Training Material_3G Overview

8/10/2019 Training Material_3G Overview

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3G Overview

-UMTS Radio Network Planning & Optimization Dept


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Contents

Milestone of Mobile

Communication Development

3G Technology Introduction


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Mobi le Commun icat ion Concept

Mobile communication is the communication betweenmobile bodies or that between mobile body and fixed body.

Mobile communication has some features compared with

fixed communication:

Mobility, keep communicating in the mobile state.

Complicated radio propagation conditions, the phenomenonin propagation path like reflection, refraction, diffraction,

scattering, Doppler Offect, etc.

Heavy noise and interference, includes inter-channel

interference, adjacent channel interference, co-channel

interference, white noise, etc.

Complicated system and network structure.

Efficiency utilization of bandwidth and good performance of

system are needed.


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Evolut ion of Mobi le Communicat ion System

AMPS

TACS

NMT

Others

A

n

a

l

o

g

GSM

CDMAIS95

TDMAIS-136

PDC

Requirement

D

i

g

it

a

l

S

p

e

e

c

h

UMTSWCDMA

CDMA2000

Requirement

Wi

d

e

b

a

n

d

TD-SCDMA

FirstGeneration

(80s)

Analog

SecondGeneration

(90s)

Digital

ThirdGeneration

(2000)

Wideband

Multimedia

Se

r

v

i

c

e


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First Generat ion - Analog Mob i le

Commun icat ion System

Speciality

Application time: 1978--1989, USA AMPS, Europe TACS,

etc.

Innovation: Cell frequency multiplexing method was

introduced, which realized the conversion from big cell to

small cell and solved frequency resource problem.

Characteristic: Duplex (FDD) mode FDMA, voice signal

before radio transmission is analogue signal.

Problem

Low frequency utilization ratio, frequency resource is lack

when subscriber increasing. Service is simplex, onlyprovides voice service. No uniform standard, cant solve

international roaming problem.

This system was replaced at beginning of 90s.


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Second Generat ion - Digi tal Mob i le


GSM Digital System Application Time: 1990---now, The most successful system is European GSM, which occupied most of the

global market.

Innovation: Introduced voice digital processing technology and integrated to TDMA digital communication

system, improved frequency utilization ration (8 slots per carrier), adopted frequency hopping to overcome

signal fading.

Problem: Cant satisfy multi-service requirement; Cant support high data speed; Cant satisfy increasing

capacity requirement.

CDMA Digital System

Narrow band CDMA (IS-95) system, introduced frequency expanding and code division multi access

technology, commercially launched in 1996.

Theory and practice prove that CDMA has unique advantages, such as: higher frequency utilization ratio than

FDMA and TDMA, good encrpytion and strong anti-interference ability.

CDMA started later, market share is much less than GSM, but it developed very fast.


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Third Generation - Wideband Mobi le


Third Generation Digital Communication System (3G) Application time: Beginning of 21th Century, WCDMA,

CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA.

Innovation: Code division multi-access improve

frequency utilization ratio, Multi-bearers support rich high

speed data service.

Problem: 2G market is huge, its still a long way to 3G.


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Techno logy classi f icat ion o f 3G Standard

3GStandard

WCDMA

CN: Based on MAP

TD-SCDMA

CN: Based on MAP

CDMA2000

CN: Based on ANSI-41

CDMA technology is leading of 3G


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WCDMA Standard Evo lut ion

Iu interface introduced

Max. data rate: 2Mbps

R99

R4

R5

R6

2000.3 2001.3 2002.6 Function freezing time

Control and bearingseparating

Multimedia domain (IMS)

introduced

HSDPA introduced in

radio part

HSUPA introduced in radio

part

MBMS

Architecture research


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CDMA2000 Standard Evolu t ion

CS: ANSI-41

PS: mobile IP

Max. date rate:

153.6Kbps

Commercial version:

the end of 2000

1X Release 0

1999 end 2001 beginning 2001.10

1X Release A

2004.3

EV-DO Rev.A

EV-DO Rev.B

2006.2Q

Max. date rate: 307.2Kbps

Voice and data

concurrence

Max. date rate:downlink 3.1M,

uplink 1.8M

Supports data and

VOIP service

concurrently

Max. date rate(20MHz): downlink 73M,

uplink 27M

Max. date rate: 2.4M

Single carrier supports

data service

EV-DO Rev.0


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TD-SCDMA Standard Evo lut ion

