Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 1

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fireCoordinates: 404348N 735943W [1]

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

Date March 25, 1911

Time 4:40 PM (local time)

Location Asch BuildingManhattan, New York City, U.S.

Deaths 146

Injuries 71

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Manhattan, New York City on March 25, 1911 was one of the deadliestindustrial disasters in the history of the city, and resulted in the fourth highest loss of life from an industrial accidentin U.S. history. It was also one of the deadliest disasters that occurred in New York City after the burning of theGeneral Slocum on June 15, 1904 until the destruction of the World Trade Center 90 years later. The fire causedthe deaths of 146 garment workers 123 women and 23 men [2] who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, orfalling or jumping to their deaths. Most of the victims were recent Jewish and Italian immigrant women aged sixteento twenty-three;[3][4][5] of the victims whose ages are known, the oldest victim was Providenza Panno at 43, and theyoungest were 14-year-olds Kate Leone and "Sara" Rosaria Maltese.Because the owners had locked the doors to the stairwells and exits a common practice at the time to preventpilferage and unauthorized breaks[6] many of the workers who could not escape the burning building jumped fromthe eighth, ninth, and tenth floors to the streets below. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safetystandards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for betterworking conditions for sweatshop workers.The factory was located in the Asch Building, at 2329 Washington Place in the Greenwich Village neighborhood ofManhattan, now known as the Brown Building and part of New York University. The building has been designated aNational Historic Landmark and a New York City landmark.[7]

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 2

Fire

A horse-drawn fire engine en route to the burning factory

The Triangle Waist Company factoryoccupied the eighth, ninth, and tenthfloors of the 10-story Asch Building onthe northwest corner of Greene Streetand Washington Place, just east ofWashington Square Park, in theGreenwich Village area of New YorkCity. Under the ownership of MaxBlanck and Isaac Harris, the factoryproduced women's blouses, known as"shirtwaists." The factory normallyemployed about 500 workers, mostlyyoung immigrant women, who workednine hours a day on weekdays plusseven hours on Saturdays,[8] earning

for their 52 hours of work between $7 and $12 a week, the 2014 equivalent of $166 to $285 a week, or $3.20 to$5.50 per hour.[9]

As the workday was ending on the afternoon of Saturday, March 25, 1911, a fire flared up at approximately 4:40 PMin a scrap bin under one of the cutter's tables at the northeast corner of the eighth floor.[10] The first fire alarm wassent at 4:45 PM by a passerby on Washington Place who saw smoke coming from the eighth floor.[11] Both ownersof the factory were in attendance and had invited their children to the factory on that afternoon. The Fire Marshalconcluded that the likely cause of the fire was the disposal of an unextinguished match or cigarette butt in the scrapbin, which held two months' worth of accumulated cuttings by the time of the fire.[12] Beneath the table in thewooden bin were hundreds of pounds of scraps which were left over from the several thousand shirtwaists that hadbeen cut at that table. The scraps piled up from the last time the bin was emptied, coupled with the hanging fabricsthat surrounded it; the steel trim was the only thing that was not highly flammable.[13] Although smoking wasbanned in the factory, cutters were known to sneak cigarettes, exhaling the smoke through their lapels to avoiddetection.[14] A New York Times article suggested that the fire may have been started by the engines running thesewing machines, while The Insurance Monitor, a leading industry journal, suggested that the epidemic of firesamong shirtwaist manufacturers was "fairly saturated with moral hazard."[] No one suggested arson.[citation needed]

The building's south side, with windows marked X from which fiftywomen jumped

The building's east side, with 40 bodies on the sidewalk. Two of thevictims were found alive an hour after the photo was taken.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 3

"The Washington Place Fire"An eyewitness account

00:08:09

Problems playing this file? See media help.

A bookkeeper on the eighth floor was able to warn employees on the tenth floor via telephone, but there was noaudible alarm and no way to contact staff on the ninth floor.[15] According to survivor Yetta Lubitz, the first warningof the fire on the ninth floor arrived at the same time as the fire itself.[16] Although the floor had a number of exits,including two freight elevators, a fire escape, and stairways down to Greene Street and Washington Place, flamesprevented workers from descending the Greene Street stairway, and the door to the Washington Place stairway waslocked to prevent theft by the workers; the locked doors allowed managers to check the women's purses.[17] Theforeman who held the stairway door key had already escaped by another route.[18] Dozens of employees escaped thefire by going up the Greene Street stairway to the roof. Other survivors were able to jam themselves into theelevators while they continued to operate.[citation needed]

