Transhipment in Gulf of Guinea
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Transcript of Transhipment in Gulf of Guinea
FROM LAND TO SEAA CURSE OF SYSTEMATIC CRIME CYCLE
ILLEGAL TRANSSHIPMENT PRACTICE IN THE GULF OF GUINEA
Background
• Resource Curse
• Inequality
• Poverty
Step 1: Oil Theft and Hijacking
• A Culture
• Government backed operation
Step 2: Transshipment
• Pipeline
• Barge
• Coastal Tanker
Step 3: Oil Laundering
• Bunkering
• CO Fraud
Storyline: From land to sea
Why Transship
Legal STS• Due to port handling capability• Replenishment at sea (military)• Amphibious operation (military)
Illegal STS• Legal Goods CO Fraud • Illegal Goods
NORMAL TRANSSHIPMENT PROCESS
Legal Instrument
• RESOLUTION MEPC.186(59)• OIL CARGO must have an approved STS
operational manual based on Chapter 8• STS checklists and Risk Assessment procedure
CONDUCTING SHIP TO SHIP BUSINESS
OIL LAUNDERINGCASE STUDY NIGERIAN RESOUCE CURSE
Resource curse in Nigeria
• 2nd LARGEST ECONOMY IN AFRICA• 5TH LARGEST ECONOMY In The World By 2050 (3g
Citi Group)• 13th Largest Oil Producer• A Market Of 120 Million People
• Production and lifting : 2.8 million barrels of oil a day
• Joint ventures account for approximately 95% of production
• Mostly controlled by Shell, Chevron, BP• independent account for the remaining 5%.
Oil Industry In Nigeria: An Industry Of Prosperity?
THE POWER HOUSE
• Crude Petroleum• Petroleum Gas• Refined Petroleum
Poverty In NigeriaExtreme poverty in oil-rich country
• 70% OF NIGERIAN LIVE ON UNDER 1USD A DAY (Amnesty International)
• 43% Have No Access To Clean Water• Oil Price Very Cheap 3.5 USD/Gallon Or 11.300 IDR/Liter• Nigeria’s oil wealth gets siphoned off by 1% OF THE POPULATION• Since 1960 it is estimated that 300 to 400 billion dollars has been
stolen by corrupt government officials
THE POVERTY
• IT’S NOT RESOURCES CURSE• IT’S GOVERNENCE CURSE
Planned BehaviorPsychological Analysis
Attitude• Law enforcement
• Legal Consequence
Subjective Norm
• Community norm
• The banality of crime
Perspective
• Easy business
• Network centric crime
Oil Theft In NigeriaAn executive summary
• Between 2009-2009 cost about 10.9 bio USD• In 2014 oil theft may cost Nigeria as much as $8 billion a year,• A business of many (politicians, security forces, militants, oil-
industry staff, oil traders and members of local communities)• Blend different grades of oil• Final destination US, CN, west sahara countries, brazil
OIL THEFT EST
Oil Theft In NigeriaAn executive summary
DO IT SAFELY
Source
A BUSINESS OF MANY
General Modus OperandiAn oil laundering
Taping from pipeline
Load into Barge
Transport and stored using small
Tanker
Load into coastal
tanker to the high seas
Load info ocean going
tanker
Final destination / Oil Terminal
Transshipment/STS Transshipment/STS
Transshipment/STS
Transshipment/STS
TRANSHIPMENT MODEL• FROM OIL THEFT (MODEL 1)• Pipeline Barge (River) Small Tanker (coastal) Bigger Tanker (High Seas)
TRANSHIPMENT MODEL• FROM OIL THEFT (MODEL 2)• Pipeline Small Tanker Bigger Tanker
TRANSHIPMENT MODEL• FROM OIL THEFT (MODEL 3)• Pipeline Barge + Tug Boat Foreign Waters
GO INTERNATIONAL
• offload all of its cargo at a single refinery; • offload parts of its cargo at different refineries• offload all or part of its cargo into storage• transfer all or part of its cargo STS to another
vessel• transfer all or part of its cargo STS to multiple
vessels.
Feeling Guilty? Off course notA cycle of global sin
• Blending and storage practices + CO Fraud Export• And then launder their money• Via bulk cash smuggling, delayed deposits, heavy use of
middlemen, shell companies and tax havens, bribery of bank officials.
• Dubai, INDONESIA, India, Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom and Switzerland as money-laundering hotspots
WAIT IT’S NOT THE ENDA MORE COMPLICATED CURSE
MT KERALA
• Payload: 130.000 Ton crude oil• Lokasi terakhir : Anggola• Lokasi Transshipment :
57 KM Barat daya Nigeria
TRANSHIPMENT FROM
HIJACKED VESSEL
•Menghapus identitaskapal
•Memalsukankoordinat/AIS
Vessel Boarding
•Mematikan sistemnavigasi dan komunikasi
•Transfer muatan kecoastal tanker atau barge
Ship to ship transfer •Minyak dijual di pasar
gelap
•Dengan metodesebagaimana dijelaskansebelumnya
Selling
Transshipment Process from Hijacked Vessel
20% OF STOLEN OIL WERE SOLD TO
NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM AGENCY
And it’s propelling Nigerian Political LiveA Governance Curse?