TuesEng100BC ClassDiv ApLangWordyExact Apostrophes Commas FA14

7/27/2019 TuesEng100BC ClassDiv ApLangWordyExact Apostrophes Commas FA14

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Quiz #2

Classification & Division

Appropriate Language, Exact Words, Avoiding

WordinessCommas

Apostrophes


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Division & Classification Writing D&CWhat is division?

Single subject subdivided into its parts

Cut a pizza into slices

List ingredients in cereal

Key is to begin with a single thing

Purpose is to show components of a larger subject To help reader understand a complex whole by

considering it in smaller units


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Division & Classification Writing D&CWhat is Classification?

Begins with two or more items that are then groupedinto categories

Must have at least two categories

Eastern Shore of VA people

Born heres Been heres

Come heres


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1. Sports teamsClassification = football, hockey, baseballDivision = football = Steelers, Browns, Ravens

2. fast-food restaurantsClassification = Mexican, Italian, AmericanDivision =Wendys, Burger King, McDonalds3. Transportation

Classification = airlines, motor vehicles, cruise shipsDivision = Norwegian, Carnival, Royal Caribbean4. Academic subjectsClassification = math, history, science

Division = biology, physics, chemistry5. MoviesClassification = horror, comedy, dramaDivision = The Exorcist, The Conjuring, The Devil

Inside


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Division & Classification Writing D&CHow do you choose a subject?

Division & Classification are tools to help readersunderstand a subject

Part of the purpose is inform readers

Increase understanding of the whole if one knows how it canbe divided

Part of purpose is to increase clarity and understanding

Avoid obvious approaches and topics Teachers placed in groups based on grade level

If write about common topic, use a novel approachAlways ask, Will my reader learn something or be

entertained by what I plan to write?


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Division & Classification WritingHow do you divide or classify a subject?

Defining a purpose

Why are you writing about this to be informative or topersuade?

Making your classification or division complete

Do not omit pieces or leave items unclassified Completion depends on purpose

Reasons people want kidsmust include political even if it isirrelevant to Americans

Using parallelism Phrase categories in similar grammatical terms

Biological, cultural, political, economical, familial...

Items must fit into only one category


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Division & Classification WritingHow do you structure a division or classification essay?

each category should have its own paragraph

Logical order (need a reason)

G, PG, PG-13, R, NC-17

or NC-17, R, PG-13, PG, G

not PG-13, R, PG, G, NC-17


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Division & Classification RevisingHow do you revise a division or classification essay? Does your paper make the subject/topic easier to

understand? Purpose

Why have you chosen this subject? Make sure subject is not too large or complicated Be wary of audience knowing too much or too little about

subject Structure

Largest to smallest or in other direction Need a clear rationale for order

Proportional development Make it balanced!!! Avoid categories labeled other or miscellaneous

Parallelism The textbook is an example. Each chapter has parallel

headings and subheadings.


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Division & Classification PreWriting

Play C&D ScattegoriesChange to a minute

Choose a subject. Decide if you will divide or classify.Create a detail tree.


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DIVISION one into many*(ONE into MANY)*

1

2

3


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CLASSIFICATION many into one*(MANY into GROUPS)*

1

2

3


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DO NOT DO BOTH!*Divide one subject into 3 parts/subgroups

OR

Classify many subjects into 3 groups/types.

*This is only a 2-3-page paper;thus, we do not have the room toperform both tasks.

*Focus your energy on one.


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Classification


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Division


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D&C Thesis Statement

Once you have decided on your group, purpose, and

categories, develop a thesis statement that does thefollowing three things:

names what group of people or things you intend to classify

describes the basis of the classification

labels the categories you have developed

Our last five U.S. presidents have practiced physical fitnessregimens that have included being regular private gym-goers, disciplined public joggers, or casual active sportsenthusiasts.