Within three minutes, the Greene Street stairway became unusable in both directions.[19] Terrified employeescrowded onto the single exterior fire escape, which city officials had allowed Asch to erect instead of the requiredthird staircase. It was a flimsy and poorly anchored iron structure which may have been broken before the fire. Itsoon twisted and collapsed from the heat and overload, spilling about 20 victims nearly 100 feet (30m) to theirdeaths on the concrete pavement below. Elevator operators Joseph Zito[20] and Gaspar Mortillalo saved many livesby traveling three times up to the ninth floor for passengers, but Mortillalo was eventually forced to give up when therails of his elevator buckled under the heat. Some victims pried the elevator doors open and jumped into the emptyshaft, trying to slide down the cables or to land on top of the car. The weight and impacts of these bodies warped theelevator car and made it impossible for Zito to make another attempt. William Gunn Shepard, a reporter at thetragedy, would say that I learned a new sound that day a sound more horrible than description can picture -- the thudof a speeding living body on a stone sidewalk ".[21]

A large crowd of bystanders gathered on the street, witnessing 62 people jumping or falling to their deaths from theburning building. Louis Waldman, later a New York Socialist state assemblyman, described the scene years later:[22]

One Saturday afternoon in March of that year March 25, to be precise I was sitting at one of the readingtables in the old Astor Library... It was a raw, unpleasant day and the comfortable reading room seemed adelightful place to spend the remaining few hours until the library closed. I was deeply engrossed in my bookwhen I became aware of fire engines racing past the building. By this time I was sufficiently Americanized tobe fascinated by the sound of fire engines. Along with several others in the library, I ran out to see what washappening, and followed crowds of people to the scene of the fire.A few blocks away, the Asch Building at the corner of Washington Place and Greene Street was ablaze. Whenwe arrived at the scene, the police had thrown up a cordon around the area and the firemen were helplesslyfighting the blaze. The eighth, ninth, and tenth stories of the building were now an enormous roaring corniceof flames.Word had spread through the East Side, by some magic of terror, that the plant of the Triangle Waist Companywas on fire and that several hundred workers were trapped. Horrified and helpless, the crowds I amongthem looked up at the burning building, saw girl after girl appear at the reddened windows, pause for aterrified moment, and then leap to the pavement below, to land as mangled, bloody pulp. This went on forwhat seemed a ghastly eternity. Occasionally a girl who had hesitated too long was licked by pursuing flamesand, screaming with clothing and hair ablaze, plunged like a living torch to the street. Life nets held by thefiremen were torn by the impact of the falling bodies.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 4

The emotions of the crowd were indescribable. Women were hysterical, scores fainted; men wept as, inparoxysms of frenzy, they hurled themselves against the police lines.

The remainder waited until smoke and fire overcame them. The fire department arrived quickly but was unable tostop the flames, as there were no ladders available that could reach beyond the sixth floor. The fallen bodies andfalling victims also made it difficult for the fire department to approach the building.

Bodies of the victims being placed in coffins on the sidewalk

People and horses draped in black walk in procession in memory of the victims

Aftermath

Although early references of the death tollranged from 141[23] to 148, almost allmodern references agree that 146 peopledied as a result of the fire: 123 women and23 men.[24][25][26][27][28][29] Most victimsdied of burns, asphyxiation, blunt impactinjuries, or a combination of the three.[30]

The first person to jump was a man, andanother man was seen kissing a youngwoman at the window before they bothjumped to their deaths.[31]

Bodies of the victims were taken toCharities Pier (also called Misery Lane),located at 26th street and the East River, foridentification by friends and relatives.[citationneeded] Victims were interred in sixteendifferent cemeteries. Twenty-two victims ofthe fire were buried by the Hebrew FreeBurial Association in a special section atMount Richmond Cemetery. In someinstances, their tombstones refer to the fire.Six victims remained unidentified until2011. The six victims who remainedunidentified were buried together in theCemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn.Originally interred elsewhere on thegrounds, their remains now lie beneath amonument to the tragedy, a large marble

slab featuring a kneeling woman.[32] The six unknown victims were finally identified in February 2011 and a gravemarker placed in their memory.[33]

Consequences and legacyThe company's owners, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, who survived the fire by fleeing to the building's roof when the fire began, were indicted on charges of first- and second-degree manslaughter in mid-April; the pair's trial began on December 4, 1911.[34] Max Steuer, counsel for the defendants, managed to destroy the credibility of one of the survivors, Kate Alterman, by asking her to repeat her testimony a number of times, which she did without altering key phrases. Steuer argued to the jury that Alterman and possibly other witnesses had memorized their statements, and might even have been told what to say by the prosecutors. The prosecution charged that the owners knew the

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exit doors were locked at the time in question. The investigation found that the locks were intended to be lockedduring working hours based on the findings from the fire,[35] but the defense stressed that the prosecution failed toprove that the owners knew that. The jury acquitted the two men, but they lost a subsequent civil suit in 1913 inwhich plaintiffs won compensation in the amount of $75 per deceased victim. The insurance company paid Blanckand Harris about $60,000 more than the reported losses, or about $400 per casualty. In 1913, Blanck was once againarrested for locking the door in his factory during working hours. He was fined $20.[36]

Rose Schneiderman, a prominent socialist and union activist, gave a speech at the memorial meeting held in theMetropolitan Opera House on April 2, 1911, to an audience largely made up of the members of the Women's TradeUnion League. She used the fire as an argument for factory workers to organize:

