Types of KnowledgeTypes of Knowledge• Skill Based: “familiar and non‐problematic tasks in a largely automatic fashion”

• Rule Based: “modify our largely automatic behaviour

because we have become aware of some change or problem”

• Knowledge Based: “run out of ready‐made solutions and have to think one out there and then”

Managing Maintenance Error, 2003, J. Reason and A. Hobbes

KnowledgeKnowledge‐‐BasedBased

RuleRule‐‐BasedBased

SkillSkill‐‐BasedBased

Situations

Routine

Trained-forProblems

NovelProblems

TacitTacit

Control Modes

MixedConscious Automatic

FormalFormal

Types of KnowledgeTypes of Knowledge• Skill Based: “familiar and non‐problematic tasks in a largely automatic fashion”

• Rule Based: “modify our largely automatic behaviour

because we have become aware of some change or problem”

• Knowledge Based: “run out of ready‐made solutions and have to think one out there and then”

Managing Maintenance Error, 2003, J. Reason and A. Hobbes

Situations

Routine

Trained-forProblems

NovelProblems

Control Modes

MixedConscious Automatic

NDE Simlets NDT Games

NDE SimulationsNDE Demonstrator

NDE ImprovementTools

NDE Quality NDE Quality MonitorsMonitors

CBT’s

e-CBI

NDE Simlets

InstructionInstruction

MultimediaMultimedia

InteractiveInteractive

EntertainmentEntertainment

NDT Games

NDE SimulationsMovies

e-Learning

NDE PerformanceNDE PerformanceDemonstratorsDemonstrators

NDE Demonstrator

NDE Quality NDE Quality MonitorsMonitors

NDE ImprovementTools

NDE ImmersiveEnvironments

AssessmentAssessmentAssessment

TrainingTrainingExamples of Computer Examples of Computer

Based TrainingBased Training

How do you get from Academic How do you get from Academic Information to Operational Information to Operational

Knowledge and Skills?Knowledge and Skills?

•• Traditional methods rely upon the student to Traditional methods rely upon the student to  make the transition. (transfer)make the transition. (transfer)

•• The transition is helped by training, on the job The transition is helped by training, on the job  practice, tutoring and trial and errorpractice, tutoring and trial and error

PerformancePerformanceFeedbackFeedback

CoreKnowledge

and Understandin

g

CoreCoreKnowledge Knowledge

andandUnderstandinUnderstandin

gg

CoreKnowledge

and Understandin

g

CoreCoreKnowledge Knowledge

andandUnderstandinUnderstandin

gg

CoreKnowledge andUnderstanding

CoreCoreKnowledge andKnowledge andUnderstandingUnderstanding

ReliableInspections

ReliableReliableInspectionsInspections

AcademicInformation and Talent

AcademicAcademicInformation Information and Talentand Talent

AcademicInformation and Talent

AcademicAcademicInformation Information and Talentand Talent

AcademicInformation and Talent

Academic AcademicInformation Information and Talentand Talent

APPLICATION

GAP

NDT PhysicsNDT PhysicsNDT Physics

Books, CBT’s, …Books, CBTBooks, CBT’’s, s, ……

On-the-Job TrainingOnOn--thethe--Job TrainingJob Training

Physical SkillPhysical SkillPhysical SkillReliable

InspectionsReliableReliable

InspectionsInspections

PerformancePerformanceFeedbackFeedback

CoreKnowledge andUnderstanding

CoreCoreKnowledge andKnowledge andUnderstandingUnderstanding

Experience

AcademicInformation and Talent

AcademicAcademicInformation Information and Talentand Talent

Training

A Fundamental Problem in NDT:A Fundamental Problem in NDT: Performance Measurement Performance Measurement

and Assessmentand Assessment•• This is a problemThis is a problem

–– in Trainingin Training

–– in Testing in Testing 

–– in Reliabilityin Reliability

–– in Certificationin Certification

Integrated Reliability TrainingIntegrated Reliability Training

•• Representative of real working conditionsRepresentative of real working conditions