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D & C Outline

I. Introduction

A. Attention Grabber1.2.

B. Background information1.2.

C. Relevancy and Thesis Statement1.2.


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D & C Outline

II. Body: Categories or Parts

A. Category or Part 11. Characteristic (explain)2. Characteristic (illustrate w/ specific example)

B. Category or Part 21. Characteristic (explain)2. Characteristic (illustrate w/ specific example)

C. Category or Part 31. Characteristic (explain)2. Characteristic (illustrate w/ specific example)

D. Category or Part 41. Characteristic (explain)2. Characteristic (illustrate w/ specific example)

D & C O tli


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D & C OutlineII. Body: Types of Tribal Belly Dance

A. Tribal Fusion belly dance gives dancers the freedom to adopt moves fromOriental styles.

1. Dancers of this style can incorporate moves and

poses that are typically used only in Oriental style.2. Tribal dancers never lift their heels; however, tribal fusiondancers may lift their heels in the upward figure 8.

B. American Tribal Style (ATS) follows a specific sequence of moves based uponvarious cues.

1. These cues are universal so that dancers from various

locations can randomly dance together.2. The specific cues lead to a specific sequence of dance combinationsso that dancers can lead-and-follow one another.

C. Hot-Pot Improv Tribal Style (Hot-Pot ITS) also utilizes the lead andfollow forms but it is less choreographed that ATS.

1. Hot-Pot ITS categorizes moves as fast and slow slow movescan not be cued or danced in a fast song and vice-versa.

2. The Arabic move may not be pulled in a slow song.D. Homegrown Improv Tribal Style (HITS) combines improv and fusioncharacteristics.

1. Dancers of other styles are unable to dance with HITSdancers without instruction, but HITS dancers know the cuesof all other styles.2. HITS dancers also incorporate moves from Oriental styles.


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D & C Outline

III. Conclusion

A. Link back to Introduction1.2.

B. Reminder of thesis1.2.

3.C. Lasting Impression

1.2.


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What is wrong?Watch the following video and identify its writing

error.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKueUBlc-u0

So the writer who breeds more words than he

needs, is making a chore for the reader whoreads. Dr. Seuss
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKueUBlc-u0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKueUBlc-u0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKueUBlc-u0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKueUBlc-u0


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Tighten Wordy Sentences Eliminate redundancies

Daniel is now employed at a private rehabilitationcenter working as a registered physical therapist.

Daniel works at a private rehabilitation center as aregistered physical therapist.

Sylvia very hurriedly scribbled her name, address, andphone number on a greasy napkin.

Sylvia scribbled her name, address, and phone number

on a greasy napkin.


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Tighten Wordy SentencesAvoid unnecessary repetition of words

Our fifth patient, in room six, is a mentally ill patient.

Our fifth patient, in room six, is mentally ill.

The best teachers help each student become a better

student both academically and emotionally.The best teachers help each student grow both

academically and emotionally.


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Tighten Wordy SentencesCut empty or inflated phrases

Along the lines of...like

As a matter of fact...in fact

At all times...always

At the present time...now, currently Because of the fact that...because

Due to the fact that...because

For the reason that...because

In order to...to

In the final analysis...finally


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Tighten Wordy Sentences Reduce clauses to phrases and phrases to single

wordsWe took a side trip to Monticello, which was the home

of Thomas Jefferson.

We took a side trip to Monticello, the home of ThomasJefferson.


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Exercise E.1 Wordy Sentences1. It seems likely that American parents choose really

carefully when naming their children.American parents choose carefully when naming their

children.

2. Making comparisons between popular names oftoday and the names that were popular in the pastshows how much our ideas about naming childrenhave changed.

Comparing popular names of today and of the pastshows how much our ideas about naming childrenhave changed.


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Exercise E.1 Wordy Sentences3. The names chosen for girls have undergone he most

changes.Girls names have changed the most.

4. Forty years ago, the majority of baby girls receivednames that sounded traditional rather than beingconsidered unusual.

Forty years ago, most baby girls received traditionalnames rather than unusual ones.