Tombstone of fire victim at the Hebrew Free BurialAssociation's Mount Richmond Cemetery

I would be a traitor to these poor burned bodies if I came hereto talk good fellowship. We have tried you good people of thepublic and we have found you wanting.... We have tried youcitizens; we are trying you now, and you have a couple ofdollars for the sorrowing mothers, brothers and sisters by wayof a charity gift. But every time the workers come out in theonly way they know to protest against conditions which areunbearable, the strong hand of the law is allowed to press downheavily upon us.Public officials have only words of warning to uswarningthat we must be intensely peaceable, and they have theworkhouse just back of all their warnings. The strong hand ofthe law beats us back, when we rise, into the conditions thatmake life unbearable.

I can't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here. Too muchblood has been spilled. I know from my experience it is up tothe working people to save themselves. The only way they cansave themselves is by a strong working-class movement.Others in the community, and in particular in the ILGWU, drew a different lesson from events. In New YorkCity, a Committee on Public Safety was formed, headed by Frances Perkins, a noted social worker, to identifyspecific problems and lobby for new legislation, such as the bill to grant workers shorter hours in a work week,known as the "54-hour Bill". The committee's representatives in Albany obtained the backing of TammanyHall's Al Smith, the Majority Leader of the Assembly, and Robert F. Wagner, the Majority Leader of theSenate, and this collaboration of machine politicians and reformers also known as "do-gooders" or"goo-goos" got results, especially since Tammany's chief, Charles F. Murphy, realized the advantage to behad from being on the side of the angels. The New York State Legislature then created the FactoryInvestigating Commission to "investigate factory conditions in this and other cities and to report remedialmeasures of legislation to prevent hazard or loss of life among employees through fire, unsanitary conditions,and occupational diseases."[37] The Commission, which became Al Smith's priority, held public hearings in themajor cities of the state, distributed questionnaires to a wide variety of people, and hired field agents to doon-site inspections of factories.[38] New York City's Fire Chief John Kenlon told the investigators that hisdepartment had identified more than 200 factories where conditions made a fire like that at the TriangleFactory possible.[39] The State Commissions's reports helped modernize the state's labor laws, making NewYork State "one of the most progressive states in terms of labor reform."[40][41] New laws mandated betterbuilding access and egress, fireproofing requirements, the availability of fire extinguishers, the installation of

alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better eating and toilet facilities for workers, and limited the number of hours that women and children could work. In the years from 1911 to 1913, sixty of the sixty-four new laws

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 6

recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support of Governor William Sulzer. As a result ofthe fire, the American Society of Safety Engineers was founded in New York City on October 14, 1911.

Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition

Logo

The Remember the Triangle FireCoalition is an alliance of more than 200organizations and individuals formed in2008 to encourage and coordinatenationwide activities commemorating thecentennial of the fire[42] and to create apermanent public art memorial to honor itsvictims.[43][44] The founding partners

included Workers United, the New York City Fire Museum, New York University (the current owner of thebuilding), Workmen's Circle, Museum at Eldridge Street, the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation,the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, the Gotham Center for New York City History, the Bowery Poetry Cluband others. Members of the Coalition include arts organizations, schools, workers rights groups, labor unions,human rights and womens rights groups, ethnic organizations, historical preservation societies, activists, andscholars, as well as families of the victims and survivors.

The Coalition grew out of a public art project called "Chalk" created by New York City filmmaker Ruth Sergel.Every year beginning in 2004, Sergel and volunteer artists went across New York City on the anniversary of the fireto inscribe in chalk the names, ages, and causes of death of the victims in front of their former homes, oftenincluding drawings of flowers, tombstones or a triangle.[45]

Centennial

Hilda Solis, the American Secretary of Labor, seen on the overhead screen, speaking atthe Centennial Memorial; the Brown (Asch) Building is on the far right.

From July 2009 through the weeksleading up to the 100th anniversary,the Coalition served as a clearinghouseto network some 200 activities asvaried as academic conferences, films,theater performances, art shows,concerts, readings, awarenesscampaigns, walking tours, and paradesthat were held in and around NewYork City, and in cities across thenation, including San Francisco, LosAngeles, Chicago, Minneapolis,Boston and Washington, D.C.

