUse microwave rather than stove as muchas possible.


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Domestic Hot Water: 9.7%How to save Energy?

Use heat pump to boost heating efficiency upto 300%.

Add insulation to your hot water tankLower the thermostat temperature on hot watertankUse less hot water

1. Install low-flow shower heads2. Take quicker showers3. Wash all clothes in cold water4. Select dish washer that uses less water


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Heating of your home: 72.2%!!How to save energy?

Biggest potential saving!

Needs energy audit of your home!

Where does my heat go? Considerations are:

1. Heat loss through walls & roof

2. Heat loss through windows

3. Heat loss to provide fresh air in winter

4. Efficiency of your furnace

5. Cost of your fuel (for cost-effective solutions)


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Insulation efficiency determined byR-values of ceiling, walls, windows

Typical values for modern homes

Windows R = 2.8 to 3.3

Walls R = 18 to 22Ceiling R = 30 to 35

Bigger R values are better

But heat loss for each item determined byBTU/h = (Sq ft surface area/R)*(Tin-Tout)


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How I learned to do the calculations!The Passive Solar House by James Kachadorian

A i t E A dit f h


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Approximate Energy Audit of a homeNEEDS A PLAN for computations


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Approximate Energy Audit ofmodern home.

TOTAL heat loss rate 550 BTU per h per oF

13.5% thru windows

13.6% thru walls

8.7% thru roof

15.7% thru basement OVER ESTIMATE!

49.1% TO PROVIDE FRESH AIR

(16 room volume exchanges per dayrecommended by building code)

S E t


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Summary Energy coststo run my new home

48,500 kWh/yr (72% of this for heat)How much can I generate from a wind

turbine and PV system purchased underNYSERDA incentives?


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www.powernaturally.org

Use above web site for info on NY State CashIncentives from NYSERDA

Mr. Sal Graven, NYSERDA, informed me that as ofFeb 2008

1. 28 Residential wind turbines have been installed2. 13 more wind turbines are scheduled under the

NYSERDA incentive program

3. 900 Photovoltaic residential systems have been

installed4. My home is the first (and only) in NY State to provide

all power needs from the sun and wind under theNYSERDA program.


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NYSERDA INCENTIVES SUMMARY

System Net Price System Est. An. Investment

type after rebates size Production per kWh

per yearTurbine $24,850 10 kW 10,500 kWh $2.36

PV $35,000 10 kW 9,500 kWh $3.69

PV price includes battery back up system ($8,000)

Total Estimated Annual Production20,000 kWh

Closing the gap


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Closing the gapEnergy needs: 48,500 kWh

Energy production: 20,000 kWh

Possible solutions include:

Use Passive Solar heatingUse Active Solar for hot water

Use Active Solar heating for house

Decrease energy needs thru insulation

Increase efficiency of heating

P bl ith ti i l i th


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Problem with active or passive solar in theNorth Country: Very little sunshine in winter

AND systems are expensive

Month Heating Deg Days % sunshine

October 542 43

November 896 25December 1341 24

January 1471 24

February 1283 34March 1091 43

April 615 47

May 317 53


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Option of Adding Insulation?

A complete analysis is beyond the scope of thisworkshop (takes too long) but I consulted aGreen Builder in the Adirondacks who said he

could reduce my heat load by 40% thru betterinsulation etc at 20% extra cost.

Saving on heat load: 13,500 kWh

Added cost to construction: $44,000

Cost per kWh saved: $3.26

Remaining load: 48,500-13,500 = 35,000 kWh

Shortfall on project: 15,000 kWh


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Ultimate Cost-Effective Solutionused in my home.

Biggest heating load (49%) is to providefresh air

Solution: Install fresh-air heat recoverysystem

Reduce energy cost to heat my home

Solution: Install Geothermal Heat Pumpwhich provides 330% efficiency!


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Heat Recovery SystemCost: $2500 (installed)

Savings on heat load: 8,000 kWh


Geothermal Heat PumpCost: $7,500 (installed)

Savings on heat load: 20,000 kWh(because of 330% efficiency)


Ai h t t


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Air-heat recovery system

70% heat recovery on

air that passes thru system

G th l H t P


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Geothermal Heat Pump

Explaining how it works needs workshop of its own!So details beyond the scope of my talk.


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Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps

Open loop: most efficient (400%) butusually more expensive to install

Closed loop: less efficient (300%)

PLUS the heat pump assists the hot watertank and hence reduces the energyneeded to heat hot water with electricity.

Explain how it works (it is a very largerefrigeration system)


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C & P b k A l i


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Cost & Payback Analysis

y = 5.7643x - 4.6466

R2= 0.9316

0.90

1.40

1.90

2.40

2.90

3.40

0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Electrical power price relative to 1999

oilpricerelative

to1999

Rel price increase Linear (Rel price increase)

In past 9 years (basis 1999)NYSERDA data shows

Electrical price inflation: 3.7%Fuel Oil price inflation: 14.6%

Cost & Payback Analysis


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Cost & Payback AnalysisThis analysis uses conservative estimates of energy inflation rates

($80,000)

($60,000)

($40,000)

($20,000)

$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

$120,000

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Year

Cashflow

3.6%+12.5% 3.6% inflation

20 year cash flow analysis 2007-2027

Electricalinflation: 3.7% Fuel oil inflation: 14.6% in last 9 years

Break-even system pays for itself


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Final building costs

House with one-car garage: $220,000

Barn (one-car parking + shop): $35,000

Sun & Wind Energy systems: $60,000Extra cost of Geothermal: $5,500

Price premium for Net-Zero

Energy House vs conventional: 27%more than conventional home.