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Exercise E.1 Wordy Sentences5. Some of the older names gradually became less

popular over a period of time, and newer names, likeJennifer, now a perennial favorite year after year,took their place.

Some of the older names gradually became less

popular, and newer names, like Jennifer, now aperennial favorite, took their place.

6. In these modern times, parents often give theirdaughters names that were once consideredmasculine, like Sidney or Taylor.

Today, parents often give their daughters names thatwere once considered masculine, like Sidney orTaylor.


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Exercise E.1 Wordy Sentences7. It is also true that some parents try to make their

daughters names seem quite unusual by spelling atraditional name in a way that is not consideredtraditional.

Some parents try to make their daughters names

seem unusual by spelling a traditional name in anontraditional way.

8. Boys names, however, have really changed verylittle and not as noticeably.

Boys names, however, have not changed as noticeably.


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Exercise E.1 Wordy Sentences9. For decades the most popular of the names parents

have given to boys has been MichaelFor decades the most popular boys name has been

Michael.

10. It may perhaps be true, as the results of a recentpoll suggest, that parents think having an unusualname is helpful to girls and having an unusual nameis harmful to boys.

Perhaps, as the results of a recent poll suggest, parentsthink having an unusual name helps girls and harmsboys.


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Choose Appropriate Language Stay away from jargon (theres a time and a place for it)

We outsourced the work to an outfit in Ohio because wedidnt have the bandwidth to tackle it in-house.

We hired a company in Ohio because we had too fewemployees to do the work.

The CEO should dialogue with investors aboutpartnering with clients to purchase land ineconomically deprived zones.

The CEO should talk with investors about working withclients to buy land in poor neighborhoods.


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Choose Appropriate LanguageAvoid pretentious language

Taylors employment of multihued means ofexpression draws back the curtains and lets slip thenostalgic vantage point from which she observesAmerican society as well as her lack of

comprehension of economic realities.

Taylors use of colorful language reveals that she has asentimental view of American society and does notunderstand economic realities.


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Choose Appropriate LanguageAvoid most euphemisms

Nice-sounding words or phrases substituted for wordsthought to sound harsh or ugly Adult entertainment

Pre-owned automobile

Economically deprived

Negative savings

Strategic withdrawal

Correctional facility

Revenue enhancers

Chemical dependencyAvoid doublespeak

Deliberately evasive or deceptive language

Downsizing = firing employees


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Choose Appropriate LanguageAvoid sexist language

Chairman

Fireman

Mailman

Mankind

weatherman

Rather than use too many he/she his/her, use plural

Best to rewrite sentence to avoid problem

completely


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Choose Appropriate Language Revise language that may offend groups of people

North Dakota takes its name from the Indian wordmeaning friend or ally.

North Dakota takes its name from the Lakota wordmeaning friend or ally.


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Find Exact Words Select words with appropriate connotations

When American soldiers returned home after WorldWar II, many women abandoned their jobs in favorof marriage.

When American soldiers returned home after WorldWar II, many women left their jobs in favor ofmarriage.


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Exercise E. 6 Word ChoiceAmericans have recently had their noses rubbed in

the fact that anorexia nervosa, a disease of self-starvation, is becoming more widespread.

Had their noses rubbed in = been forced to accept

They are also usually sharp.

Sharp = intelligent


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Exercise E. 6 Word Choice They seem to other people to have pretty much every

advantage.Pretty much = nearly

Their families and comrades ordinarily have a roughtime comprehending why they will not eat.

Comrades = friends

Rough = difficult


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Exercise E. 6 Word Choice Because anorexia is a psychological disorder, the

sufferers themselves may not catch on to whatcaused the onset of their illness.

Catch on to = understand

Anorexics have a weird body image.

Weird = distorted


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Exercise E. 6 Word Choice They often believe they are totally overweight unless

they are dangerously slender.Totally = extremely

Slender = thin

The disease is notoriously difficult to treat, even ifthe patient tries to go along with her doctors.

