Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Moving Target

Jeffrey R. Brook Environment and Climate Change Canada

University of Toronto

Health Effects Institute 2018 Annual Conference

Chicago

Page 2 – 9 mai 2018

A Target that moves in time and space

On multiple scales

Black carbon trend – last half century 1950s

2000s

1963 Clean Air Act

1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Control Act (1968)

1970 Clean Air Act

Kirchstetter et al, Atmos Environ (AE), 2017

Page 4 – 9 mai 2018

Long-Term Trend in Black Carbon in Canadian Cities

Clean Air Act – stationary (industrial) and mobile sources

Canada-US Air Quality Agreement

Catalytic Converters

Cleaner fuels Cleaner Power Plants (US) 2007

2010 Diesel

EC – Elemental Carbon (blackness) on fine particles (PM2.5)

Vehicle inspection

Courtesy of NAPS (D. Johnson) EC = elemental carbonCOH = coefficient of haze

Page 5 – 9 mai 2018

Mobile labs can bring much detail

• Resolve the spatial pattern in the urban background concentrations• Within and between neighborhood/grid variations• Isolate local hotspots, survey unmonitored areas

Long-range transportContribution from surrounding region

Contribution from the urban area

local hot spots (traffic, industrial, burning, etc.)

CRUISER

Page 6 – 9 mai 2018

Recent Mixtures (Montréal 2009) NO2 PNC BC

Summer Winter

Levy et al. Environ Health Perspect 2014 NO2 = nitrogen dioxidePNC = Particle number concentrationBC = black carbonUFP = ultrafine particles

Mixtures today (Toronto, 2015-16)

NO2 Black Carbon Ultrafine particles

Benzene Isocyanic acid Hydrogen Cyanide

On-road plume-based emission factors of ‘unmeasured species’

Wren et al, Atmos Chem & Physics, submitted

Page 8 – 9 mai 2018

region covered by CRUISER

Toronto and

Lake Ontario

Benzene at Intermodal Freight Hubs

-0.1

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

123456789101112131415161718192021

95th Percentile50th PercentileMean5th Percentile

A local hotspot

Air pollution coming in

W E

Ben

zene

(ppb

)

Joe et al., Bul Am. Met Soc., 2018

Page 9 – 9 mai 2018

California Goods Movement Policy

Su et al. ES&T 2017

21 ppb

12 ppb 10 ppb

4 ppb

5 ppb

5 ppb

NO2:1.3 ppb

NOx:10.2 ppb

vs. control areas

Page 10 – 9 mai 2018

Effect of DPF on Vascular Function

Lucking et al., Circulation, 2011 DPF = diesel particulate filter

Page 11 – 9 mai 2018

Toronto and Vancouver Near Road Network

NAPS 60430: 167 m 401 NR Station <10 m

400,000 AADT

Port

AADT = annual average daily trafficNR = near-roadNAPS = National Air Pollution Surveillance

Page 12 – 9 mai 2018

Vancouver – Toronto NO and NO2 Near Road Site Comparisons

Data courtesy of NAPs (D. Herod et al.)

Page 13 – 9 mai 2018

Vancouver – Toronto Black Carbon Near Road Site Comparisons

NR-TOR-1 WeekendNR-VAN Weekend

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

BC

(µg/

m3 )

Clark (Vancouver)

401 (Toronto)

Near road

Local background

NR-TOR-1 WeekdayNR-VAN Weekday

Data courtesy of NAPs (D. Herod et al.)

Page 14 – 9 mai 2018

Toronto and Vancouver Near Rd Network

400,000 AADT

Port

NAPS 60430: 167 m 401 NR Station <10 m

AADT = annual average daily trafficNR = near-roadNAPS = National Air Pollution Surveillance

Page 15 – 9 mai 2018

U.S. Near-road network observations

DeWinter et al. Atmos. Env. 2018

AADT Range of traffic counts 75-320 (x103)

Range of monitoring site distances to road 2-50 m

2014-15

AADT = annual average daily traffic

Page 16 – 9 mai 2018

Exposure vs. fleet characteristics

Jon Wang, U Toronto PhD Thesis 2018

Page 17 – 9 mai 2018

Comparison of ozone is one example of how the mixtures can be different

Data courtesy of NAPs (D. Herod et al.) NR = near-roadNAPS = National Air Pollution Surveillance

Page 18 – 9 mai 2018

Near-road changes PM2.5 composition

Zhang et al., Atmos. Env. 2016

Page 19 – 9 mai 2018

Nature of traffic particles changing

34 m 285 m

SW wind NW wind

SVOC: 0.7 µg/m3

EC: 0.5 µg/m3

Zhang et al., Atmos. Env. 2016

(Q)

(QD)

SVOC = semi-volatile organic compoundsEC = elemental carbonSW wind = wind from southwestNW wind = wind from northwest

Page 20 – 9 mai 2018

Tailpipe PM2.5 and NO2

Levy et al. ACP 2014

% increase in BC same as HOA

NO2 = nitrogen dioxideCO = carbon monoxideHOA = hydrocarbon-like organic aerosolPM25 = PM2.5 = particulate matter <2.5 micrometers in diameterBC = black carbon

Page 21 – 9 mai 2018

Changing Gasoline Engine (GDI) Technology – near term

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Emis

sion

fact

or (μ

g C/

km)

EC OC

IM NI En IM NI En IM NI En0FTP-75 FTP-72 US06

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Emis

sion

fact

or (μ

g C/

km)

EC OC

IM NI En IM NI En IM NI En0FTP-75 FTP-72 US06

0

200

400

600

800

Emis

sion

fact

or (μ

g C/

km) EC OC

IM NI En IM NI En IM NI En0FTP-75 FTP-72 US06

Port-fuel Injected Volvo S40

GDI Hyundai Sonata

GDI+GPF Hyundai Sonata

Zhang et al. (in prep.)

GDI = Gasoline direct injectionGPF = Gasoline particulate filter

Page 22 – 9 mai 2018

Very Near Road Evolution in Particles

GDI – Ford Focus

Zimmerman et al. ES&T 2016 GDI = Gasoline direct injection

Page 23 – 9 mai 2018

Changing nature of the mixture with Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)

Zimmerman et al. ES&T 2016

Page 24 – 9 mai 2018

Longer term changes in the mixture

Years

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40

[X]

Page 25 – 9 mai 2018

Closing Remarks

• Although considerable similarity in the major pollutants inTRAP there is potential for large diversity in the details inthe exposures attributed to simple indicators

• Given the inherent limitations in epidemiological studies,especially variations in precision in determining individualexposures, are there novel study designs remaining to beattempted to capitalize on TRAP mixture variability togain new insight?

• What types of insight are most-needed to inform policyand other measures to reduce risk?

– In light of the fleet on/off roads todayTRAP = traffic-related air pollution

Page 26 – 9 mai 2018

Acknowledgements

S. Wren, D. Herod, D. Johnson, J. Liggio, J. Wentzell, R. L. Mittermeier, K. Hayden, G. Lu, E. Seed

THANK YOU

NO2