The ceremony, which was held in frontof the building where the fire tookplace, was preceded by a march through Greenwich Village by thousands of people, some carrying shirtwaists women's blouses on

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 7

The commemoration drew thousands of people, many holding aloft shirtwaists with thenames of the victims as they listened to speakers.

poles, or wearing sashescommemorating the names of thosewho died in the fire. Speakers includedthe United States Secretary of Labor,Hilda L. Solis, U.S. Senator CharlesSchumer, New York City MayorMichael R. Bloomberg, the actorDanny Glover, and Suzanne Pred Bass,the grandniece of Rosie Weiner, ayoung woman killed in the blaze. Mostof the speakers that day called for thestrengthening of workers rights andorganized labor.[46][47]

At 4:45 PM EST, the moment the firstfire alarm was sounded in 1911,hundreds of bells rang out in cities andtowns across the nation. For this commemorative act, the Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition organized hundredsof churches, schools, fire houses, and private individuals in the New York City region and across the nation. TheCoalition maintains on its website a national map denoting each of the bells that rang that afternoon.[48]

Permanent memorialThe Coalition has launched an effort to create a permanent public art memorial for the Triangle Shirtwaist Factoryfire at the site of 1911 fire in lower Manhattan. In 2012, the Coalition announced a national design competition forthe memorial, and formed a design search committee, with representatives from Workers United, New YorkUniversity, the New York City Fire Department, the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation &Archives, Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, Manhattan Community Board 2, family members ofthe victims, historians, and community members.[49][50]

In 2011, the Coalition established that the goal of the permanent memorial would be: To honor the memory of those who died from the fire; To affirm the dignity of all workers; To value womens work; To remember the movement for worker safety and social justice stirred by this tragedy; To inspire future generations of activists

In popular cultureFilms and television

The Crime of Carelessness (1912), 14 minute Edison Company short inspired by the Triangle Factory fire,directed by James Oppenheim

Children of Eve (1915), written and directed by John H. Collins[51]

With These Hands (1950), directed by Jack Arnold[52]

The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979), directed by Mel Stuart, produced by Mel Brez and Ethel Brez Those Who Know Don't Tell: The Ongoing Battle for Workers' Health (1990), produced by Abby Ginzberg,

narrated by Studs Terkel Episode 4 of Ric Burns' 1999 PBS series New York: A Documentary Film, "The Power and the People

(18981918)", extensively covered the fire.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 8

The Living Century: Three Miracles (2001) premiered on PBS, focusing on the life of 107-year old RoseFreedman (died 2002), who became the last living survivor of the fire.

American Experience: Triangle Fire (2011), documentary produced and directed by Jamila Wignot, narrated byMichael Murphy

Triangle Remembering the Fire (2011) premiered on HBO on March 21, four days short of the 100th anniversary. A door knob from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory is an artifact in the TV series Warehouse 13, making an

appearance in episodes "Past Imperfect" and "The 40th Floor" (2011).Music

"My Little Shirtwaist Fire" by Rasputina, from their 1996 album Thanks for the Ether. "The Triangle Fire" by The Brandos, from their 2006 album Over The Border. "Sweatshop Fire" by Curtis Eller, from his 2008 album Wirewalkers and Assassins.Theatre and dance

In Ain Gordon's play Birdseed Bundles (2000), the Triangle fire is a major dramatic engine of the story.[53]

The Triangle Factory Fire Project, a play written by Christopher Piehler about the fire and the trial afterward. The Dark of the Flame, a play written by Evin Anderson about three sisters who work at The Triangle Shirtwaist

Factory and face the fire. The musical Rags book by Joseph Stein, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, and music by Charles Strouse

incorporates the Triangle Shirtwaist fire in the second act. In March 2012, the modern dance concert One Hundred Forty-Six by Denise J. Murphy explored the Triangle

Shirtwaist Factory fire through movement, text, video, photography and original music.[54]

Literature

Margaret Peterson Haddix's 2007 historical novel for young adults, Uprising, deals with immigration, women'srights, and the labor movement, with the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire as a central element.

Esther Friesner's Threads and Flames deals with a young girl, named Raisa, who works at the Triangle ShirtwaistFactory at the time of the fire.

Deborah Hopkinson's 2004 historical novel for young adults, Hear My Sorrow: The Diary of Angela Denoto. Mary Jane Auch's 2004 historical novel for young adults, Ashes of Roses tells the tale of Margaret Rose Nolan, a

young girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire, along with her sister and herfriends.

The comic book The Goon issue #37 tells the story of a similar fire at a girdle factory that takes the lives of 142women who worked there. After the fire, the surviving women attempt to unionize and the Goon comes to theiraid after union busters try to force them back to work. Author Eric Powell specifically cites the TriangleShirtwaist Factory fire as an inspiration for the story.

Vivian Schurfranz's novel Rachel, from the Sunfire series of historical romances for young adults, is about aPolish Jewish immigrant girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire.

In issue #28 of the comic " The Dreaming", The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (and the fire specifically) is featuredheavily.