LTE TDD

3GPP

Single Carrier LCR

TDD (R4)Single CarrierLCR

TDD (R5)

LCR TDD(R6)

CCSA

MC HSDPA

TD-SCDMA

(R4 2003/03)

Current Near: The end of 2007 Far: After 2010

N Carrier Cell

TD-SCDMA

V2 (R5)

OFDMA TDD

MC-CDMATDD


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3G Standard and B3G Evolut ion

TD-SCDMA

EnhancedTD-SCDMA

2005

R4 R5/6LTE

FDD/TDDHSDPA

Phase1

HSUPA

Phase1

HSDPA

Phase2

HSUPA

Phase2

MBMSWCDMA

R4

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 After 2009

R5 R6

CDMA

1X

EV-DO 0 EV-DO A

BCMCSAIE

Phase 2

AIE

Phase1

NDO

3GPP 4G

3GPP2 4G

WiMAX

802.16d

WiMAX

802.16e


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Contents

Milestone of Mobile

Communication Development



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WCDMA Introduction

CDMA2000 Introduction

TD-SCDMA Introduction

Comparison among 3G Technology



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WCDMA Standard Evo lut ion

Iu interface introduced

Max. data rate: 2Mbps

Commercial version:

2001.6+CR

R99

R4

R5

R6

2000.3 2001.3 2002.6 Function freezing time

Control and bearingseparating

Multimedia domain (IMS)

introduced

HSDPA introduced in

radio part

HSUPA introduced in radio

part

MBMS

Architecture research


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R99 techno logy analysis

The afterward compatibility to the exist products is fully considered.

CS and PS are borne and performed separately, and separately access

to the PSTN and public data network, to ensure the operating ability of

technology to the exist network fundamentally.

Ensure the QoS of real time service.

The maturity caused by adopting TDM networking technology.

It is a transition version, has the inherent defect caused by afterward

compatibility and the requirement of quick networking.

Havent resolved the problem of smooth evolution fundamentally,

therefore it is possible that the investment will be wasted in a certain

extent.

Advantages

Problems


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WCDMA R4 Basic Structu re

AuC

GGSN

InternetPSTN

Other

PLMN

SGSN GGSN

Node B Node B

Iu-CS

RNC

Iu-PSGbA

Gs

Gr

Gn

GcC

D

Gp

Iub

BTS BTS

BSC

Abis

Um Uu

RNC Iur

CS

domainPS

domain

Node B

Iub

Nb

NcMGW

GMSC

Server

Mc

MSCServer/

VLR

Mc

H

HLR

MGW

Gi


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R4 techno logy analysis

The idea of NGN system architecture is embodied on CN network.

CS domain is evolved from the TDM central node switching mode to a

typical packet voice distributed architecture, and the service logic is

separated from the bearing layer.

The flexibility of service expanding is improved by separating of network

structure. Network flatting enables the reduction of transmission

bottleneck and the smooth evolution to afterward version.

The commercial trial applications is still few, the operators and venders

still need a period of time to accumulate the experience of operating a

new network.

A lot of new problem need to be concerned and resolved, for example,

the security of IP network, QoS, etc.

Advantages

Problems


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WCDMA R5 Basic Structu re

MGW

MSCServer

MGW

SGSN

UTRAN

T-SGW

MGCF

R-SGW

MRFP

PSTNLegacy/External

GMSCServer

HSS

R-SGW

CSCF

Cx

Ms Mw

MgMr

Gi

Gi

IMS-MGW

Mc

Mc McCD

Mh

Mh

T-SGW

PSdomain

IP multimedia domain

CS domain

Iu

Gr

Gi

HSSCSCF

GGSN


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CN Struc ture Evolut ion from R4 to R5

CS PS

R4 CN

CS

Earlier R5 CN

PSTN PSTN

Later R5 CN

IMS

PSTN

MGWSGSN

GGSNGMGW

HLR

GMSCServer

MSCServer

CS PS

PS

GGSN

SGSN

GMGW

MGWMSCServer

GMSCServer

PS

GGSN

SGSN

IMS

CSCFMGCF

HSS IM-MGW CSCFIM-MGW

MGCFHSS

RNS RNSRNS


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WCDMA Key Techno logy - RAKE Receiver

CDMA receiver can improve S/N of receiving signal by

combining multi-path signal since there is useful informationin each multi-path signal.

