Tutorial 1 1. What is the main function of a building? Shelter Security Comfort & Safety Easy of use and operate Easy to maintain Easy to change, renovate and add

2. Determine the factors that may affect the performance of a building. Structural Stability - Structure to carry dead, live, wind and lateral ground loads.Thermal Control - Indoor temperature and humidity controlAcoustic Control - Unwanted noise controlWater Exclusion - External water seepage and diversionMechanical Ventilation/Air-Conditioning - Indoor air circulationFire Safety - Escape routes in the event of an emergencySecurity and access control - Entry and exit points into the building Thermal and acoustic performance Cost of construction, cost-in-use of demolition and recycling Space (Area & Volume as determined but the required and permitted floor area Quality required of the finished building for functionality and durability Design life and service life of the building

3. An international property owner is seeking to erect several buildings along the east coast of Singapore. He is looking forward to build these buildings with specific characteristics and functions:-a. Building 1 - to be dismantled and rebuild for expo and exhibition Air supported/Shell domed/Shell vault/Suspended roof(Skeletal)/Shed frame/Grid structure/Rigid frameb. Building 2 to withstand high vertical loading (heavy storage) and external loading (wind)- Cross wall structure. Cellular structure/ Transfer of loads

c. Building 3 to provide many small office spaces - Building frame & Suspension structure

Determine which type of building structure best suited for the above building characteristics.

4. Explain your course of action in terms of the thermal control for each building. External painting (Lighter colours reflect suns infrared light away) Provision of sunshades/ louvres (Less heat entering into building interior) Wall material with insulation (Less heat entering into budding interior. For example, solar films on glass, double glazing windows) Mechanical ventilation (Air-conditioning to cool the interior) Construction of a roof garden (Lower the interior temperature of the topmost floor)5. Briefly describe the main responsibilities of the following role:-a) Architect Seek relevant regulatory (Authorities) approval Certifying payment to contractors Ensure construction works are done in accordance to drawings, specifications and schedule Chief coordinator amongst other consultants (Engineers/ Landscape Architects/ Quantity Surveyors) and contractors Prepare the building design

b) Construction team Carry out the necessary site investigations Plan and acquire the appropriate building resources Deploy staff and workers to carry out the building works Responsible to rectify defects works discovered during the Defects Liability period (12 18 months)

Building frame typesSkeletal Structure - Walls are non-load bearing, enclosing element is thin & light (Shed frame Solid structure - Walls are load bearing types, provide enclosure & supporting functionsSurface structure - Made of thin places or vent solid material (Shel dome/Air supported structure

Parties in a building project

Client Team - Developer/owner ( Building owner/ Paymaster/ Main decision marker)Design Team - Architect (Building designer / main consultant coordinator / seek regulatory approvals to design / certify payments / check works done according to specifications / drawings / Structural Engineer / MEP(Mechanical Electrical Plumping) Engineer - Design the building foundation / frame and building services respectively.Compliance team - Resident Engineer / Resident Technical Officer - to check work done according to drawings & specificationsConstruction team - Main contractor and sub-contractors - builders and installers for the works, Site preparation works / Plan & acquire building resources / deploy staff & workers to carry out building works / responsible to carry out rectifications works during defects liability period.Maintenance team - Building end-user taking over after the building project has been completed.

Site PreparationDesktop study - Study existing site plans/ Obtain new building plans from consultants.Site Reconnaissance - Do general observations on site and surrounding, conduct pre-condition surveySite clearance - demolish existing structures / fell shrubs & small trees / clear off top soft soil. Preliminary site works - boundary hoarding / perimeter drain / entrance & exit gates / vehicle washing bay / temporary servicesSoil investigation - verify the existing soil conditions on site to design for a proper foundation systemSurvey setting out / levelling - set out site countries and building line boundaries and levels.Site plan layout - set up site office / toilets / canteen / security post / material storage areas

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Tutorial 2 (Group work Project group of 4-6 members)CASE STUDYYou are tasked by ABC Construction to lead a team of specialist to undertake a feasibility study in constructing a building to be located along Punggol River. Below are the information:-

Tower

AB

Level (above ground level)410

Basement (below ground)---4

Figure 1 shows a sectional view of tower A, B and the river.

Map 1 shows the location of the area (circled)

LayoutABBasementPunggol River

Figure 1

BA

Map 1

1. Discuss among your team member the appropriate activities needed to be done prior to the actual construction of the building. Desktop Study Site Reconnaissance Soil Investigation Preliminary site works (Site Hoarding/Temporary Services/Perimeter drain construction) Site clearance (Demolish existing structures/ fell shrubs & small trees/ clear off top soft soil) Survey setting out/Oblique Levelling (Set out site boundaries and building line boundaries and levels) Site layout (Site office/Toilet/Security Post/Mechanical/Equipment & Plant/Vehicle washing bay/Material storage area)

2. List four possible causes of ground movement that may lead to settlement of buildings. Compression of soil by the buildings loads Seasonal changes (Heavy rain) in volume of the soil Mass movement due to unstable grounds Grounds made unstable by adjacent excavations or dewatering.