Go along = cooperate


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Other words/phrasesA lot of = many, severalStart = begin, commence


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Find Exact Words Prefer specific concrete nouns

Thing, area, aspect, factor, individual, etc.

The senator spoke about the challenges of the future:the environment and world peace.

The senator spoke about the challenges of the future:pollution, dwindling resources, and terrorism.


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Ex.E.7 Concrete, Specific Detail1. Every year, a large number of high school students

take standardized tests.Every year, almost all college-bound high school

juniors take one or more college admissions tests.

2. A good test score can help a student.

A high test score can help a student gain admissionto a prestigious college.

3. Test-preparation courses are becoming popular.

Test-preparation courses, which give studentspractice exams to measure their progress, arebecoming popular.


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Ex.E.7 Concrete, Specific Detail4. These courses are expensive.

These courses can cost hundreds of dollars.5. Experts disagree about the value of such courses.

Educators disagree about whether test-preparationcourses actually help students prepare for the

exam and for college work.


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Ex.E.7 Concrete, Specific Detail6. Many students get better scores after taking a

course.

Many students who take a standardized test beforeand after a test-preparation course show at leastsome improvement in their scores after thecourse.

7. The amount of improvement is not alwayssignificant.

The amount of improvement may only be a fewpercentage points.

8. Opponents argue that the courses are unfair.Opponents of the courses argue that by taking

them, wealthy students can, in effect, buy a betterscore.

f l


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Ex.E.7 Concrete, Specific Detail9. Others say that the courses make no real

difference.Others say that the scores of students who take test-

preparation courses are not significantly higherthan the scores of students who do not take them.

10. Many people continue to pay for testpreparation.

Many worried parents continue to pay for testpreparation, reasoning that it can not hurt their

childrens chances.


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Find Exact Words Do not misuse words

These days the training required for a ballet dancer isall-absorbent.

These days the training required for a ballet dancer isall-absorbing.


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Find Exact Words Use Standard Idioms

Speech forms that follow no easily specified rulesNEVER ALWAYS

Angry at (a person) Angry with (a person)

Agree to (an idea) Agree with (an idea)

Different than Different from

Off of Off

Plan on doing Plan to do

think on Think of; think about

Try and; sure and Try to; sure to


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Find Exact Words Do not rely heavily on clichs

Cool as a

Beat around

Blind as a

Crystal

Dead as a

Light as a

Like a bull

Nutty as a Playing with

Use figures of speech with care

Similes & metaphors

E 8 Fig res of Speech


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E. 8 Figures of Speech

1. For generations, women were considered to be

delicate flowers too fragile for sports.

2. Many people thought that women would die likean old tree if they were too physically active.

E 8 Figures of Speech


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3. Even though these mistaken beliefs were

widespread, women athletes have moved forwardby leaps and bounds.

4. Individual women athletes, like the track and

golf star Babe Didrikson Zaharias, had to be asstrong as an ox.



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5. During World War II, a womens baseball league

drew spectators like a snake in the grass when ashortage of male players depleted mens teams.

6. The end of the war nipped the womens league in

the bud.



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7. The American womens movement of the 1970s

was the dawn of a new era for women in sports.

8. A battle of the sexes took place in tennis duringthat decade, when Billie Jean King, a star female

player, made Bobby Riggs, an avowed malechauvinist who had challenged her, look as weakas the ocean tides.



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9. In the following decades, some individual women

became sports heroes, like Florence GriffithJoyner, who could run like the wind.

10. Finally, in the 1990s, the popularity of womens

basketball and soccer spread like a disease in acrowded city.


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Talk to your neighborsWhen do you use a comma?

C


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Commas Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction

joining independent clausesThe department sponsored a seminar on college

survival skills and it also hosted a barbecue fornew students.

Do NOT use a comma to separate coordinate wordgroups that are not independent clauses

A good money manager controls expenses, andinvests surplus dollars to meet future needs.

C


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Commas Use a comma after an introductory clause or

phraseWhen Irwin was ready to iron his cat tripped on the

cord.

