Types of Charts and Graphs
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Transcript of Types of Charts and Graphs
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Types of Charts and Graphs
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Why charts and graphs?
Displaying information in a simple manner
Helps to understand and interpret the
information (comparison, relationship or
trend) more easily and efficiently
Embodies some visual content in the
representation
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What is a graph?
Pictorial representations of the relationships b/w two(or more) variables
Visually summarize the relationships b/w variables,(especially large or unmanageable data set)
Enhance readability Graphs can misrepresent relationships b/w variables
or encourage inaccurate conclusions
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Difference between charts and graphs
Chart represents simple two variable data,such as Bar charts or pie charts
Graph
used in some mathematical sensebecause it usually contains X, Y or Z-axis. No data is represented in a graph without
using axes, sometimes also divided into gridsfor easier classification of data
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Column Graph/ Histogram
Graphical display of tabulatedfrequencies, shown as bars
Shows what proportion of casesfall into each of severalcategories
Usually specified as non-overlapping intervals of some
variable Plots density of data for density
estimation (probability densityfunction of the underlying
variable)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Black_cherry_tree_histogram.svg -
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Line Graph
Displays information as aseries of data points connectedby straight line segments
Interpolates between datapoints and extrapolatesbeyond known data values(forecast)
Finds and compares trends(changes over time)
Recognises correlations andcovariations between variables
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/ScientificGraphSpeedVsTime.svg -
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Pie Chart
Circular chart divided intosectors (slices), illustratingper cents
Compares part of a wholeat a given point in time
Earliest known pie chart iscredited to WilliamPlayfair's Statistical Breviary
of 1801 More effective in comparing
the size of a slice with thewhole pie
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/English_dialects1997.svg -
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Bar Graph
Rectangular bars with lengthsproportional to the valuesthat they represent
Compares two or more valuesthat were taken over time oron different conditions
Usually present categorical
and numeric variables Represent the number of
observations in a givencategory
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Comparison of Histogram andBar Graph
Histogram Bar Chart
Consists of rectanglestouching each other
Consists of rectangles,normally separated fromeach other with equal space
Frequency is represented bythe area of each rectangle
Frequency is represented byheight. Width has no
significanceTwo dimensional (width andheight are considered)
One dimensional (only heightis considered)
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Area Graph
Displays graphicallyquantitative data (changeswith respect to time)
Area between axis andline are commonlyemphasized with colors,textures and hatchings
Represents cumulatedtotals using numbers orpercentages over time
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg -
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Scatter Graph Mathematical diagram using
Cartesian coordinates todisplay values for two variablesfor a set of data
Collection of points, eachhaving the value of onevariable determining theposition on the horizontal axis
and the value of the othervariable determining theposition on the vertical axis
Depicts degree of correlation
b/w two variables.
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Stock Chart
Illustrates the fluctuation of stock prices May also be used for scientific data (e.g. fluctuation of
daily or annual temperatures)
Stock Chart type Required data series and order
High-low-close High price, low price and closing price
Open-high-low-close Opening price, high price, low price and closingprice
Volume-high-low-close Volume traded, high price, low price and closingprice
Volume-open-high-low-close
Volume traded, opening price, high price, lowprice and closing price
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Surface Chart Covers a specific geographical
area and presents conditions atthe surface
3 D surface that connects a setof data points
Finds optimum combinationsbetween two sets of data
Colours and patterns in a
Surface chart indicate areasthat contain the same range ofvalues
Colors are used to distinguishthe values
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Row headings appear along the series axis (y-axis) Column headings appear along the category axis (x-axis) Data of tensile strength plotted along the value axis (z-axis)
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Types of Surface Chart
3-D Surface shows relationships betweenlarge amounts of data thatmay otherwise be difficult tosee
Wireframe 3-D Surface
shows only the lines
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Contour provides a 2-D viewof the Surface chart from
above, similar to a 2-Dtopographic map.
Lines in a Contour chartconnect interpolated pointsof equal value
Wireframe Contour showsonly the lines
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Doughnut Chart
Displays value data aspercentages of the whole Categories are represented
by individual slices Functionally identical to
pie charts Size of the slice is
determined by the seriesvalue as a percentage ofthe total of all values
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Bubble Chart
Variation of a Scatter chartin which the datapoints are replaced withbubbles
Used instead of a Scatterchart if data has three dataseries
Specific values can bemore visually representedby different bubble sizes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Adobe_Flex_BubbleChart.png -
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Size of the bubbles is determined by values in the third data series
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Radar/Spider Chart Displays multivariate (three or
more quantitative variables)data in the form of a 2 D chart
Sequence of equi-angular
spokes (radii), each spokerepresenting one of thevariables
Data length of a spoke isproportional to themagnitude of the variable
First used by Georg von Mayrin 1877
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Gantt chart
Illustrates a projectschedule (start andfinish dates of theterminal elements andsummary elements of aproject
Shows dependency
(i.e., precedencenetwork) relationshipsbetween activities
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Overlay Chart
Chart made of translucentpaper that contains anoutline of a specific part
and its dimensions Superimposes the
frequency data fromselected forecasts so thatwe can comparedifferences or similarities
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Table Chart
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