True or false: Amino acids are bonded together in long chains by what are known as peptide bonds.
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Transcript of True or false: Amino acids are bonded together in long chains by what are known as peptide bonds.
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1.True or false: Amino acids are bonded together in long chains by what are known as peptide bonds.
2.True or false: The sequence of amino acids for a protein is found on code of the DNA.
3.How many different kinds of amino acids are used by ribosomes to make proteins?
4.What is a proteome?
Biology Journal 9/16/2014
2.4 Homework Quiz!
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2.4 Proteins: Proteins have a very wide range of functions in living organisms.
Nature of science: Looking for patterns, trends and discrepancies—most but not all organisms assemble proteins from the same amino acids.
Understandings:• Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form
polypeptides.• There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on
ribosomes.• Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge
range of possible polypeptides. Most organisms use the same 20 amino acids in the same genetic code although there are some exceptions. Specific examples could be used for illustration.
• The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes.• A protein may consist of a single polypeptide or more than one
polypeptide linked.• The amino acid sequence determines the 3-D conformation of a
protein.• Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide
range of functions.• Every individual has a unique proteome.
Applications and skills:Application: Rubisco, insulin, immunoglobulins, rhodopsin, collagen and spider silk as examples of the range of protein functions.Application: Denaturation of proteins by heat or by deviation of pH from the optimum. Egg white or albumin solutions can be used in denaturation experiments.Application: Proteomics and the production of proteins by cells cultured in fermenters offer many opportunities for the food, pharmaceutical and other industries.Skill: Drawing molecular diagrams to show the formation of a peptide bond.
Aims: Obtaining samples of human blood for immunological, pharmaceutical and anthropological studies is an international endeavour with many ethical issues.
Topic 2: Molecular biology (21 hours)
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a. What kind of molecule is this? b. What are its parts called?
It’s an amino acid! (this one is called asparagine)
R group (in this case CH2CONH2)
Carboxyl(COOH)
Amine(NH2)
Alpha carbon(the middle C where the R group is attached)
Review!
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•Proteins do everything! Protein makes skin stretchy, bones tough, gives your body parts their color, lets you digest different foods, makes up hormones, creates your immune system …
Protein and Amino Acids
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• Proteins are 1 chain of amino acids (sometimes multiple), that fold up into specific shapes based on the chemical properties of the amino acids.
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Generalized Amino Acid
How many amino acids make up this polypeptide?
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There are 20 kinds of amino acids used in the human body.
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What do ribosomes do?
Ribosomes: part of the cell that makes proteins from an RNA copy of the DNA code. They join amino acids together with peptide bonds.
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There are infinite possibilities of proteins! They can be any length, and any combination of amino acids.
Turns garbage into bacon
Your welcome.
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• We can break down proteins we eat to get energy / amino acids.
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• Proteins can irreversibly lose their specific shape through a process called denaturing. Causes:1. Changes in temperature2. Changes in pH
Denaturing
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A fever can kill you! Why?
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Proteome: The set of all of the proteins an organism makes.
DNA in 23 chromosomes
Genome
Transcribed into mRNA
Translated into an amino acid sequence
by ribosomes
PolypeptideFolds into proteins
Proteome
Every individual has its own unique genome which leads to its own unique proteome
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Motor Proteins: They move, allowing cells to change shape. Muscle cells are packed with these.
Proteins do everything! Such as…
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Transport Proteins: These are proteins stuck in the cell membrane that let specific substances in or out of your cells.
Proteins do everything! Such as…
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Receptor Proteins: These are proteins stuck in the cell membrane that are used for cells to communicate with eachother.
Proteins do everything! Such as…
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• Your immune system tells the difference between “self” and “non-self” by these receptors.
Proteins do everything! Such as…
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• The blood types are: A, B, AB and O
• Doctors killed a lot of dogs before they figured this one out…
• Blood types are an example of receptor proteins .
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Why is meat high in protein?
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Muscles are made of protein. Meat is high in protein because meat is animal
muscle.
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DNA HelicaseSimplified model
There are many ways of representing proteins
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DNA HelicaseSpace-filling model
There are many ways of representing proteins
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DNA HelicaseModel showing -helixes and -sheets.
There are many ways of representing proteins
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20 amino acids bonded together in different orders can form all proteins.
What do proteins do?Everything!The function of the protein is defined by its shape.
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FibrousLong, insoluble proteinsParallel polypeptide chains Cross-linked
20 amino acids bonded together in different orders can form all proteins.
Spider Silk
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GlobularFolded, compact polypeptide chainsAlmost spherical shapes
20 amino acids bonded together in different orders can form all proteins.
Insulin
Rhodopsin
Rubisco
Immunoglobulin
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Denaturation
A process that destroys the complex structure of a protein.1. Heat2. Strong acids3. Strong alkalisNew structure = new functionDenaturation of an egg protein
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Proteomics
DNA in 23 chromosomes
Genome
Transcribed into mRNA
Translated into an amino acid sequence
by ribosomes
PolypeptideFolds into proteins
Proteome
Every individual has its own unique genome which leads to its own unique proteome
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A chemical reaction is shown below. 1. Name each reactant and product.2. What kind of reaction is this?3. Where should water be present in the reaction? How many molecules of water?