•• Feedback of information to inspectorsFeedback of information to inspectors–– During training through interactive methodDuring training through interactive method–– During work through prompting and queingDuring work through prompting and queing

•• Improved Inspections Improved Inspections •• Reduced CostReduced Cost

Critical ObjectivesCritical Objectives

•• Training vs. AssessmentTraining vs. Assessment

•• Replacement vs. FacilitatingReplacement vs. Facilitating–– Automation vs. FacilitatingAutomation vs. Facilitating

•• Data Collection vs. RecognitionData Collection vs. Recognition

•• Perception vs. RecognitionPerception vs. Recognition–– (Green and Swets, 1966/1988)(Green and Swets, 1966/1988)

–– Measurement vs. detection vs. recognition Measurement vs. detection vs. recognition  (Muller et. al., 2002)(Muller et. al., 2002)

InIn--line line Simulators /Simulators /PerformancePerformance

Monitor Monitor

Simlets + Simlets + Course ContentCourse Content

NDE / EDUSimulators

ChallengesChallenges:: Challenges Challenges ::

Representative Representative 

signal responsessignal responses

ConceptConceptTrainingTraining

““core principlescore principles””““technique basicstechnique basics””

QualityQualityAssuranceAssurance

““inspection report cardinspection report card””““inspection feedbackinspection feedback””

TrainingTraining““Flight StyleFlight Style””

SimulatorSimulator

ChallengesChallenges::

ComplexComplexEquipment Equipment / Procedure/ ProcedureTrainingTraining

““refresher trainingrefresher training””““introductory trainingintroductory training””

RequirementsRequirements::Hardware vendor Hardware vendor 

participationparticipationReal flaw examplesReal flaw examplesRepresentative part CAD Representative part CAD 

filesfiles

PerformancePerformanceDemonstratorDemonstrator

ChallengesChallenges

::

ConceptConceptTestingTesting

““core principlescore principles””““technique basicstechnique basics””

““real world assessmentsreal world assessments””

RequirementsRequirements::Representative Representative 

samplessamplesReal flawsReal flawsCAD file of test partCAD file of test part

RequirementsRequirements::Example part CAD Example part CAD 

filesfilesIntegration into Integration into 

broader course broader course 

contentcontent

RequirementsRequirements::Real time Real time 

response rateresponse rateCAD files of CAD files of 

inspected partinspected partReal flawsReal flaws

Development NeededCurrent

Capability

Eight Categories of Eight Categories of NDE Simulation TechnologyNDE Simulation Technology

Additional Additional Training Tools Training Tools & Methods& Methods

Knowledge & SkillsKnowledge & SkillsAssessmentAssessment

Nondestructive Nondestructive InspectionInspection

Improvement Improvement ToolsTools

Concept and Knowledge Transmission Vehicles Concept and Knowledge Transmission Vehicles ––

Training Training 

Simlets

ComputerBased Training

•Applets•CD•Simlets

1

VirtualNDT/NDI SimulationTraining

2

Software BasedPerformanceDemonstration Training

3

Hardware Integrated In‐useSimulators

4

NDI Capability ImprovementsTools

5

NDE Quality & PerformanceMonitors

6

Game‐BasedLearning &Training

7

ImmersiveInspectionSimulators(CAVE)

8

Who does the work at 

each step/ node?  Link to 

Automation (at the 

engineering level and 

not computerizing 

important decisions.)

CAD/PLMCAD/PLMDesignDesign

LifecycleLifecycleCostsCosts

MaterialsMaterialsandand

ProcessesProcesses

NDE NDE QA andQA andProcessProcessControlControl

ReliabilityReliabilityandand

MaintainabilityMaintainability

WearWearModelsModels FormingForming

OperationsOperationsStressStressAnalysisAnalysis