RAKE receiver receives each multi-path signal by relative

detector and combines them together.

d1 d2

d3

RAKE receiver effectively overcomes multi-path interference,

improves receiver performance


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receiver

Single

receiving

Single

receiving

Single

receiving

Searcher

Calculator

the strength

and delay of

signal

combining Signal after

combining

tt

s(t) s(t)

RAKE Receiv ing Princ iple


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WCDMA Key Technology Mult ip le User

Detect ion

WCDMA is a multi-user access communication system.Analysis shows, multi-path interference and noise in

the channel have different statistic characteristic.

Multi-path interference has characteristic as:foreseeable, reproducible

The aim of multi-user detection is to decrease multi-

path interference to 0 by combining useful informationof each user and taking certain signal processing

measure.


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Mult i -User Detect ion Techno logy

The current CDMA receiver is based on RAKE principle, which

looks other users interference as noise. Capacity of the CDMA system based on RAKE is limited by

interference.

Optimal receiver jointly detects all signal, and removes other

users interference from expected signal. (signal characteristic

and interference are certain.)

Multi-user detection is named as joint-detection and

interference cancellation, which decrease multi-path

interference so as to improve system capacity.

Multi-user detection can remove far-near effection problem.

Optimal multi-user detection is very complex, less optimal multi-

user detection and interference cancellation receiver is used inpractice.


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Optimal Mu lt i -User Detector

Optimal detector is composed of the K matched filtersand the following Viterbi algorithm.

The complexity has an exponential relationship with

the number of users.

Matched Filter1Synch. Z1i

Matched Filter2Synch Z2i

Matched Filter kSynch Zki

Viterbi Algorithm

b1i

b2i

bki

r(t)


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Linear Deco rrelat ing Detector

Decorrelating detector equals the multi-path interference to one

channels transmission response matrix, which is the relative

matrix R between codes.

The complexity has an exponential relationship with the number of

users.

Matched Filter1

Matched Filter2

Matched Filter k

Linear

Conv

ersion

R1

b1

b2

bk

r(t)

Bit judgement

Bit judgement

Bit judgement


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HSDPA h igh speed downl ink packet access

technology

HSDPA - high speed downlink packet accesstechnology, is order to provide a packet oriented

radio wideband access service for WCDMA

which has high performance cost ratio, high

downlink data rate and low delay.

HSDPA started from 2000-3, and its R5 was

finished in 2003-6.

Small modification on R99/R4 structure.

Fully comply 3GPP R99/R4/R6/R7, etc.

Can work in WCDMA FDD/TDD-HLR/TDD-LCR

mode.

HSDPA, high performance cost ratioDownlink peak data rate per cell:

14.4Mbps

Multiple users sharing one cell: 230

users in theory

Low cost: Small modification on R99

structure

3G R99

4G


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HSDPA/HSUPA Standard Evo lut ion

2002.6 2004.6 2005.10-12

Standardfrozen

Newest version

2004.12 2008

Newestversion

Standardfrozen

2006.3 2007

HSDPA14.4Mbps

HSUPA5.76Mbps

HSPA+

28M/12M

LTE

100M/50M

HSPA fully reflects the good evolving nature of WCDMA technology


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WCDMA Introduction






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CDMA2000 Standard Evolu t ion

-HDR based- IS-856

-2.4Mbps

IS-95B

cdma2000Revision 0

cdma2000Revision A

cdma2000Revision B

cdma2000Revision C

IS-95A

cdma2000Revision D

-simultaneous voiceand data

-307kbps-enhance reverseaccess-variable rate of SCH-diversity

-shorter frame sizes-DCCH-short data burst

1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

-overlay AMPS-Voice quality-efficiency/capacity-14.4kbps

-64kbps-ImprovedSHO

-double capacity-153kbps

-Rescuechannel

-1xEV-DV(forwardlink)-3+Mbps- AKA

-1xEV-DV(reversed link)- 1.8Mbps-BCMCS-Fast call setup

cdma20001xEV-DO

Rev-0

3GPP2 Standard evolution path

cdma20001xEV-DO

Rev-A

2004


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CDMA2000 1X network arch itectu re

