Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) Stage of Change CharacteristicsInterventions...
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![Page 1: Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) Stage of Change CharacteristicsInterventions Precontemplative Doesn’t see it. No! Unaware Defensiveness Resistance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dab5503460f94a9a76e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Transtheoretical Model Transtheoretical Model (Stages of (Stages of Change)Change)
Stage of ChangeStage of Change CharacteristicsCharacteristics InterventionsInterventions
PrecontemplativePrecontemplative Doesn’t see it. No!UnawareDefensivenessResistance
Help them think about itEngagementTrust buildingGet a reaction, eithercognitive or emotional
ContemplativeContemplative Maybe, but . . .Ambivalence, unsureProblem awarenessOpenness to information
Explore pros and consHelp explore ambivalenceExplore barriersPass information
Ready for ActionReady for Action
(Preparation)(Preparation)
Decided, Yes!Ready to doExperimentationCoaching; teach skills
Solve it!Encourage, empower, supportEmphasize optionsFocus on developing a step
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Stages of ChangeStages of ChangeStage of ChangeStage of Change CharacteristicsCharacteristics InterventionsInterventions
ActionAction Doing it!Practice new behaviorsAvoiding old behaviors
Help them do it!Support, praise, recognitionFocus on rewardsFollow-up, reach outProblem-solving
MaintenanceMaintenance Living it!Sustaining behavior
Live it!ReinforcementSupport, praise, recognitionFind other supportsBecome a role model toothers
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Principles of ChangePrinciples of Change
► Based on a variety of psychological theories Based on a variety of psychological theories of changeof change
► A person’s relationship to changing a A person’s relationship to changing a behavior is dynamicbehavior is dynamic
► The stages of change are NOT linearThe stages of change are NOT linear► Relapse/recyclingRelapse/recycling► People are in different stages for different People are in different stages for different
behaviorsbehaviors► Steps in behavior change are incrementalSteps in behavior change are incremental
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Your Role in ChangeYour Role in Change
Clients are competent to make choices and changes in their lives.
Change cannot be imposed. Reward and encouragement are
more effective than punishment and judgment.
Change depends on the pros of change outweighing the cons.
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Counseling and TestingCounseling and Testing
►HIV TestHIV Test►Counseling in Behavior ChangeCounseling in Behavior Change►Health EducationHealth Education►Client-centered disclosure counselingClient-centered disclosure counseling►ReferralsReferrals
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TestsTests
►Conventional HIV Testing (2 visits)Conventional HIV Testing (2 visits) Informed ConsentInformed Consent Client receives counseling and gives Client receives counseling and gives
samplesample ELISA or EIA testELISA or EIA test If positive 2x at lab, confirmed w/Western If positive 2x at lab, confirmed w/Western
BlotBlot 1-2 wks later, given result1-2 wks later, given result
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Standardized Test ResultsStandardized Test Results
►HIV-positiveHIV-positive►HIV-negativeHIV-negative► InconclusiveInconclusive
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TestsTests
►Rapid Testing (1 visit)Rapid Testing (1 visit) Informed ConsentInformed Consent Oral or blood sampleOral or blood sample OraQuick ADVAJNCE rapid HIV-1/HIV-2 OraQuick ADVAJNCE rapid HIV-1/HIV-2
antibody testantibody test Health Education or HIV counselingHealth Education or HIV counseling 20-40 minutes20-40 minutes
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Results Rapid TestResults Rapid Test
►Preliminary positivePreliminary positive►Confirmed positiveConfirmed positive►NegativeNegative► InvalidInvalid
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Notes on TestingNotes on Testing
►Does not determine whether or not Does not determine whether or not someone has AIDSsomeone has AIDS
►Further testing required to understand Further testing required to understand state of immune systemstate of immune system
►Accuracy of testsAccuracy of tests Considered one of the most accurate Considered one of the most accurate
medical screening testsmedical screening tests Positive results tested 2x, negative tested Positive results tested 2x, negative tested
1x1x
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Further Notes on TestingFurther Notes on Testing
►98% of HIV antibody tests given are 98% of HIV antibody tests given are negativenegative
►2/3rds of clients receiving positive result 2/3rds of clients receiving positive result have previously received at least 4 have previously received at least 4 negativenegative
►HIV-positive persons offered variety of HIV-positive persons offered variety of referralsreferrals
►Always make individual assessments Always make individual assessments and referralsand referrals
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Informed ConsentInformed Consent
►Anonymous TestingAnonymous Testing►Confidential TestingConfidential Testing
Differences:Differences:►Consent formsConsent forms►Written resultsWritten results►IdentifiersIdentifiers►HIV reporting by nameHIV reporting by name
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Window PeriodWindow Period►Difference between exposure and Difference between exposure and
infectioninfection►Window Period►Incubation Period
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Window PeriodWindow Period
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PracticePractice
►Section 2: HIV and the Immune System
►1. What is an antibody?►2. Why do you test for an antibody
instead of the virus itself?
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PracticePractice
► Section 8: Rapid and Conventional HIV Testing
► 3. Why do I have to wait seven to 14 days for a conventional test or confirmatory
► positive test result?► 4. Can you tell me if I have AIDS?► 5. What’s the difference between conventional
testing and rapid testing?► 6. What does a positive test result mean?► 7. What does a negative test result mean?► 8. What does an inconclusive test result mean? Is
an invalid test result the same thing?► 9. What does a preliminary positive mean?
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PracticePractice
►Section 9: The Window Period►10. If I test negative, then I don’t have
anything to worry about, right?►11. What is the window period?►12. How often should I come back for testing?►Section 11: Informed Consent►13. What is the difference between
anonymous and confidential testing?►14. How sure can I be that the system you
have in place is completely confidential?
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Safer SexSafer Sex
DemonstrationDemonstration
Male CondomMale Condom
Female CondomFemale Condom
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THRIVETHRIVE
http://thrive.preventioninstitute.org/thrivhttp://thrive.preventioninstitute.org/thrive/index.phpe/index.php
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Community MappingCommunity Mapping
►http://breeze.cce.cornell.edu/http://breeze.cce.cornell.edu/communityresources/communityresources/