Ghosts of the fire's victims played a role in The Spider Goddess by Tara Moss. Robert Pinsky's poem Shirt describes the fire. "Mayn Rue Platz" (My Resting Place), a poem written by former Triangle employee Morris Rosenfeld, has been

set to music, in Yiddish and English, by many artists, including Geoff Berner and June Tabor. In Alice Hoffman's novel "The Museum of Extraordinary Things", the fire is one of the main elements of the plot. In Mary Beth Keane's novel Fever, the main character, Mary Mallon, is one of the people watching in the street.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 9

ReferencesNotes

[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire& params=40. 730085_N_-73.995356_E_type:event_region:US-NY

[2] "Sweatshop Tragedy Ignites Fight for Workplace Safety" (http:/ / www. apwu. org/ join/ women/ lbportraits/ portraits-labor-triangle. htm) onthe American Postal Workers Union website

[3] "Triangle Shirtwaist Fire" (http:/ / jwa. org/ encyclopedia/ article/ triangle-shirtwaist-fire). Jewish Women: An Historical Encyclopedia onJewish Women's Archive

[4] Stacy, Greg. "Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Marks a Sad Centennial" (http:/ / onlinejournal. com/ artman/ publish/ article_7375. shtml). NPR.orgvia Online Journal (March 24, 2011)

[5] Diner, Hasia R. "Lecture: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and the Shared Italian-Jewish History of New York" (http:/ / italianamericanmagazine.com/ lecture-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire-and-the-shared-italian-jewish-history-of-new-york/ 5376) Italian-American Magazine (March 16,2011)

[6] Lifflander, Matthew L. "The Tragedy That Changed New York" New York Archives (Summer 2011)[7] Harris, Gale. "Brown Building (formerly Asch Building) Designation Report" (http:/ / www. nyc. gov/ html/ lpc/ downloads/ pdf/ reports/

brown. pdf) New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (March 25, 2003)[8][8] von Drehl, p. 105[9] CPI Inflation Calculator (http:/ / data. bls. gov/ cgi-bin/ cpicalc. pl?cost1=12. 00& year1=1913& year2=2014) United States Bureau of Labor

Statistics[10][10] von Drehle, p. 118.[11][11] Stein, p. 224[12][12] Stein p.33[13][13] von Drehl, p.118[14][14] von Drehle, 119[15][15] von Drehle, 131[16] von Drehle, 1412[17] Lange, Brenda. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, Infobase Publishing, 2008, page 58[18] PBS: "Introduction: Triangle Fire" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ americanexperience/ features/ introduction/ triangle-intro/ ), accessed

March 1, 2011[19] von Drehle, 1434[20][20] von Drehle, p. 157[21][21] von Drehl, p.126[22] Waldman, Labor Lawyer, E.P. Dutton & Co., pp. 3233.[23] " 141 Men and Girls Die in Waist Factory Fire". (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.

html?res=980CE1D61331E233A25755C2A9659C946096D6CF) The New York Times, March 26, 1911. Accessed December 20, 2009.[24][24] von Drehle, passim[25] "In Memoriam: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire." (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1997/ 03/ 26/ nyregion/

in-memoriam-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire. html?scp=4& sq=triangle shirtwaist fire& st=cse) The New York Times, March 26, 1997.[26] "The Triangle Factory Fire". (http:/ / www. ilr. cornell. edu/ trianglefire/ ) The Kheel Center, Cornell University.[27] "98th Anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire". (http:/ / www. nyc. gov/ html/ fdny/ html/ events/ 2009/ 032709a. shtml) New

York City Fire Department.[28] "Labor Department Remembers 95th Anniversary of Sweatshop Fire". (http:/ / www. labor. state. ny. us/ pressreleases/ 2006/

March21_2006. htm) U.S. Department of Labor.[29][29] Stein, passim[30] von Drehle, 27183[31] von Drehle, 1557[32] Evergreens Cemetery reports that there were originally eight burials, one male and six females, along with some unidentified remains. One

of the female victims was later identified and her body removed to another cemetery. Other accounts do not mention the unidentified remainsat all. Rose Freedman was the last living survivor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.(18932001)

[33] Swanson, Lillian. "A Grave Marker Unveiled for Six Triangle Fire Victims Who Had Been Unknowns" (http:/ / www. forward. com/articles/ 136891/ ) Jewish Daily Forward (April 8, 2011)

[34][34] Stein p. 158[35][35] von Drehl, p.220[36] Hoenig, John M. "The Triangle Fire of 1911" (http:/ / www. fisheries. vims. edu/ hoenig/ pdfs/ Triangle. pdf), History Magazine, April/May

2005.[37] "Seek Way to Lessen Factory Dangers" (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.

html?res=F00F1EF63A5517738DDDA80994D8415B818DF1D3& ), New York Times (October 11, 1911), accessed February 8, 2011[38] "At the State Archives: Online Exhibit Remembers the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire" New York Archives (Summer 2011)

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 10

[39] New York Times: "Factory Firetraps Found by Hundreds," October 14, 1911 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.html?res=F60F15F73A5517738DDDAD0994D8415B818DF1D3& ), accessed February 8, 2011

[40] Greenwald, Richard A. The Triangle Fire, the Protocols of Peace, and Industrial Democracy in Progressive Era New York (Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 2005), 128

[41] The Economist, " Triangle Shirtwaist: The birth of the New Deal (http:/ / www. economist. com/ node/ 18396085?story_id=18396085)", 19March 2011, p. 39.