95 BTS

1X BTS1X EV-DO BTS

1X EV-DV BTS

(Partially

upgrade,

smooth

evolution)

Abis

Other BSC

PSTN

IP network

HLR

Local AAABSC

Local agency

HAFirewall

Agency AAA

SS7 networkMSC/VLR

HLR/AUC

PDSN

(FA)

95 terminal

1X terminal

1XEV terminal

BTS

Radio

Interface

MS

Visit AAA

BTS

BTS

MS

MS


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CDMA2000 1X EV-DO Basic Featu re

Dedicated 1.25MHz carrier for data service. Downlink speed is from 38.4kbps to 2.4Mbps, uplink speed is from

9.6kbps to 153.6kbps.

Same radio frequency characteristic as 1X/IS-95.

Adopt a series of optimized technology dedicated for data

transmission in radio link.


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Key Techno logy 1: Forward Channel Time

Div is ion Mult ip lexer

In EV-DO, forward channel is shared by all users as a broad

channel. The minimum unit is slot. One slot can be assigned to one user

for data transmission or for overhead message (named as

active slot), it also can be in idle state without transmitting any

data (named idle slot).

AT 2AT 1

BS 1

AT 3AT 4

BS 2


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Key Technology Schedu l ing arithmetic

Duo to the time diversity multiplexing of forward service channel, in a

certain time, which user is selected to send data to, is determined bythe scheduling strategy of scheduler of the forward channel:

Most simple strategy: Round Robin.

If the strategy is to ensure the maximal throughput of the whole sector,

then the AT which request the highest speed will win the priority of

data transmitting.

If the strategy is to balance the throughput and the fairness, then the

total data throughput of AT in the last period must be considered.


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Key technology Forward vir tual handover

AP1

AP4

AP2

AP3

AP1 AP2

Time

Serving AP

t1

ServingAP change

The forward data of current cell

Pilot/MAC on FWD link

Pilot/DRC/ACK/Traffic on REV Link

(APs in ATs active set)

The forward data from AP2 after handover


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Key Technology Adapt ive Modu lat ion and

Coding

1xEV-DO system can automatically adjust the data rate of forwardchannel (from 38.4 kbps to 2.4576Mbps), modulation mode

(QPSK8-PSK16QAM) and Turbo coding rate (2/3, 1/3, 1/5)

according to the changing situation of forward channel. The

relative high class of speed will be used in good situation and the

relative low class of speed will be used in bad situation.

Forward channel Adaptive adjustment mechanism, is ceaselessly

to detect the situation of forward channel via AT, and response

these information to the network in 600Hz updating speed by DRC

channel, then the network determine the class of speed in the next

time slot according to these information.


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Key technology Hyb rid ARQ

A 153.6kbps physicallayer data packet is

constituted by 4 time slots.

And it is sent by whole 4

time slots.

A 153.6kbps sending

packet is constituted by 4

time slots. And it is sentby only 3 time slots.


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Key Technology Reverse channel enhanced

The interference demodulation can be utilized in network by usingreverse pilot channel.

Use size fixed frame structure (16slots), Turbo coding with low

coding rate (1/2 and 1/4).

The reverse channel speed can be from 9.6kbps to 153.6kbps, and

a special channel (RRI) is used to indicate the reverse channel

speed, to avoid the judgment of speed in network side.

The distributed reverse speed dynamic assigning, the AT will

decide its transmitting speed by itself according to the quantity of

sending data, the maximal speed limitation and the busy or idle of

reverse channel (RAB).


