Russian Revolutions 1905 & 1917 Russian Revolutions 1905 & 1917.
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Transcript of Russian Revolutions 1905 & 1917 Russian Revolutions 1905 & 1917.
Russian
Revolutions
1905 & 1917
Russian
Revolutions
1905 & 1917
-1905- -1905-
Revolutions Revolutions
-1917--1917-
I. Pre-Revolutionary RussiaI. Pre-Revolutionary Russia
Only true Only true autocracy left in autocracy left in EuropeEurope
Nicholas II Nicholas II became Tsar in became Tsar in 18841884
Believed he was Believed he was the absolute ruler the absolute ruler anointed by Godanointed by God
II. The Revolution of 1905II. The Revolution of 1905
Vast majority of Vast majority of workers workers concentrated in St. concentrated in St. Petersburg and Petersburg and MoscowMoscow
Help from the Help from the countryside: poor countryside: poor peasantspeasants
II. Revolution of 1905 II. Revolution of 1905 (cont.)(cont.)
Russia industrialized Russia industrialized on the backs of the on the backs of the peasantspeasants
The creation of a The creation of a discontented working discontented working classclass
Tremendous historic Tremendous historic land hunger among land hunger among peasantspeasants
No individual land No individual land ownershipownership
Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]
Unrest Among the Unrest Among the Peasants & Urban Peasants & Urban
Working PoorWorking Poor
Father Georgi Gapon:
Leader of the Leader of the People OR People OR
Police Police Informer?Informer?
Bloody Sunday Bloody Sunday (January 22, 1905)(January 22, 1905)
The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
Marchers
Officer
II. Revolution of 1905 II. Revolution of 1905 (cont.)(cont.)
Real winners Real winners of the 1905 of the 1905 Revolution: Revolution: Middle ClassMiddle Class-- “October -- “October Manifesto “Manifesto “-- -- Duma Duma (like (like
U.S. U.S. House House of of Reps.)Reps.)
III.III. Conservatism Continues: Conservatism Continues: 1905-19171905-1917
Tsar paid no Tsar paid no attention to the attention to the DumaDuma
Duma was Duma was harassed and harassed and political parties political parties suppressedsuppressed
IV. The Power Behind the IV. The Power Behind the ThroneThrone
Scandals Scandals surrounding surrounding Rasputin Rasputin served served to discredit the to discredit the monarchymonarchy
Alexandra Alexandra was was more blindly more blindly committed to committed to autocracy than her autocracy than her husbandhusband
Alexis: Alexandra’s Son with Alexis: Alexandra’s Son with HemophiliaHemophilia
The Tsar & His FamilyThe Tsar & His Family
Hemophilia & the TsarevichHemophilia & the Tsarevich
Nicholas II & His Uncle, George Nicholas II & His Uncle, George VV
V. World War I: “The Last V. World War I: “The Last Straw”Straw”
War revealed the War revealed the ineptitude and ineptitude and arrogance of the arrogance of the country’s aristocratic country’s aristocratic eliteelite
The Russian “Steam The Russian “Steam Roller”Roller”
Corrupt military Corrupt military leadership and leadership and contempt for ordinary contempt for ordinary Russian peopleRussian people
Average peasant has Average peasant has very little invested in very little invested in the Warthe War
V. World War I (cont.)V. World War I (cont.)
Poorly supplied Poorly supplied troopstroops
Result: Chaos and Result: Chaos and Disintegration of the Disintegration of the Russian ArmyRussian Army--Battle of --Battle of Tannenberg Tannenberg (August, 1914)(August, 1914)
Spreading Spreading DiscontentDiscontent
VI. The Collapse of the VI. The Collapse of the Imperial GovernmentImperial Government
Nicholas leaves for Nicholas leaves for the Front—the Front—September, 1915September, 1915
Alexandra and Alexandra and Rasputin throw the Rasputin throw the government into government into chaoschaos
Alexandra and other Alexandra and other high government high government officials accused of officials accused of treasontreason
VI. The Collapse of the VI. The Collapse of the Imperial Government (cont.)Imperial Government (cont.)
Rasputin Rasputin assassinated in assassinated in December of 1916December of 1916
Refusal to receive Refusal to receive assistance of the assistance of the Russian middle classRussian middle class
Complete Complete mismanagement of mismanagement of the wartime the wartime economyeconomy
VII. The Two Revolutions of VII. The Two Revolutions of 19171917
The March The March Revolution Revolution (March 12)(March 12)
The The November November Revolution Revolution (November 6)(November 6)
Trotsky
?