3. Historical data shows that the location was swampy and the soil content is unsuitable to support any tall buildings. Hence, massive clearance and replacement of ground materials is critical for the new building.

a. Why do we need to replace the existing ground material?- We need to place the swampy ground materials with proper earth materials in order to have a stable ground for foundation as well as the entire structure of the building

b. What are the three benefits when doing site reconnaissance? To determine the underground services such as gas pipes, high tension cables, telephone cables and water/ waste water pipes. To determine the physical condition of existing surrounding buildings - also known as pre-condition or dilapidation survey

c. Why do we need to locate underground services prior to excavation?- This is done to avoid distraction die to incidence involving rupture of gas pipes, termination of telephone and high tension cables. These services can be relocated for the development of the area

--- End of Tutorial Tutorial 3 (Case study Project group) This construction site indicated below (figure 1) is located along Punggol Road and intersect at Punggol Drive (Dead end). You will need to plan the following structure and elements for this site based on the information below:-1. Site area: 60m x 50m2. Site office (10m x 5m)3. Canteen (15m x 10m)4. Sanitary/Toilet area (10m x 3m)60mm

Underground gas pipe

40mm

50mm

10mm

River 4m

PunggolRoad

U-turn

Punggol Drive Figure 1

1. Determine the site layout as well as the entrance and exit into and out of the site.To provide entry 1 Vehicles may proceed and turn left from the busy main into the one-way road. This will facilitate traffic control and reduce potential accidentTo provide entry 2 Normally not approved by authorities die to heavy vehicular traffic along main road Vehicle may proceed to turn into the site from the main road, Sufficient traffic signage to be put up at least 100m from the site in order to caution motorists and other road user of turning vehicles.To provide exit 1 Vehicles in the job site may utilise this exit. This dead-end road provides clear and minimum traffic congestion. It also enhances safety level.

2. An underground gas pipe (diameter 250mm) is detected 2m below the existing ground level. Determine your action plan and decision to be made in order not to jeopardise the timeline of the project.

Inform the relevant authority and submit relevant files and documents Application of new line/reinforce the pipeline by haunching To ensure safe turn on, there is a need to check for leakages of the newly replaced pipes

Tutorial 4 (Project group)

Fig 1Fig 2Fig 3BCA Academy had undergone massive improvement and upgrading on the existing campus ground. The objective is to provide a conducive studying environment for the ever increasing students population. However, the work progression has resulted in localised settlement and cracks to Block B at level 2 (fig 1 to 3). Historical data shows that the entire BCA Academy compound is soft with high underground water level (water table).

1. Define the primary function of a building foundation.

Dead loads Live/superimposed load Wind loads Lateral ground load To transmit all dead loads,live (Superimposed) loads, and wind loads (Lateral) from the building to the ground loads so that excessive settlement and failure of the soil can be avoided. It should be able to resist some degree of ground lateral movements.

2. Name and briefly explain the three (3) types of load that may impose on a building.

Dead loads This is the weight of all materials used to construct the building and these loads are transferred to the surrounding ground through the foundation.

Live or Superimposed Loads In addition to the dead loads, the foundation is also expected to carry the weights of the building occupants and furniture within the building. These loads are known as live loads.

Wind Loads- These wind-generated loads typically exert lateral pressure and cause uplift thrust on the structure of the building3. Indicate your preferred type of foundation for BCA Academy when a 5 level multi-storey carpark is to be built on the existing carpark indicated below (figure 4). Draw the corresponding schematic diagram of the mentioned foundation.

Fig 44. Determine the numerous warning signs that the contractor may need to lookout in curbing the effect of settlement.

Tilting of the building (This my lead to the building collapseng if the tilting is excessive) Occurrence of cracks in the building walls or other building elements Damages to the building services or other parts of the buildings The building sinking into the ground

5. List and draw the types of settlement that may generally occurs to a building.

Uniform Settlement Equal level of sinking

Tipping Settlement One side of the building is sinking more than the other side.

Differential Settlement Equal level of sinking with cracks

Tutorial 5: Excavation Works

1. Fill in the foundation requirements for the types of excavation below:-NoTypes of excavationFoundation requirements (answer)

1TrenchStrip Foundation

2PitPad Foundation

3Reduced levelRaft Foundation

4Boring with trench pitsShored bored piles

5Pit excavationPile capes of piled foundation

0.

2. What is the primary function of earthwork support?- Earthwork support is used to prevent the sides of the excavation from collapsing in order to avoid endangering the lives of those working in the trenches and pits as well as the need to constantly clear falling earth into the tench or pit bottom

3. When excavating on loose soil condition, what type of support is usually used? And why?Steel sheet piles Its provide sufficient support to the soft soil condition. The steel sheeting is stronger than timber support and could withstand and higher lateral pressure. In comparison between the open and closed timbering, the close timber is usually used.

4. An underground excavation is needed to embed cables for a cluster of land homeowners. The desk top study revealed that the ground condition range from firm to loose with high water table. As the supervisor, you will need to establish the correct timber earthwork support. Draw an appropriate type of timbering supports. Closed timbering (Vertical or horizontal)

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Foundation systemFunction: to carry the buildings dead, live and wind loads and transmit through the foundation elements down to the hard stratum / earth layer. iT SHOULD BE ABLE TO CARRY SOME GROUND LATERAL LOADS

Foundation typesStrip foundation - carrying wall loadsPad foundation - carrying column loadsRaft foundation - carrying column loads, usually on uneven soil conditionsPiled foundation - carrying column loads through pile caps onto piles

Settle typesUniform settlement - even settlement without cracksTipping /Tilting settlement - uneven settlement, often without cracksDifferential settlement - uneven settlement with cracks

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