TRMT 396 Lecture #4 Dan McDonald. “Indigenous cultural experiences are subjectively consumed and...
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Transcript of TRMT 396 Lecture #4 Dan McDonald. “Indigenous cultural experiences are subjectively consumed and...
“Indigenous cultural experiences are subjectively consumed and negotiated in terms of tourists’ prior knowledge, interests, expectations, mythologies, and personal meaning, rather than by the cultural offerings of the destination” McIntosh & Ryan (2007)
Need to make visible how history & tradition are part of the present
Deutschlander & Miller (2003)
MythologizingEmphasizing OthernessDirectly linking Past and
PresentCreating SpectacleBuilding a story McKercher & du Cros (2009)
Commodification often seen as threat but cultures are dynamic & flexible and can use process as new means to access cultural traditions
Medina ( 2003)
Stereotypes may be reinforced by nature of existing products & tourist experiences McIntosh & Ryan (2007)
Identifying what aspects of culture attract → willingness, ability & appropriateness to provide (Williams & O’Neill (2007)
Often portrayals reinforce a ‘primitivist’ discourse Deutschlander & Miller (2003)
Spiritual or Nature themedTourists often cast as
‘adventurers’ or ‘seekers’
Waitt (2007)
Multiple ‘gatekeepers’ involved eg. On-site guides, family, friends, media, tour operators, tour wholesalers, travel agents, etc.
Influenced by the amount of information & misinformation the Tourist bringsUluru (Ayer’s Rock)
climbAccess to Pueblo
residence areasImage realignment to
counter distorted images
McKercher & du Cros (2009); Schmlechen & Boyle (2007)
Euro-Canadian Settler society________________________
Aboriginal society- “The Imaginary Indian”
Rests on a notion of mutual exclusivity
Often a moral high ground that can be re-positioned
Deutschlander & Miller (2003)
The ‘visibility project’ (Newhouse et al, 2005)Critical examination & rewriteComplete the landscape
Extending our gaze beyond the comfortable and accepted history
Focusing on the boundaries that have been created and de-constructing them
Shrinking the space between our stories
Weatherford (1988) described a Settler America based on the ‘material and cultural base’ of aboriginal people
A managed landscape with blazed trails; not a untamed wilderness
Cultivated crops (3/5ths of those currently used in the world) that became staples of the old world: potatoes, corn, tomatoes, peanuts, cassava, beans, peppers, chocolate, etc.
Rich plant based Pharmacology e.g. quinine, Novocain
Silver currencyConfederated governance
models
Aboriginal Contribution and engagement in the public sphere currently essential to the international picture of Canada
Our artists’ work almost iconic e.g. Bill Reid, Roy Henry Vickers, Allen Sapp, Norval Morrisseau, many Inuit carvers
Renowned athletes e.g. Alwyn Morris, Shirley Firth, Waneek Horn Miller; George Armstrong, Brian Trottier, Kerry Price, Richard Peter
War heroes e.g. Tommy Prince, Brigadier Oliver Martin, David Greyeyes, Francis Pegahmagabow
Media stars e.g. Gary Farmer, Robbie Robertson, Tom Jackson, Adam Beach, Tina Keeper, Graham Greene
Politicians e.g. Elijah Harper, Charlie Watt, Ethel Blondin-Andrew
Cowboys Skill with horses made it
logical Architects
Unique designs of Douglas Cardinal
Court Judges 16 currently across Canada; I a
leading candidate for Supreme Court
Classical & jazz musicians Don Ross; John Bell
Business Leaders Jack Poole; Leonard Flett
Lieutenant Governors B.C.; Manitoba; Ontario
University Chancellors VIU; UCN; OCAD
Indian modernity almost a secret history (Deloria, 2004)
Participation in the formation of Canada ignored
Many aboriginal people challenged the script that described a status quo of ‘failure’ and some innate limitation of aboriginal people
Even as governments worked hard to restrict participation in the public sphere, aboriginal people engaged in literature (Pauline Johnson), sports (Tom Longboat, Jim Thorpe), politics (Maxime Goulet, Frank Calder ), entertainment (Will Rodgers) etc.
Example of PortrayalsAboriginal Australia Australia: Come
WalkaboutFour Host First Nations
Welcome for OlympicsAboriginal Culture in
British Columbia Tourisme Autochtone
Québec NemaskaThe Voice Of The Navajo
Deloria, P. (2004). Indians in Unexpected Places. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Newhouse, D., Voyageur, C. & Beavon, D. (Eds).(2005). Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto.
King, T. (2003). The Truth About Stories. Toronto, ON: Anansi. McKercher, B. & du Cros, H. (2009). Cultural Tourism: The
Partnership between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management. New York, NY: Routledge.
Medina, L. (2003). Commoditizing Culture: Tourism and Maya Identity. Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (2): 353-368.
Waitt, G. (1999). Naturalizing the ‘primitive’: A critique of marketing Australia’s indigenous peoples as ‘hunter-gatherers’. Tourism Geographies. 1 (2): 142-163.
Weatherford, J. (1988). Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World. New York, NY: Fawcett Columbine.