Typhoon Surveillance in Northwestern Pacific · 2017-06-21 · Typhoon Surveillance in Northwestern...
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for placing equipment on the market. When taking equipment into use, the manufacturer is obliged to inform the user of na- tional restrictions. To enable the manufacturers to give such information, national frequency authorities have the ob- ligation to publish information on national frequency usage. On the basis of this, the EC has drawn up a simple classification system for equipment. Radio equipment for which usage is harmonized in the EU belongs to Class 1. Others, not belonging to Class 1, belong to Class 2. For these, the final step in placing equipment on the mar- ket is to notify the national fre- quency authorities of the coun- tries in question about this inten- tion. The notification contains in- formation that is necessary to evaluate whether the equipment really complies with national fre- quency restrictions. Apart from stipulations for the conformity assessment of the technical requirements, the Di- rective defines a marking system, where, in addition to the CE mark, the four digit number(s) of the notified body or bodies should be included. For all Class 2 cases this should be followed by the alert symbol. Additional- ly, each product should carry a short Declaration of Conformity (in English: Hereby, [Name of manufacturer], declares that this [type of equipment] is in com- pliance with the essential require- ments and other relevant provi- sions of Directive 1999/5/EC). This comes in all the official lan- guages of the EU states and in- cludes a contact address where the complete original document is available, e.g. a web address. Restrictions on taking equip- ment into use must be explained in the user manual and on the packaging. ● D ropwindsonde Observa- tions for Typhoon Sur- veillance near the Tai- wan Region, i.e. DOTSTAR, is an international research pro- gram conducted by meteorolo- gists in Taiwan. It is carried out in cooperation with scientists at the Hurricane Research Division (HRD) and the National Cen- ters for Environmental Predic- tion (NCEP) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- ministration (NOAA). The program is based on successful surveillance missions conducted in the Atlantic with NOAA's Gulfstream-IV jet air- craft. Vaisala RD93 GPS drop- sondes are released from an As- tra jet aircraft flying above 42000 ft (12.8 km) in and around trop- ical cyclones approaching Tai- wan. Information from the sur- veillance flights is transmitted in nearly real-time to the Central 24 167/2005 Typhoon Surveillance in Northwestern Pacific Chun-Chieh Wu, Po-Hsiung Lin Department of Atmospheric Sciences National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan Sim Aberson Hurricane Research Division AOML/NOAA Miami, USA An international research program investigating typhoons in the Northwestern Pacific utilizes Vaisala RD93 dropsondes to improve data provision and quality. The Astra SPX jet releasing a dropsonde (circled) during a test flight in March, 2003.
Transcript of Typhoon Surveillance in Northwestern Pacific · 2017-06-21 · Typhoon Surveillance in Northwestern...
for placing equipment on themarket. When taking equipmentinto use, the manufacturer isobliged to inform the user of na-tional restrictions.
To enable the manufacturersto give such information, nationalfrequency authorities have the ob-ligation to publish information onnational frequency usage. On thebasis of this, the EC has drawn upa simple classification system forequipment. Radio equipment forwhich usage is harmonized in theEU belongs to Class 1. Others,not belonging to Class 1, belongto Class 2. For these, the final stepin placing equipment on the mar-ket is to notify the national fre-quency authorities of the coun-tries in question about this inten-tion. The notification contains in-formation that is necessary toevaluate whether the equipmentreally complies with national fre-quency restrictions.
Apart from stipulations forthe conformity assessment of thetechnical requirements, the Di-rective defines a marking system,where, in addition to the CEmark, the four digit number(s) ofthe notified body or bodiesshould be included. For all Class2 cases this should be followedby the alert symbol. Additional-ly, each product should carry ashort Declaration of Conformity(in English: Hereby, [Name ofmanufacturer], declares that this[type of equipment] is in com-pliance with the essential require-ments and other relevant provi-sions of Directive 1999/5/EC).This comes in all the official lan-guages of the EU states and in-cludes a contact address wherethe complete original documentis available, e.g. a web address.Restrictions on taking equip-ment into use must be explainedin the user manual and on thepackaging. ●
D ropwindsonde Observa-tions for Typhoon Sur-veillance near the Tai-
wan Region, i.e. DOTSTAR, isan international research pro-gram conducted by meteorolo-gists in Taiwan. It is carried outin cooperation with scientists atthe Hurricane Research Division(HRD) and the National Cen-ters for Environmental Predic-tion (NCEP) of the NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
ministration (NOAA). The program is based on
successful surveillance missionsconducted in the Atlantic withNOAA's Gulfstream-IV jet air-craft. Vaisala RD93 GPS drop-sondes are released from an As-tra jet aircraft flying above 42000ft (12.8 km) in and around trop-ical cyclones approaching Tai-wan. Information from the sur-veillance flights is transmitted innearly real-time to the Central
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Typhoon Surveillance inNorthwestern Pacific
Chun-Chieh Wu,Po-Hsiung LinDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
Sim AbersonHurricane Research DivisionAOML/NOAAMiami, USA
An international research program investigating typhoons in theNorthwestern Pacific utilizes Vaisala RD93 dropsondes to improvedata provision and quality.
The Astra SPX jet releasing a dropsonde (circled) during a test flight in March, 2003.
Weather Bureau (CWB) of Tai-wan, as well as to the NCEP,Fleet Numerical Meteorologyand Oceanography Center (FN-MOC), and Japan Meteorologi-cal Agency (JMA). The data areassimilated into the operationalglobal and regional numericalmodels of these organizations.
Dropsondes enable significant forecastingimprovements After a year of training and thedevelopment and installation ofall the required software andhardware in the aircraft, theDOTSTAR typhoon surveil-lance was launched in 2003 withTyphoons Dujuan and Melor.Nine further missions have beenconducted in 2004 around 7 ty-phoons – Nida, Conson, Min-dulle, Megi, Aere, Meari andNock-Ten. In total, the Astra air-craft has flown 53 h releasing179 dropsondes. Eight to tenmissions are expected to be con-ducted during the 2005 typhoonseason.
The collection of critical me-teorological data enabled byDOTSTAR helps to improve theunderstanding and forecastingof typhoons, evaluate targetedobserving strategies, and to vali-date/calibrate remote sensingdata.
In a preliminary analysis ofthe above 11 missions, the drop-sonde data provided an average20% improvement to the 24-72h track forecast of the NCEPGlobal Forecast System (GFS).Further analyses with othermodels are ongoing. The pro-gram marks the beginning of ty-phoon surveillance in theNorthwestern Pacific and is ex-pected to yield impressive ad-vances in typhoon research, ob-servations and forecasting. ●
More information on DOTSTAR isavailable athttp://typhoon.as.ntu.edu.tw/DOTSTAR/English/home2_english.htm
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Typhoon Meari surveillance flight track, numbered locations of dropsonde observations, analyzeddropsonde data at 500 hPa (geopotential height, temperature, dewpoint and wind barbs) fromCWB, and Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) Infrared (IR) imagery at 12:00Universal Time, 25 September 2004.
The interior of the Astra, with the Vaisala AVAPS Dropsonde Receiving System located in the center right, and thedropsonde launcher to the lower left.
