Transparent paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator … · Transparent paper-based triboelectric...

Nano Res

1

Transparent paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator

as page mark and anti-theft sensor

Li Min Zhang1†

, Fei Xue1†

, Weiming Du1, Chang Bao Han

1, Chi Zhang

1, and Zhong Lin Wang

1,2 ()

Nano Res., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1007/s12274-014-0484-1

http://www.thenanoresearch.com on April 18, 2014

© Tsinghua University Press 2014

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Nano Research

DOI 10.1007/s12274-014-0484-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS (TOC)



Li Min Zhang1†, Fei Xue1†, Weiming Du1, Chang Bao

Han1, Chi Zhang1, and Zhong Lin Wang1,2

1Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China.

2School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia

Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

We integrate grating-structured PTENGs into a book as a

self-powered anti-theft sensor, which can effectively convert

mechanical triggering agitated during handling the book pages

into an electric output to either drive a commercial electronic

device or trigger a warning buzzer. Furthermore, different

grating-structures on each page produce different number of

output peaks which can accurately position the turned pages

and record the pages flipped over.

Zhong Lin Wang, http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/



Li Min Zhang1†

, Fei Xue1†


1, Chi Zhang


1,2 ()

†

Received: day month year

Revised: day month year

Accepted: day month year

(automatically inserted by

the publisher)

© Tsinghua University Press

and Springer-Verlag Berlin

Heidelberg 2014

KEYWORDS

paper-based triboelectric

nanogenerator,

self-powered systems,

anti-theft sensor, position,

indium tin oxide

ABSTRACT

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), based on the well-known triboelectric

effect and electrostatic induction effect, has been proven to be a simple, cost

effective approach for self-powered systems to convert ambient mechanical

energy into electricity. We report a flexible and transparent paper-based

triboelectric nanogenerator (PTENG) consisting of an indium tin oxide (ITO)

film and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as the triboelectric surfaces,

which not only acts as an energy supply but also a self-powered active sensor. It

can harvest kinetic energy when the papers contact, bend or relatively slide by a

combination of vertical contact-separation mode and lateral sliding mode. In

addition, we also integrate grating-structured PTENGs into a book as a

self-powered anti-theft sensor. The mechanical triggering agitated during

handling the book pages can be effectively converted into an electric output to

either drive a commercial electronic device or trigger a warning buzzer.

Furthermore, different grating-structures on each page produce different

number of output peaks by relatively sliding, which can accurately act as a page

mark and record the pages flipped over. This work is a significant step forward

in self-powered paper-based devices.

1 Introduction

With the enormous development of the world

technology towards miniaturization, portability and

functionality in the recent years [1-3], sensor

network has been a powerful driving force for the

next phase of information technology. More and

more types of sensors have been widely used in

health monitoring, infrastructure and

environmental monitoring, internet of things and

defense technologies [4-7]. Now a sensor network is

usually integrated by several different functional

sensors and many small electronic devices. A

practical challenge for portable sensor network is

the huge number of batteries used in the system,

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2 Nano Res.

which needs to be recharged, replaced, monitored

and maintained. This will cause not only a

horrendous task but also environmental and health

concerns. A self-powered system aiming at

harvesting energy from the environment [8-11] to

power sensor networks is proposed to offset or even

replace the reliance of small portable electronics on

batteries [2, 12, 13], which will make great

contribution to the whole environment in the next

few decades. So far, portable and renewable human

motion-driven self-powered systems have been

scavenged with diverse approaches based on

piezoelectrics [14-17], electrostatics [18, 19], and

electromagnetics [20, 21]. Recently, triboelectric

nanogenerator (TENG) [22, 23] has been

demonstrated as an efficient device to convert

different types of mechanical energy such as human

motion, vibration, sonic wave, automobile motion

and more into electricity.

Paper has been widely used for thousands of

years in human civilization [24], for the outstanding

advantages of lightweight, cheap, flexible and

environment friendly. Over the past decades,

paper-based functional electronic devices have

opened up a new era of applications in circuits,

chips and sensors. Although the development of

integrated technology has enlarged the range of

applications of paper-based electronic devices, the

fatal weakness for the paper-based systems is too

much dependence on external power supply. Hence

making the paper-based systems work

independently and sustainably has profound

significance. In this paper, we demonstrate a new

type of paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator

(PTENG) using indium tin oxide (ITO) film and

polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as

triboelectric surfaces and it can be made in a book

or any other paper products to harvest kinetic

energy when the papers contact, bend or relatively

slide with the advantages of both transparent and

flexible. In addition, we also integrate

grating-structured PTENGs into a book as a

self-powered anti-theft sensor. The mechanical

triggering agitated during handling the book pages

can be effectively converted into an electric output

to either drive a commercial electronic device or

trigger a warning buzzer. Furthermore, different

grating-structures on each page produce different

number of output peaks, which can accurately

position the turned pages and record the pages

flipped over. This work provides a potential

method to develop the self-powered, durable, cost

effective anti-theft system for books, paintings and

any other flexible materials in the future.