+ →H2O
• Hydrolysis (water is split)• It “fills in” each monomer
Dipeptide Monopeptide(amino acid)
Monopeptide(amino acid)
Catabolic Hydrolysis Reaction
Review!
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A chemical reaction is shown below. 1. Name each reactant and product.2. What kind of reaction is this?3. Where should water be present in the reaction? How many molecules of water?
→
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A chemical reaction is shown below. 1. Name each reactant and product.2. What kind of reaction is this?3. Where should water be present in the reaction? How many molecules of water?
+ →H2O
• Hydrolysis (water is split)• It “fills in” each monomer
Dipeptide Monopeptide(amino acid)
Monopeptide(amino acid)
Catabolic Hydrolysis Reaction
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Transcription and Translation
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DNA has the “recipe” to make proteins.
“Hmmm… how many teaspoons of cytosine was I supposed to add?”
A gene is a segment of DNA that has the instructions to make a particular protein.
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The base pairs on DNA determine the amino acids, and thus the specific shape, that the protein will have.
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For example… we all have genes for hair color. The base pairs on this DNA determines what proteins are in our hair, and thus, what our hair looks like.
Of course, you can always change it later…
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What does it mean to be a translator?
What does it mean to transcribe something?
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What’s the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA Structure RNA Structure•Deoxyribonucleic acid•Double stranded•Uses thymine (T)•Sugar used is deoxyribose (C5H10O4)
•Ribonucleic acid•Single stranded•Uses uracil (U)•Sugar used is ribose (C5H10O5)
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DNA and RNA comparison
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When does your body need to make different kinds of
proteins?
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Transcription and translation is done every time a cell makes a protein.
Above: the structural protein collagen. This poor guy will be making lots of it soon to repair his body.
So, almost every cell in your body is doing this all the time!
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Ancient Egypt was well known for its scribes that made copies of
documents.
Nowadays we don’t really
need them, we have copy machines…
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Transcription is making a copy of the DNA onto mRNA (messenger RNA). The enzyme that makes it is called RNA polymerase.
Some people transcribe
their homework all
the time.
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mRNA is a temporary, disposable copy of DNA. It’s sent from the nucleus to the ribosome.
DNA is permanent. You don’t want to change or mess with it.
RNA is a disposable copy.
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If this was a chain of DNA, what would the mRNA strand
be?
C T G A C T T A G A T AG A C U G A A U C U A U
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What does DNA have the “recipe” to make?
DNA is the recipe to make protein!
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What do ribosomes do?
Ribosomes make proteins!
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What are proteins made out of? Why do they have the shape that they
have?
Proteins are made out of amino acids. The different chemical properties of the amino acids cause the chain to fold up in specific ways.
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Translation: mRNA goes to the ribosome, and it is translated into an amino acid sequence.
tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the correct amino acid for every 3 base pairs.
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•Ribosomes have 2 “subunits” or pieces.
Large Subunit
Small Subunit
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The 3 bases on mRNA is called a codon.
The 3 bases on tRNA is called an anti-codon.
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How many different kinds of amino acids are used in the
human body?
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Every 3 base pairs corresponds to a different
amino acid.
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What amino acids does this mRNA code for?
AUG UUA GAC CUC UGA
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A translator puts information from one language into another.
Translation puts the genetic code (AGTC’s) into the code of amino acids.
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What amino acids does this mRNA code for?
GUA AAA CUU CUA UAG
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What do we call this step?
What do we call this step?
Transcription Translation
DNA mRNAProtein
The scribe(RNA polymerase)
The translator(ribosome and tRNA)
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Convert the DNA to mRNAThen, Convert the mRNA to amino
acids.
AUA AGU GAU GACIsoleucine Serine Aspartic Acid Aspartic Acid
What do we call this step?
What do we call this step?
Transcription
Translation
TAT TCA CTA CTGGCCCGG Argenine
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Making a Protein
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Making a Protein
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This is called the central dogma of biology. (That just means that it is a really important idea)
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•At the start of every gene is a TATA box. It tells the mRNA polymerase where to start copying.
TCCACGACTATACCGACTACTCTACGGGAATATGGGCUGAUGAGAUGCCCUUAUAC
DNA strand:
mRNA strand:
TATA boxActual gene being transcribed
•mRNA gets a 5’GTP and a poly-A tail to mark the beginning and end. This helps identify it and “protect” it.
PPPG AAAAAAAAA
5’ GTP Poly-A tail
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Label each molecule (the pictures).Label the process that makes each molecule (the purple arrows).List the name of the enzymes / molecules that carry out each process.Identify the location where each of these molecules / processes are.
DNA
mRNA ProteinReplication
Transcription Translation
DNA helicaseDNA polymerase
RNA polymerase RibosometRNA
Happens in the nucleus Happens in the cytoplasm / at the ribosomes
Biology Journal 10/18/2013
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This is called the central dogma of biology. (That just means that it is a really important idea)