[42] Greenhouse, Steven. "City Room:In a Tragedy, a Mission to Remember" (http:/ / cityroom. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 03/ 19/in-a-tragedy-a-mission-to-remember/ ?scp=5& sq=triangle& st=cse/ ) New York Times (March 19, 2011)

[43] Jannuzzi, Kristine. "NYU Commemorates the 100th Anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" (http:/ / alumni. nyu. edu/ s/ 1068/index. aspx?sid=1068& gid=1& pgid=2025). NYU Alumni Connect (January 2011) on the New York University website

[44] Solis, Hilda L. "What the Triangle Shirtwaist fire means for workers now" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ opinions/what-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire-means-for-workers-now/ 2011/ 03/ 15/ ABVAFIs_story. html) Washington Post (March 18. 2011)

[45] Molyneux, Michael. "City Lore: Memorials in Chalk" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 04/ 03/ nyregion/ thecity/ 03tria. html?_r=2) NewYork Times (April 3, 2005)

[46] Fouhy, Beth. "NYC marks 100th anniversary of Triangle fire" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 42273592/ ns/ business-us_business/ )Associated Press (March 25, 2011) on MSNBC.com

[47] Safronova, Valeriya and Hirshon, Nicholas. "Remembering tragic 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist inferno, marchers flood Greenwich Villagestreets" (http:/ / www. nydailynews. com/ ny_local/ 2011/ 03/ 26/2011-03-26_remembering_tragic_blaze_1911_triangle_shirtwaist_inferno_claimed_146_lives. html) New York Daily News (March 26, 2011)

[48] "Bells" (http:/ / rememberthetrianglefire. org/ bells/ ) on the Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition website[49] Swanson, Lillian. "Paying Tribute To the Fires Pained Legacy" (http:/ / www. forward. com/ articles/ 135642/ ) Jewish Daily Forward

(March 4, 2011)[50] Saulnier, Beth. "Mass Appeal" (http:/ / cornellalumnimagazine. com/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=1012) Cornell

Alumni Magazine (March/April 2011)[51] IMDb: Children of Eve (1915) (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0005084/ combined) Retrieved 2012-07-10.[52][52] , accessed February 18, 2011[53] Lefkowitz, David. "OOB's DTW Runs Out of Birdseed, April 2" (http:/ / www. playbill. com/ news/ article/

51761-OOBs-DTW-Runs-Out-of-Birdseed-April-2). Playbill.com[54] "One Hundred Forty-Six: A Moving Memorial to the Victims of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" (http:/ / rememberthetrianglefire.

org/ 2012/ 03/ one-hundred-forty-six-a-moving-memorial-to-the-victims-of-the-1911-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire/ ) on the Remember theTriangle Fire website

Bibliography

Stein, Leon (1962). The Triangle Fire (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=zMu0zgnfNAUC&printsec=frontcover& dq=the+ triangle+ fire#v=onepage& q& f=false). Cornell University Press.ISBN0-8014-8714-5.

von Drehle, David (2003). Triangle: The Fire That Changed America. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.ISBN0-87113-874-3.

Further reading

Auch, Mary Jane (2002). Ashes of Roses. Henry Holt Books for Young Readers. ISBN0-8050-6686-1. Chernoff, Alan. "Remembering the Triangle Fire 100 years later" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2011/ 03/ 24/ news/

Triangle_fire_centennial/ index. htm?hpt=C1). CNN/Money (March 25, 2011) Haddix, Margaret Peterson (2007). Uprising. Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing. ISBN978-1-4169-1171-5. Kolen, Amy (Spring 2001). "Fire". The Massachusetts Review 42 (1): 1336. JSTOR 25091716 (http:/ / www.

jstor. org/ stable/ 25091716). Sosinsky, Leigh (2011). The New York City Triangle Factory Fire. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia

Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7403-5 Weber, Katharine (2006). Triangle. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-0-374-28142-7.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 11

External linksGeneral

Chronology of events (http:/ / www. law. umkc. edu/ faculty/ projects/ ftrials/ triangle/ trianglechrono. html) "Triangle Factory Fire" (http:/ / www. ilr. cornell. edu/ trianglefire/ ), Cornell University Library Triangle Fire Open Archive (http:/ / rememberthetrianglefire. org/ open-archive/ ) Booknotes interview with David Von Drehle on Triangle: The Fire That Changed America (http:/ / www.

booknotes. org/ Watch/ 177888-1/ David+ Von+ Drehle. aspx) (October 5, 2003) Triangle Fire (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ americanexperience/ films/ triangle/ player/ ) An American

Experience DocumentaryContemporaneous accounts

"Eyewitness at the Triangle" (http:/ / www. ilr. cornell. edu/ trianglefire/ texts/ stein_ootss/ ootss_wgs.html?location=Fire!)