2 Experimental section

2.1 Fabrication of the PTENG

Two pieces of commercial printing paper (33

mm × 33 mm) with a thickness of 0.2 mm were

cleaned and then deposited with a 1 m layer of

ITO on one side to form ITO-paper. Then a layer of

PET film with the thickness of 0.1 mm was adhered

on one piece paper, contacting with the ITO film to

form PET-ITO-paper. Finally, the two parts were

assembled together with the PET film facing to the

ITO film, as shown in Figure 1a. The PTENG was

driven with a linear motor (Linmot E1100) at an

acceleration rate of ±10 m/s2 and the maximum

velocity of 0.6 m/s. The transferred charge and

open-circuit voltage were measured by an

electrometer with very large input resistance

(Kethily, 6514). The short-circuit current of the

PTENG was measured using a Stanford low-noise

current preamplifier (Model SR570).

2.2 Fabrication of a self-powered page mark and

anti-theft sensor based on the PTENG

Grating-structured PTENGs were applied into

each page of a book to form a self-powered

anti-theft sensor. The grating-structured PTENGs

were made on the adjacent pages, as shown in

Figure 4a. The one-grating-structures were adhered

on the even pages, and the multi-grating-structures

were adhered on the odd pages. Assuming the

number of grating is n, the number of odd page is

(2n-1). Each grating has a dimension of 5 mm × 20

mm.

3 Result and discussion

www.theNanoResearch.com∣www.Springer.com/journal/12274 | Nano Research

3 Nano Res.

Figure 1a illustrates the basic structure of the

fabricated PTENG. The lower part is a thin layer of

ITO film deposited on a commercial printing paper,

where the ITO film acts as both the triboelectric

surface and the electrode. The upper part is

fabricated by pasting another layer of PET on the

ITO-deposited paper, where the ITO acts as the

electrode and the PET film acts as the other

triboelectric surface. Then the two components of

the PTENG were assembled together with a whole

size of 33 mm × 33 mm. Figures 1b and 1c are the

SEM images of the cross sectional and the top view

of the ITO film on paper, respectively, which

indicate that a compact structure and smooth

surface of ITO was obtained. The four-point probe

testing also shows that the ITO film has good

conductivity (the electrical resistivity is

approximate 10-4 Ω·cm ).

In general, the PTENG has two basic

working modes according to the former research:

vertical contact-separation mode [25-27] and lateral

sliding mode [28-31]. Figure 1d illustrates the

working principle of the electricity generation

process in contact-separation mode. At original

state, a separation distance is maintained, when an

external force is applied on the device, the ITO and

PET surfaces contact with each other. The charge

affinity of PET film is negative compared with ITO

film, resulting in negative charges at the surface of

the PET film and positive charges at the ITO film.

As the force is withdrawn, the contacting surfaces

move apart and produce an electric potential

difference, which drives electrons in the back side

electrode to flow through the external circuit in

order to compensate the electric field produced by

the triboelectric charges. When the TENG reverts

back to the fully-separated state, positive

triboelectric charges on the ITO electrode are

completely balanced, resulting in an equal amount

of inductive charges on the back electrode.

Subsequently, mechanical force once again applied

on the substrate, leading to an electric potential

difference in a reversed polarity. In consequence,

electrons flow in an opposite direction until a new

equilibrium is established again. This is a full cycle

of the PTENG in vertical contact-separation mode.

A periodic contact and separation drives the

induced electrons go back and forth through the

external circuit. Furthermore, Figure 1e illustrates a

cycle of electricity generation process in lateral

sliding mode. Similarly, the upper film slides in and

out, producing electric potential difference, which

drive electrons flow through the external circuit.

A linear motor, whose sliding displacement

was set as 33 mm, was used to trigger the PTENG

for measuring the electrical output of the PTENG.

Density of the transferred charge (Δσ), open-circuit

voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc)

were measured to characterize the output

performance of the PTENG. The electric output in

the contact-separation mode of the PTENG was

shown in Figures 2a, b and c, in which Δσ was

calculated to be 55 μC/m2. At the fully separation

position, the Voc reached the maximum value of 200

V, when the two surfaces contacted again, the Voc

went back to 0. The Jsc exhibited alternating current

behavior whose peak value was 2.0 mA/m2, and the

output of the device in the sliding mode was shown

in Figures 2d, e and f. The Δσ was 48 μC/m2

transferred back and forth between the two

electrodes when the film slid in and out.

