Transport in Angiospermatophyta
description
Transcript of Transport in Angiospermatophyta
![Page 1: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Transport in Angiospermatophyta
![Page 2: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline of IS Leaf (tissue)
![Page 3: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline of IS of stem (tissue)
![Page 4: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Outline of IS Root (tissue)
![Page 5: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Root system provide large surface area
![Page 6: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Branching and Root hairs• The cells with hairs have a greater cell wall size• To absorb-• Mineral ion• Water• Structure of cortex –facilitates water uptake
![Page 7: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Plants absorb their nutrients in inorganic form
• N as Nitrate, Ammonium ion• K as potassium ion• P as Phosphate ion• Ca as Calcium ion.
![Page 8: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Three main methods for the absorption
• Diffusion• Via fungal hyphae• Mass flow
![Page 9: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Diffusion
• Some minerals are more concentrated in the soil than in the root and when dissolved in water will diffuse into the root
![Page 10: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fungal hyphae
• Fungus help many plant species to absorb minerals.
• The thread of fungus grow thru the soil and absorb M
• Some grow into the plant roots and transport these M in the root
• Fungus receives sugars from the plant• Ex. Mutualism.
![Page 11: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Ex., Oak, Beech and Birch all form ectomycorrhizal relationships with a number of fungi.
![Page 12: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Ectomycorrhiza
![Page 13: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• In ectomycorrhizae– The mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath
over the surface of the root
![Page 14: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
In endomycorrhizaeMicroscopic fungal hyphae extend into roots
• Endomycorrhizae. No mantle forms around the root. Within the root cortex, the fungus makes extensive contact with the plant through branching of hyphae
• providing an enormous surface area for nutrient swapping
![Page 15: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Agricultural Importance of Mycorrhizae
• Farmers and foresters– Often inoculate seeds with spores of mycorrhizal
fungi to promote the formation of mycorrhizae
![Page 16: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mass flow of water.
• The plant takes large volume of water which contains some dissolved minerals.
• Minerals dissolved in water form hydrogen bonds with water such that the movement of water towards the root 'drags' the minerals with the water.
![Page 17: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Active transport
• plants can take up K+ from the soil against a ten-thousand-fold concentration gradient
• e.g., from as little as 10 µM in the soil to 100 mM in the cell.
![Page 18: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Terrestrial plant
• Support themselves— - thickened cellulose - cell turgor -lignified Xylem
![Page 19: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Water and minerals can travel through a plant by one of three routes– Out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another
cell– Via the symplast– Along the apoplast
![Page 22: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Water and minerals ascend from roots to shoots through the xylem
• Plants lose an enormous amount of water through transpiration, the loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of the plant
• The transpired water must be replaced by water transported up from the roots
![Page 23: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Xylem sap– Rises to heights of more than 100 m in the tallest
plants
![Page 24: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pushing Xylem Sap: Root Pressure
• At night, when transpiration is very low– Root cells continue pumping mineral ions into the
xylem of the vascular cylinder, lowering the water potential
• Water flows in from the root cortex– Generating root pressure
![Page 25: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pulling Xylem Sap: The Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension Mechanism
• Water is pulled upward by negative pressure in the xylem
![Page 26: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Transpirational Pull
• Water vapor in the airspaces of a leaf– Diffuses down its water potential gradient and
exits the leaf via stomata• Transpiration produces negative pressure
(tension) in the leaf– Which exerts a pulling force on water in the xylem,
pulling water into the leaf
![Page 27: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cohesion and Adhesion in the Ascent of Xylem Sap
• The transpirational pull on xylem sap– Is transmitted all the way from the leaves to the
root tips and even into the soil solution– Is facilitated by cohesion and adhesion
![Page 28: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• The movement of xylem sap against gravity– Is maintained by the transpiration-cohesion-
tension mechanism
• Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration• Leaves generally have broad surface areas– And high surface-to-volume ratios
![Page 30: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Both of these characteristics– Increase photosynthesis– Increase water loss through stomata
![Page 31: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Plants lose a large amount of water by transpiration
• If the lost water is not replaced by absorption through the roots– The plant will lose water and wilt
![Page 32: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Transpiration also results in evaporative cooling– Which can lower the temperature of a leaf and
prevent the denaturation of various enzymes involved in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes
• About 90% of the water a plant loses– Escapes through stomata
![Page 33: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Each stoma is flanked by guard cellsWhich control the diameter of the stoma by changing shapeChanges in turgor pressure that open and close stomata
![Page 34: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
animation
• http://www.biologymad.com/resources/transpiration.swf
![Page 35: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Abiotic Factors affect the rate of Trpn.
• Light• Temperature• Wind • Humidity
![Page 36: Transport in Angiospermatophyta](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062813/568164da550346895dd72831/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Xerophyte Adaptations That Reduce Transpiration
• Xerophytes– Are plants adapted to arid climates– Have various leaf modifications that reduce the
rate of transpiration• The stomata of xerophytes– Are concentrated on the lower leaf surface– Are often located in depressions that shelter the
pores from the dry wind