1911 McClure Magazine article (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=IBZykg_-9IAC& pg=PA466-IA2& ) (seepages 455483)

Trial

Complete Transcript Of Triangle Trial: People Vs. Isaac Harris and Max Blanck (http:/ / digitalcommons. ilr.cornell. edu/ cgi/ viewcontent. cgi?article=1017& context=triangletrans)

"Famous Trials: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Trial" (http:/ / www. law. umkc. edu/ faculty/ projects/ ftrials/triangle/ trianglefire. html)

1912 New York Court record (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=LIA7AAAAIAAJ& pg=PA50& ) (see pp.4850)

Articles

"Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Building" (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ history/ nr/ travel/ pwwmh/ ny30. htm), NationalPark Service

"Remembering the Triangle Fire" (http:/ / www. forward. com/ articles/ 10531/ ), Jewish Daily Forward "Coming Full Circle on Triangle Factory Fire" (http:/ / www. forward. com/ articles/ 134959/ ), Jewish Daily

Forward "The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: The fire that changed America" (http:/ / failuremag. com/ feature/ article/

the_triangle_shirtwaist_fire/ ), Failure magazine New York, NY Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Disaster, Mar 1911 (http:/ / www3. gendisasters. com/ new-york/ 2063/

new-york,-ny-triangle-building-fire-disaster,-mar-1911) at GenDisasters.com.Memorials and centennial

Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition 19112011 (http:/ / rememberthetrianglefire. org/ ) Conference: "Out of the Smoke and the Flame: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and its Legacy" (http:/ /

trianglefireconference. org/ index. htm) CHALK: annual community commemoration (http:/ / streetpictures. org/ chalk/ ) "City of Memory: Bell Ringing on the Triangle Fire" (http:/ / www. cityofmemory. org/ map/ index. php#/ story/

2384/ ) Rosenfeld's Requiem (http:/ / historymatters. gmu. edu/ d/ 5479/ ), a poem about the victims of the fire by Morris

Rosenfeld first published in the Jewish Daily Forward on March 29, 1911 Triangle Returns (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=noL8nFSzsDc). Institute for Global Labour and Human