Correspondingly, the maximum Voc was 120 V and

the Jsc was 1.5 mA/m2. The output performance of

the PTENG is not so good as the TENG reported

before [26, 29], which may be caused by a relatively

poor conductivity of ITO film, a rather high

roughness on paper surface or the weak force and

slow speed applied on the triboelectric surface [3].

However, it is enough for a self-powered sensor. A

PTENG was made on a painting acting as a simple

anti-theft sensor as shown in Video S1.

To gain a more quantitative understanding of

the proposed working principle of the two working

modes, a finite element simulation was used to

calculate the potential differences between two

electrodes. The proposed model is based on an ITO

film and a PET film, whose structure and

dimensions (33 mm × 33 mm) are the same as the

practical device. The triboelectric charge density on

the inner surface of PET film was assigned to be -55

μC/m2, and ITO was 55 μC/m2 which was the same


4 Nano Res.

as the measured value shown in Figure 2a. Figure

3a shows the calculation result of the vertical

contact-separation mode in different separation

distances of 0, 17 and 33 mm. It can be observed

that with the increase of the distance, the potential

difference rose and reached 1.08 × 105 V when the

distance is 33 mm, which validated the principle

described in Figure 1d. In a similar way, Figure 3b

simulated a cycle of the process in lateral sliding

mode using finite element simulation.

Correspondingly, the triboelectric charge density on

the inner surface of PET film and ITO was assigned

as -48 μC/m2 and 48 μC/m2 respectively，which was

also the measured value shown in Figure 2d, and

the maximum potential difference was 1.31 × 105

V. The result verified the principle described in

Figure 1e as well.

To illustrate the potential applications of the

paper-based TENG, grating-structured PTENGs

were applied into a book to act as a self-powered

anti-theft sensor, as shown in Figure 4a. This

self-powered grating-structured anti-theft sensor

can work in both contact-separation mode and

lateral sliding mode. Each grating has a dimension

of 5 mm × 20 mm, which of course can be much

enlarged or reduced in dimension. The structure of

PET-ITO-paper was integrated on the even pages

and ITO-paper on the odd pages, meanwhile, all of

the ITO gratings are electrically connected together

as an electrode. At the original position, the

one-grating-structure on even page aligns with the

corresponding multi-grating structure on the odd

page.

To demonstrate the functionality of the

fabricated sensor, we simulate the action of stealing

the book. When a book equipped with our

self-powered anti-theft sensor is touched, it will

work in contact-separation mode with multi-layer

structure. As shown in Figure 4b, the

current-output increased from 30 nA to 300 nA

when the number of layers changed from 1 to 5.

With the number of layers increased, the

current-output would continue to improve. But the

output-voltage almost kept in constant in the whole

process as shown in Figure 4c. Figure 4d indicates

the variation tendency of the peaks of short-circuit

current and open-circuit voltage with the increase

of the layers. Even when the book is lightly touched,

the output of the sensor can drive an electronic

device or trigger a warning buzzer. In our

experiment, an alarming LED was immediately

lighted up as soon as the book is touched, which is

shown in Figure 4e and Video S2. When the

one-grating-structure on the even page slid past the

multi-grating-structure on the odd page, the

measured output signals were depicted in Figure 5

by two kinds of features. Figure 5a illustrated the

current output of imitating the action of flicking of a

page by hands. When the book was turned on the

first page, the upper grating slid from overlap to

separate completely, leading to half a cycle of the

current signal of 25 nA as demonstrated in Figure

5a1. Accordingly, when turned to the third page, the

upper grating slid from the first grating and then

the second grating successively, leading to one and

a half cycle of the current signal corresponding to

three peaks as shown in Figure 5a2. Figure 5a3 - 5a5

represent the output of the 5th, 7th and 9th pages,

correspondingly. Assuming the number of the

lower gratings on the odd pages is n, when the

upper grating on even page slides by the lower

gratings, the number of current output signal peaks

is 2n-1, which is also corresponding to the page

number, conveniently distinguishing the flicking

page. The real-time recording of the pages is shown

in video S3. Furthermore, the open-circuit voltage is

also a reliable parameter to position the book pages

using the numbers of the output voltage peaks

besides the short-circuit current, as shown in Figure

5b. What different from the short-circuit current

signal was that a potential difference produced

when the upper grating slid from overlap to

separate completely on the lower grating on the

first page as depicted in Figure 5b1, which was

determined as one voltage output signal peak. Then

the number of the voltage output signal peaks also

can be expressed as (2n-1) when the number of the

lower gratings on the odd pages is n, which

corresponds to the pages of the book, as shown in

Figure 5b1 - 5b5. Of course, for a book with

hundreds of pages, it is difficult to design enough

gratings in a limit surface area. Thus, changing the


5 Nano Res.

dimension of the gratings is an excellent choice to

make up for the deficiency. For example, from page

1 to 19, the dimension of the gratings is 3 mm × 10

mm, while from page 21 to 39, the dimension is 5

mm × 20 mm. And we can adopt the design of the

Greek numbers using “X” to represent “10” and

“V” for “5” by choosing the size of the grating.