(April 1917)
(After 1924)
VIII. The March RevolutionVIII. The March Revolution Origins: Food riots and Origins: Food riots and
strikesstrikes Duma declared itself a Duma declared itself a
Provisional Government Provisional Government on March12thon March12th
Tsar abdicated on Tsar abdicated on March 17March 17thth
Composition of the Composition of the Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government-- -- Alexander Alexander KerenskyKerensky
Very Popular RevolutionVery Popular Revolution The Petrograd SovietThe Petrograd Soviet
IX. The Bolshevik PartyIX. The Bolshevik Party
More radical and More radical and revolutionary than the revolutionary than the Provisional Provisional GovernmentGovernment
Most influenced by Most influenced by Marxist socialismMarxist socialism
Emulated western Emulated western socialismsocialism
Two FactionsTwo Factions
-- “Mensheviks”-- “Mensheviks”
-- “Bolsheviks”-- “Bolsheviks”
X.X. Founder of Bolshevism: Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin
His Early YearsHis Early Years
--Exiled to Siberia in --Exiled to Siberia in 18971897
Committed to Class Committed to Class Struggle and Struggle and RevolutionRevolution
Moved to London in Moved to London in 1902 and befriended 1902 and befriended Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky
What is to be Done?What is to be Done? (1902)(1902)
X. Lenin (cont.)X. Lenin (cont.) Key role of the Party in Key role of the Party in
the revolutionthe revolution
-- “Dictatorship of the -- “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”Proletariat”
The picture of Lenin and The picture of Lenin and Stalin at Gorki (to the Stalin at Gorki (to the left) was taken by left) was taken by Lenin’s sister, Maria, in Lenin’s sister, Maria, in 1922.1922.
X. Lenin (cont.)X. Lenin (cont.) Bolsheviks split from the Bolsheviks split from the
Russian Socialist Party in Russian Socialist Party in 19121912
Character of the Bolshevik Character of the Bolshevik PartyParty-- professional revolutionaries-- professional revolutionaries-- -- Pravda Pravda (Truth)(Truth)
Following Lenin’s death in Following Lenin’s death in 1924, the 1922 picture 1924, the 1922 picture (previous page) was altered (previous page) was altered to show Stalin in a more to show Stalin in a more powerful position looming powerful position looming over Lenin.over Lenin.
The truth was that Lenin The truth was that Lenin disliked Stalin and favored disliked Stalin and favored Trotsky as his successor. Trotsky as his successor.
XI. Vacuum of Leadership in XI. Vacuum of Leadership in RussiaRussia
Petrograd Soviet Petrograd Soviet dominated by dominated by MensheviksMensheviks
Failure of the Failure of the Provisional Provisional GovernmentGovernment
Workers refusing to Workers refusing to work and soldiers work and soldiers refusing to fightrefusing to fight
Peasants were Peasants were expropriating the land expropriating the land outrightoutright
Power was literally Power was literally lying in the streets of lying in the streets of PetrogradPetrograd
XII. Lenin Steps into This XII. Lenin Steps into This VacuumVacuum
Amnesty granted to all Amnesty granted to all political prisoners in political prisoners in March of 1917March of 1917
Lenin’s arrival in Lenin’s arrival in Petrograd (April)Petrograd (April)
A tremendously A tremendously charismatic personalitycharismatic personality
““Peace, Land, Bread”Peace, Land, Bread” ““All Power to the All Power to the
Soviets”Soviets” Bolshevik are armed by Bolshevik are armed by
Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government
XIII. The November XIII. The November RevolutionRevolution
All private All private property of property of wealthy was wealthy was abolished and abolished and divided among divided among the peasantrythe peasantry
Largest industrial Largest industrial enterprises enterprises nationalizednationalized
XIII. November Revolution XIII. November Revolution (cont.)(cont.)
Political Police Political Police organized: CHEKA: organized: CHEKA: ““Red TerrorRed Terror””
Revolutionary army Revolutionary army created with Trotsky created with Trotsky in chargein charge-- “Red Army”-- “Red Army”
Bolshevik Party Bolshevik Party renamed Communist renamed Communist Party in March of 1918Party in March of 1918
The The Treaty of Brest-Treaty of Brest-LitovskLitovsk negotiated negotiated with the Germanswith the Germans
XIII. November Revolution XIII. November Revolution (cont.)(cont.)
Humiliating Treaty would be Humiliating Treaty would be nullified nullified
Civil WarCivil War fought between fought between 1917-19201917-1920-- “Reds” versus “Whites”-- “Reds” versus “Whites”
Complete breakdown of Complete breakdown of Russian economy and Russian economy and societysociety
Lenin uses capitalism to fuel Lenin uses capitalism to fuel communismcommunism-- -- N. E. P. (New Economic N. E. P. (New Economic
Policy)Policy)-- “One step back to take two -- “One step back to take two
steps forward.”steps forward.”
XIV. Interpreting the Russian XIV. Interpreting the Russian RevolutionRevolution
The official Marxist The official Marxist InterpretationInterpretation
--Class struggle --Class struggle
--Workers of the --Workers of the world unite…world unite…
Function of Russian Function of Russian History and CultureHistory and Culture
Imposed Revolution Imposed Revolution on unwilling victimson unwilling victims
Social Realism After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, The Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg’s main functions were to implement the Communist Party line in the fine arts and to oversee the Training of Soviet professional artists."
(“Lenin” Brodskiy)
Social Realism
This painting comes from the USSR, during a time when the Soviet government banned 'unsuitable' subjects and styles. (“Vladimir Ilich Lenin” Ivanov)
Social Realism
In reality Stalin never was so near to the frontline in the civil war. (“Stalin in the Civil War” Bozhi)