His cat tripped on the cord, when Irwin was ready to

iron.In no time we were at 2,800 feet.

Use a comma between all items in a series

Bubbles of air leaves ferns bits of wood and insectsare often found trapped in amber.

Use Oxford comma in MLA style writings

Commas


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Commas Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not

joined with and. Do not use a comma betweencumulative adjectives. (use the andtest)

Roberto is a warm gentle affectionate father.

Three, large gray, shapes moved slowly toward us.

Commas


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Commas Use commas to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential)

elements.

The campers need sturdy shoes, which are expensive.

How do the meanings of these two sentences differbecause of the commas?

The dessert made with fresh raspberries was delicious.The dessert, made with fresh raspberries, was delicious.

In the first example, the phrase made with freshraspberries tells readers which of two or more desserts

the writer is referring to. In the example with commas,the phrase merely adds information about thedessert.

Commas


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Commas Use commas to set off transitional and

parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, andword groups expressing contrast

Minh did not understand our language; moreoverhe was unfamiliar with our customs.

As a matter of fact American football wasestablished in the mid-nineteenth century.

Commas


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Commas Use commas to set off nouns of direct address, the

wordsyes and no, interrogative tags, and mildinterjections

Forgive me Angela for forgetting your birthday.

Use commas with expressions such as he saidto

set off direct quotationsIts okay, Angela said.

Commas


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Commas Use commas with dates, addresses, titles, and

numberOn December 12 1980 orders were sent out for thearrest of Sitting Bull.

The security alert system went into effect on 15 April

2009. Use a comma to prevent confusion

Patients who can walk up and down the halls everyday.

To err is human; to forgive divine.

Exercise 12 1 Adding Commas


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Exercise 12.1 Adding Commas1. Breeders have long prized their swiftest, most

graceful horses, and raced them.horses and raced them.

2. Horse racing in the United States generally means

either thoroughbred racing or harness racing.

correct



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Exercise 12.1 Adding Commas3. Harness racehorses pull small lightweight

vehicles, handled by a driver.small, lightweight vehicles handled

4. Harness racing falls into the two categories of

trotting, and pacing.

omit comma



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Exercise 12.1 Adding Commas5. The most famous event in harness racing the

Hambletonian, is a mile-long trotting race.racing, the Hambletonian, is

6. Harness racing may be known mainly to

enthusiasts but even people who appreciate verylittle about horse racing are familiar withthoroughbred racing.

enthusiasts, but



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Exercise 12.1 Adding Commas7. Thoroughbred racehorses, unlike harness

racehorses, carry a rider.Correct

8. The best-known events in thoroughbred racing,

the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, andthe Belmont Stakes, are the three races, thatmake up the Triple Crown.

three races that make up



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Exercise 12.1 Adding Commas9. All of the Triple Crown races which vary in length

are for three-year-old horses.races, which vary in length, are

10. In the twentieth century only eleven horses wonthoroughbred racings Triple Crown.

century, only

Exercise 12.2


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Working with Commas

1. Several years ago, many police departmentsignored minor violations of the law, andconcentrated on bigger crime problems.

...law [omit comma] and concentrated

2. Today, however, the broken window theory, iswidely accepted.

...theory [omit comma] is widely accepted.

Exercise 12.2


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Working with Commas

3. According to this popular theory allowing brokenwindows to remain, unrepaired, leads to a loss ofhope in a community.

...theory [insert comma] allowing broken windows

to remain [omit comma] unrepaired [omitcomma] leads...

4. Frequently, buildings that look neglected makeneighbors feel that no one cares what goes on in

the area.correct

Exercise 12.2


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Working with Commas

5. Similarly, if petty crimes are ignored in aneighborhood people there may feel that largercrimes are acceptable as well.

...neighborhood [insert comma] people...

6. Community policing is one result of the newemphasis on stopping victimless crimes such asloitering and panhandling.

...crimes [insert comma] such as...