According to the previous research, the magnitude

of the output voltage has a fix relationship with the

distance of the grating passed by, which

corresponds to the width of the grating in our

structure[29, 32]. A finite element simulation with

different sizes (3 mm × 20 mm, 5 mm ×20 mm,

to 11 mm × 20 mm) of films is shown in Figure

5b6, which exhibits that the potential difference

increased with the increase of grating size. If the

sensor was divided into several parts, in which the

number of corresponding gratings remain the same

but the dimension vary, the corresponding pages

would be identified by different magnitude of the

signals although the number of the peaks is the

same. Combining the number of peaks and the

magnitude of the signals, it can be more convenient

to position the book pages and record the signal.

4 Conclusion

In summary, a self-powered and transparent

PTENG consisting of an ITO film and a PET film

was demonstrated on the basis of triboelectric effect

and electrostatic induction effect. It can harvest

kinetic energy when the paper contact, bend or

relatively slide by a combination of vertical

contact-separation mode and lateral sliding mode.

The performance of the triboelectric active sensor

was characterized by static sensing with the

transferred charge and the open-circuit voltage, and

dynamic sensing with the short-circuit current.

Furthermore, grating-structured PTENGs were

integrated into a book as a self-powered anti-theft

sensor system, which can effectively convert the

mechanical triggering agitated during handling the

book pages into an electric output to either drive a

commercial electronic device or trigger a warning

buzzer by working in multi-layer contact-separation

mode. In addition, different grating-structures on

each page produce different number of output

peaks when the gratings relatively slide, which can

accurately position the book pages and record the

pages flipped over. By virtue of simple, light weight,

flexible and environment friendly, this work opens

the door to the investigation of self-powered

paper-based devices.

Acknowledgements

Research was supported by the "thousands talents"

program for pioneer researcher and his innovation

team, China, Beijing City Committee of science and

technology (Z131100006013004, Z131100006013005）.

Electronic Supplementary Material: Videos S1-S3

demonstrate the effects of the PTENG and the

anti-theft sensor discussed in the text. This material

is available in the online version of this article at

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274‐***‐****‐*

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7 Nano Res.

Figures and figure captions

Figure 1.

Figure 1. Working mechanism of the paper-based TENG. (a) A schematic of the basic structure of the TENG composed of the ITO film

and the PET film. The SEM images of (b) the cross sectional and (c) the top view of the ITO film on paper. (d) The sketches that

illustrate the electricity generation process in a full cycle of the contact-separation motion. (e) The sketches that illustrate the electricity

generation process in a full cycle of the sliding motion.


8 Nano Res.

Figure 2.

Figure 2. Output performance of the TENG driven by a linear motor with the displacement of 33 mm and an acceleration of 10 m/s2.

(a) The density of transferred charges (Δσ) under the contact-separation motion. (b)The open-circuit voltage (Voc) under the

contact-separation motion. (c) The short-circuit current density under the contact-separation motion. (d) The density of transferred

charges (Δσ) under the lateral sliding motion.（e）The open-circuit voltage (Voc) under the lateral sliding motion. (f) The short-circuit

current density under the lateral sliding motion.


9 Nano Res.

Figure 3.

Figure 3. Numerical calculations on the induced potential differences between the two electrodes in (a) the contact-separation mode

and (b) the sliding mode.


10 Nano Res.

Figure 4.

Figure 4. Multi-layer grating structure of the sensor worked in contact-separation mode. (a) The structure of the TENG sensor in a

book. (b) The short-circuit currents with different layers. (c) The open-circuit voltage with different layers. (d) The peak values

corresponding to different layers. (e) A photograph shows that the sensor was used to harvest the energy of touching the book by hand

to drive a LED as a warning buzzer.


11 Nano Res.

Figure 5.

Figure 5. The output performance of the paper-based sensor worked in lateral sliding motion. (a1 - a5) The Jsc corresponds to the

number of gratings are 1-5. (a6) The relationship between the pages and the gratings. (b1 - b5) The Voc corresponds to the number of

gratings are 1-5. (b6) The numerical calculations on the induced potential differences between the two electrodes with different

dimensions of gratings, which is similar to represent a “10” by “X” and a “5” by “V” for identifying a large number of pages.


Nano Res.

Electronic Supplementary Material



Li Min Zhang1†

, Fei Xue1†


1, Chi Zhang


1,2 ()

†

Supporting Videos:

Video 1. A PTENG was made on a painting acting as a simple anti-theft sensor to drive a LED.

Video 2. An alarming LED was immediately lighted up as soon as the book was touched.

Video 3. The real-time recording of the pages by short-circuit current.

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