Rights, March 22, 2011

Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsTriangle Shirtwaist Factory fire Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605686417 Contributors: 172, 3Bagger, 78.26, 7mike5000, 86.** IP, A8UDI, ABF, AEMoreira042281,AZDub, Abce2, AbigailAbernathy, Abrech, Acalamari, Achowat, Acroterion, ActivExpression, Addshore, Against the current, Agrumer, Aichik, Ajaxkroon, AlanM1, Alansohn, Aleksa Lukic,Alex3yoyo, Alexf, Alexius08, Amatulic, Anchoress, Andonic, Andy, AnnaKucsma, Appraiser, Arthur Smart, Auntof6, Autocracy, Avoided, Baalthrog, Barbarossa83, Bender235, Beyond MyKen, Bgpaulus, BillFlis, Billhpike, Binabik80, Binky, Biruitorul, Bkberry, Bleakcomb, Blood Red Sandman, Blueroselighthouse, Bmclaughlin9, Bob5476, Bobet, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca,Bowbridge, Brian Eisley, Brownsusan, Brucevdk, Bry9000, Bugerking1, Bwmcmaste, C.J. Griffin, CWenger, Calicocat, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Carcharoth, Carrite, Catdude,Cathardic, Chaser2, Chasnor15, CheshireKatz, Chris 73, ChrisGualtieri, Circeus, Cla68, Cobaltcigs, Connormah, CopperSquare, Corfe83, Cpl Syx, Cretanforever, Crouchend, Cruccone, Curps,Cymru.lass, D6, DMacks, DVdm, Dale Arnett, Dan100, DancingPenguin, Dancter, DangApricot, Danny, Darthflyer, DeathByDC10, Denisarona, Deor, Designquest10, Diannaa, Discospinster,Dlae, Dmadeo, Dogears, Doncram, Donner60, Download, Drappel, DreamGuy, Dthomsen8, Dwalls, DylanLeeBlanchard, ERcheck, Eastlaw, Ebyabe, Ed Cormany, Edward, Elipongo, Eliz81,Elkman, Elmmapleoakpine, Entheta, Epbr123, Epicgenius, Era404, EronMain, EsterRosepink, Excirial, Expewikiwriter, Eyesnore, Farras Octara, Fastily, Fazjane, Fbv65edel, Flyer22,FlyingChanges, Fordmadoxfraud, Fraggle81, Frankie816, Fullsock, Gango1212, Gblock71, Godgundam10, GoodDamon, Green Cardamom, GregU, Grim23, Groyolo, Guanaco55, Guoguo12,Gwernol, Gxti, Hailey C. Shannon, HamburgerRadio, Hamtechperson, Harlem9875, Hemme82, Hertz1888, Hike395, Hmains, HueSatLum, Hugo999, IRP, IceBurrg93, Iheartrentandwicked,ImaCowLol, Infrogmation, Interlingua, Ionescuac, Iridescent, It Is Me Here, Italo Svevo, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JDspeeder1, JHFTC, Jackyd101, Jalapama, James086, JamesAM, Jcurtis, Jedikaiti,JeffBobFrank, Jeffrd10, Jengod, Jennavecia, Jevansen, Jhchawk, Jmlk17, Joemallen, John Cline, John Nevard, Jokestress, Jomasecu, Josejmnz, Joseph A. Spadaro, Joshray88, Jovianeye,JustAGal, KConWiki, KGasso, Kasyapa, Katalaveno, Kaushik1000, Keegate, Keilana, Ken Gallager, Kendroberts, Khukri, Kilmer-san, Kootenayvolcano, Krellis, LadyNorbert, Leszek Jaczuk,LibLord, Lightrefracted, Ling.Nut, Lledenham, Lotje, Lucky dog, Lugia2453, MK, MK2, MacPhilbin, Magioladitis, Magus732, Majorly, MarcWmA, Mareino, Marianeditorwest, Marinerdawg,MateoCorazon, Materialscientist, Matthew Yeager, Mav, MaxVeers, Mcoupal, Mdawg728, Meggar, Melmann, Mets501, Michael Hardy, MicoFils, Mike65535, Minimac, Mjc1821,Molly-in-md, Monty845, Moorespoint, MosheA, MrOllie, MusikAnimal, Nakon, Naniwako, Narayansg, Nasnema, Ncc1701, NellieBly, Nerdygeek101, New worl, Niagara, Nibi, Niels, NightGyr, Nikiniki, Nooooooooodont, Nuno Tavares, Nv8200p, O.Koslowski, Oden, Oneofsix, Orde lees, Orenburg1, Ottawahitech, Paigemeadows123, Paul Klenk, PaulinSaudi, Peterl, Pharaoh of theWizards, Pharos, Phil1988, Philip Trueman, Philosopher, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Pokemon324, Pontificalibus, Popnini, Postdlf, Prolog, Pseudo-Richard, Pubdog,Pythasis, QAWXPbC64, Qdiderot, Quebec99, RJaguar3, Randall Barlow, Raven4x4x, Razorflame, RedHillian, RedSoxFan274, Remember, RevelationDirect, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, RichardArthur Norton (1958- ), Richard Myers, Rjwilmsi, Rl, Rmhermen, Robert K S, Rocketrod1960, Rogerd, Rontrigger, Rosa Harris, RossPatterson, Rs2639, Rurik, Rybec, Saltlakejohn, Sanchoinc,Scarian, SchmuckyTheCat, SchuminWeb, Scottandrewhutchins, ScottyBerg, Scwlong, Seaphoto, Sexychocolate13, Shadowjams, Shelog, Shipnerd62962, Shirtwaist, Shortride, Shsilver,Shunpiker, Sjones23, Slash, Slaunius, Sm8900, Smashville, Someone42, Special Cases, Specs112, StaticGull, Steven Zhang, Styrofoam1994, Suspect2486, Swellconvivialguy, Szpak44, TBrauns,Tartan, Taysoma, Tbhotch, Tenebrae, Tennisnutt92, TexasAndroid, Tfordrshc, Tgeairn, The Illusive Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheRanger, Thebigbluedog, Thumperward, Tide rolls,Tim!, Timc, Tnxman307, Tom harrison, Torino72, Tothebarricades.tk, Toughpigs, Travrsa, Trovatore, Trusilver, Tslocum, Turian, Turq, TwoOneTwo, Uffa678, Ugen64, Ukexpat, Ultraaa18,VMS Mosaic, Varlaam, Vegaswikian, Verne Equinox, Versus22, Vrenator, W guice, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Wayward, Wetman, WhisperToMe, Widr, Wiki13, Wilson44691, Winstono1,Wobblynate, WolfmanSF, Woohookitty, Wsanzone, Wstclair13, Wuzzy, Wwhyte, Wysprgr2005, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yintan, Yoyology, Yt95, Zoicon5, rdRuadh21, 1, 1056 anonymousedits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Image of Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire on March 25 - 1911.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Image_of_Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire_on_March_25_-_1911.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: unknownImage:TriangleFireengine crop.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TriangleFireengine_crop.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: George Grantham BainCollection; cropped by Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:35, 28 March 2011 (UTC)Image:Triangle Windows.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Windows.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: BiruitorulImage:Triangle Bodies.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Bodies.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: BiruitorulImage:Audio-input-microphone.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Audio-input-microphone.svg License: unknown Contributors: The people from the Tango! projectImage:Triangle Shirtwaist coffins.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Shirtwaist_coffins.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: unknown authorImage:TriangleTradeParade.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TriangleTradeParade.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bain News Service photograph /George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).Image:Triangle Fire Grave.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Fire_Grave.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: AparverFile:Triangle Fire Coalition logo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Fire_Coalition_logo.jpg License: Free Art License Contributors: Artie04File:Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Centennial Memorial crop.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Shirtwaist_Fire_Centennial_Memorial_crop.jpg License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Image_language (Jeffrey Riman); cropped by Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:20, 28 March 2011 (UTC)Image:Triangle33.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle33.JPG License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fireFireAftermathConsequences and legacyRemember the Triangle Fire CoalitionCentennialPermanent memorial

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