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Construction sequenceillustrated by photos and words

1. Built turbine in 2004/05

2. Built barn in 2005

3. Added photovoltaic system in 20064. Built house in 2007


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My Net-Zero Energy House


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My Net-Zero Energy HouseSo, did I succeed? What are the measured

data on production and heat pump

performance?


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Production

Production. The solar and wind systemshave been grid-tied for > 12 months.Production from 1 Dec 06 to 1 Dec 07:

19,005 kWhGHP = 7500 kWh

HW = 4500 (will lower this in future)

All other = 6000 kWh

TOTAL = 18,000 kWh


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NZEH IN NZE CITIES


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NZEH IN NZE-CITIESAdvantages for the future:

Sunlight is free & delivery is freeCost to utilize free sun-energy willeventually be less than cost of fuel

Will reduce Canada carbon-footprintWill conserve declining fossil fuels formore vital needs

Will reduce size of electrical grid and avoidcost of new power plants (nuclear &conventional)

NZEH


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NZEHImpact on how cities will look?

Street layout for S orientation of all houses

Modified look of housing

Modified landscaping (e.g., smaller trees, fewer

trees, or mostly deciduous trees??)Use of local materials

Use of low toxicity materials

Living roofs? Gray-water use? Rain waterstorage?

Unlimited possibilities for a sustainable future!


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Questions & Discussion

Heat Pump Consumption?


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Heat Pump Consumption?Data for 22 days in Jan 08

RESULTS:792 = kWh power consumption of HP160 = kWh power consumption of water pump942 = total kWh to heat the house.

1013 = HDD for the same 22 days in Dannemora, NY,1/8 of an average heating season already!0.93 = kWh/HDD = 942/1013 (This value has beenconstant for the whole period, i.e., on cold days thevalue is the same as on warm days)

7448 = estimated kWh for an average heating season= 0.93x8010$1191 = estimated cost of heating with electricity @16cents/kWh.

Heat Pump Efficiency


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Definition: 1 BTU = amount of heat energy required tochange 1 lb of water 1 oF

Heat Extraction rate (HE) from well water in BTU/hr( 1 Gal water = 8.35 lbs. 60 min per hr. So if you pumpwater at 1 GPM you are pumping about 500 lb water perh)HE = 500 x GPM x (drop in Water temperature) in

BTU/hrTypical performance values of my HP:For Stage 1 Heating: GPM = 9.5 & temp drop = 7 oF,hence

HE = 500 x 9.5 x 7 = 33,250 BTU/hrFor Stage 2 Heating: GPM = 9.5 & temp drop = 10 oF,hence

HE = 500 x 9.5 x 10 = 47,500 BTU/hr



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Heat Pump EfficiencyHeat Supply rate (HS) to house in BTU/hrHS = 1.06 x Air Flow Rate (CFM) x (temperature rise

of airO

F)Measured temp rise of air is 28 to 31 oFCFM counter LED indicates CFM rates of 800, 1100,

1500 or 1800 while system operates. 1.06x28x1500 =44,500 1.06x31x1800 = 59,150)

Start up sequence: CFM 800 Stage 11100 @ 75F1500 @ 90 FHeat off 800.ALTERNATIVE CALCULATION

HS = HE +EA, where EA = energy added by mycompressor & fan

Typical performance of my heat pump:For Stage 1 Heating : EA = 3.0 kW = 10,230 BTU/hr HS

= 43,480 (rated 41,650)For Stage 2 Heating: EA = 4.26 kW = 14,500 BTU/hr HS

= 62,000 (rated 59,450)

( 1 kW = 3,410 BTU/hr)



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Efficiency estimate (needs data on water

pump)Energy required to pump water = 6.8 A x 220 V

x 50% duty cycle = 0.75 kW

= 2,600 BTU/hr

For Stage 1 Heating:

COP = 43,480/10,230 = 4.25

Efficiency = 43,480/(10,230+2,600) = 339%

For Stage 2 Heating:COP = 62,000/14,500 = 4.27

Efficiency = 62,000/(14,500+2,600) = 363%

www powernaturally org


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www.powernaturally.org

SWIEP


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SWIEPSmall Wind Information Exchange Program

http://www.ualberta.ca/~mtyree/SWIEP/

Items for discussion?


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Relative cost of Energy per unit energy

NYSERDA data from 2006

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

Electrical

Propane

Kerosene

Fuel Oil

Nat. Gas

Coal NYSERDA $/millionBTU

$5.51 Coal

$15.49 Nat. Gas

$18.65 Fuel Oil$21.23 Kerosene

$26.06 Propane

$48.92 Electricity

Tyree Net-Zero Energy Houses-OurFuture

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