7. But, can a police officer, walking a beat, really bemore effective than a patrol car?

Omit all commas

Exercise 12.2


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Working with Commas

8. Some experts believe that police should berequired to live in the communities, that theyserve.

Omit comma

9. Police who live elsewhere may not understandthe needs of the community, and they willcertainly know less about the people living in thecommunity.

Correct.

Exercise 12.2


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Working with Commas

10. Different methods of community policing maywork in different areas but the goal should alwaysbe to keep communications open between thepublic and the police.

...areas [insert comma] but the goal


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Talk to your neighbors...When do you use a comma?

In a list of 3 or more items (oxford for MLA)

To combine 2 sentences (CS, [FANBOYS] CS)

After an introductory clause

Around extra information in the sentence


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Apostrophes


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Apostrophes Use an apostrophe to indicate that a noun is

possessive

The hat of Tim

Tims hat

The desk of the lawyers

The lawyers desk

The camper of Joyce and Greg

Joyce and Gregs camper

The memoir of my father-in-law

My father-in-laws memoir

Apostrophes


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Apostrophes Use an apostrophe and s to indicate that an

indefinite pronoun is possessive (everyone,someone, no one, something)

The raincoat of someone

Someones raincoat

Apostrophes


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Apostrophes Use an apostrophe to mark omissions in

contractions and numbers

Its = it is

Its

_____ raining outside.

Each area had _____ own desk.

Use an apostrophe to mark omissions of thefirst two digits of a year or years

The class of 08The 60s generation (notice it isnt 60s or worse

60s)

Apostrophes


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Apostrophes Do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of

numbers, letters, abbreviations, and wordsmentioned as words

Oksana skated nearly perfect figure 8s.

The 1920s are known as the Jazz age.

He received two Ds for the first time in his life.

Beginning readers often confuse bs and ds.

Students with straight As earn high honors.

The Is in the sign are crooked.There are exceptions for Js, js, Ps, and ps.

Harriet has thirty DVDs on her desk.

Apostrophes


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ApostrophesAvoid common misuses of the apostrophe.

Some outpatients have special parking permits.

The House on Mango Street was written bySandra Cisneros, whos work focuses on theLatino community in the United States.

Ex 17.1 Apostrophes


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p p1. African chiefs stories led a German explorer to

the stone ruins in Mashonaland, now inZimbabwe, in 1871.

Chiefs

2. The explorer, whos name was Karl Mauch,

tried to find out who had built the once-greatcity.

whose

Ex 17.1 Apostrophes


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p p3. The tribes nearby could not answer Mauches

question, but they knew gold had been foundthere.

Mauches

4. The Africans called the siteZimbabwe.

Africans

Ex 17.1 Apostrophes


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p p5. Mauch became convinced that the city was

Ophir, the source of the gold brought back toKing Solomons Israel around 1000 B.C.E.

correct

6. He thought perhaps the cities builder was the

Queen of Sheba.Citys

Ex 17.1 Apostrophes


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p p7. An archeologists findings later demonstrated

that the city was about six hundred years oldand that it had been built by African natives.

Archeologists

8. The Shona tribe probably built the first walls

on the site, but its more complex structureswere added later by the Rozwi tribe.

its

Ex 17.1 Apostrophes


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9. The Rozwi probably erected the temple, whichwas inhabited by Rozwi ruler-priests untiltheir empires end in the 1830s.

1830s

10. The legends about the origins of the city

persisted for a long time, perhaps because ofwhite South Africans and Europeansresistance to the idea that black Africans hadbuilt the impressive structures.

Africans


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Apostrophe songWatch the following video.Write down examples of apostrophe misuse.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc2aSz9Ficw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc2aSz9Ficwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc2aSz9Ficwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc2aSz9Ficw


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For next week Rough draft Essay #2 (either compare/contrast ORclassification/division)

Read sample essays online (under Essay #2 sampleessays tab)

In glossary read definition of dashes, parenthesis,colons, semicolons

TuesEng100BC ClassDiv ApLangWordyExact Apostrophes Commas FA14

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