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CDMA2000 Commercializat ion Process

First IS-95

Commercial network

First 1X

Commercial network

First EV-DO

Rev.A trial network

1995-9-28 2000-10-1 2002-1-28 2006.7

Hutchison HK

SKT Corea

SKT Corea

First EV-DO

Rev. 0 Commercial

network

USCC USA

Quick developing Stable increasingMarket breeding
http://www.orangehk.com/


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WCDMA Introduction






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Time slot frame stru ctu re of TD-SCDMA radio

interface

Frequency

Time

Powerdensity

(CDMA

CODES)

1.6 MHz

0

:

15

TS0

2. Carrier (optional)

3. Carrier (optional)

TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6

DL DL DL DLUL UL UL

5 ms

DwPTS UpPTS

GP

DL


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TD-SCDMA Basic Struc ture

AuC

GGSN

InternetPSTN

SGSN

Other

PLMN

GGSN

Node B Node B

Iu-CS

RNC

Iu-PS

GbA

Gs

GrGn

GcC

D

Gp

Iub

BTS BTS

BSC

Abis

Um Uu

RNC Iur

CS

domainPS

domain

Node B

Iub

Nb

Nc

MGW

GMSC

Server

Mc

MSC

Server/VLR

Mc

H

HLR

MGW

Gi


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Key technolog y - TDD

TDD technology is more easy to implement the new technologies

like Smart Antenna, MUD via utilizing the channel parameters of

uplink channel estimating.

TDD technology can improve the downlink capacity via adjusting

uplink and downlink handover point.

No requirement of isolation between receiving and sending, the

transceiver can be implemented within one IC chip.

TDD

Uplink and downlink in the same

bandwidth

D U D D D D D

FDD

Uplink and downlink in separated

bandwidths

D D D D D D

U

U Uplink D Downlink Unused


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Key techno logy - Smart Antenna

The power is distributed in

the whole cell.

The system interference is

relative high.

With SA The receiving and transmitting of

signal points to the given terminal.

The system interference is reducedeffectively.

The link budget is optimized.

The transmitting power is reduced.

Without SA


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Key technolog y - MUD

Firstly, estimate the channel swashing response of all users, and then,

detect the signal of all users concurrently by utilizing the known spreadfrequency code, scrambling code and channel estimation of all users,

remove the interference between symbols (ISI) and the interference

between users (MAI), therefore, to realize the target of improving signal

quality of user.


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Key technology Baton handover

Baton Handover

Is one of the core technologies of TD

mobile communication system.

Design idea: get the position and

distance information of UE by utilizing SA,

and use uplink pre-synchronization

technology concurrently.

Via using uplink pre-synchronization

technology, get the uplink channel

transmitting time and power information

which will appear after handover in

advance, therefore, realize the target of

deducing the handover time, improving

the success rate of handover and

reducing the dropping rate of handover.

Node B_A Node B_B

Node B_A Node B_B

Node B_A Node B_B


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TD-SCDMA indus tr ializat ion scale

8 council members + 6 un-council

members + 7 new members

More than 400 members

Chinese enterprises fully master the core technologies, foreign enterprises take part in

actively.

6 top operators have taken part in the TD-SCDMA MTNet test and special case test.

The CMCC is deploying the TD-SCDMA network in the cities which will undertake the

Olympic Games.


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WCDMA Introduction






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Compar ison of 3 Leading 3G Technology

WCDMA TD-SCDMA CDMA2000

Carrier Interval 5M*2 1.6M 1.25M*2

Chip rate 3.84Mc/s 1.28Mc/s N*1.228Mc/s

Duplex mode FDD TDD FDD

Frame size 10ms 10ms (sub-frame 5ms) 20ms

Spreading way DS-CDMA DS-CDMA DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA

Channel coding Convolution codesTurbo

codes

Convolution codesTurbo codes Convolution codesTurbo codes

Modulation mode QPSK/BPSK QPSK/8PSK QPSK/BPSK

Power control Open-loop and fast closed-

loop

Open-loop and closed-loop Open-loop and fast closed-loop

Power control speed 1500/s 200/s 800/s

Base station

synchronization

Synchronization/Asynchronou

s

Synchronization Synchronization

Commercialization high low mid


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Summary

Considering of the commercialization, WCDMA has the most mature specification, the

most definite process for technology evolution is, the most popular industry union, andalso the most mature applications in the world.

CDMA2000, has afterward compatibility, and prior chance to the CDMA network market.

But the process of technology evolution is not definite, and the technology is

monopolized.

TD-SCDMA can support unsymmetrical service in downlink and uplink by adjusting

downlink and uplink resource in the time domain, and has high spectrum utilization. But

the commercialization of it is low, and its network performance still need to be validated

in the real networking environment.


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Training Material_3G Overview

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