Traditional Distribution

Electronic Distribution

User

User

User

LibraryFloridaEntomologist

Issues

Reprints

FTP

Publishers

Individual subscriptions

Institutions’staff and affiliated personnel

Everyone else

Editing, reviewing, composing

SubscriptionsSite

Licenses

$ $$$

Creditcards

Internetaddresses

Usernamesand

passwords

Subscr.

Pay Per View

Site L.

$

Fee Access

Publishers Editing, reviewing, composing Everyone on the Internet

Authors and/ortheir institutions

$$

Free Access

What is OA?

OA is immediate, permanent, toll-free, online access to the full contents of peer-reviewed journal articles.

Stages in publication

1) Manuscript (=“preprint”) submitted2) Peer review and decision as to publication 3) Author’s final draft (peer-reviewed) submitted

[Content complete.]

Stages in publication

1) Manuscript (=“preprint”) submitted2) Peer review and decision as to publication 3) Author’s final draft (peer-reviewed) submitted

[Content complete.]4) If final draft accepted, copyright transfer

usually requested5) Copyright signed away (in whole or in part)6) Copy editing, formatting, proofing7) Version of record (print and/or pdf)

Copyright rights

Right to make copiesRight to publicly distribute copiesRight to prepare derivative worksRight to deny others these rights

Who has copyright to journal articles?

Authors own all rights to the preprintThe final submitted manuscript is a

derivative work

Who has copyright to journal articles?

Authors own copyright to their preprints.The final submitted manuscript is a

derivative workTo publish an article, publishers need

only a nonexclusive right to make and publicly distribute copies.

Yet many publishers ask for permanent transfer of all rights.

Two paths to OA

Journal publishers make articles OA= “Gold” OA

Versions of gold OA

1) New journal established as fully OA(e.g., Journal of Insect Science)

2) Traditional journal transforms to fully OA journal

(e.g., Florida Entomologist, in 1994)

3) Traditional journal sells OA by the article (=“hybrid OA”)

(e.g., Entomological Society of America journals, starting in 2000)

Two paths to OA

Journal publishers make articles OA= “Gold” OA

Authors make articles OA = “Green” OA= Self-archiving

Variables in green OA

Place of deposit Central or subject repository (e.g. PubMed Central) Institutional repository Author’s home page

Version deposited Author’s peer-reviewed manuscript PDF of version of record

Motivation for deposit Author’s initiative Mandates

Q

OA tipping point reached in 2008?

Four indicators

1) Rates of increases2) A funder mandate3) Institutional mandates4) UF pilot repository

Increases in OA journals and Institutional Repositories in 2008

OA journals +27% (to 3,812)

Institutional Repositories +28% (to 1,296)

Items in IRs +45% (to

7,532,473)

Yet ~85% of 2008 articles still not OA.

Source: SPARC Open Access Newsletter (2 Jan 2009).

Why authors don’t self-archive

Lack of understanding of the benefits? (OA maximizes accessibility, usage, and citation impact.)

Concern that it might be illegalConcern that it might put acceptance by

their preferred journal at riskConcern that it might take a lot of time

NIH OA mandate(signed into law 26 Dec 2007)

All NIH-supported investigators must submit to PubMed Central electronic versions of their final peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication, to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after official date of publication.

Implementation must be in a manner consistent with copyright law.

How NIH mandate addresses copyright issues

1) Researcher receives funding from NIH2) As a condition of funding, researcher agrees

to deposit any resulting paper in PMC3) Researcher offers paper to journal on the

understanding that journal will allow PMC deposit

4) Any transfer of copyright must include the right of the author to deposit paper in PMC

5) If journal will not comply, author must find one that will.

Institutional OA mandates

Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences (FAS)(unanimous, Feb 2008)

Harvard Law School (unanimous, June 2008) Stanford School of Education (unanimous, June 2008) Considering mandates in 2009

Harvard Medical School Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences University of California Colorado State University University of Colorado at Boulder Brigham Young University University of New Hampshire Rollins College and others yet to be made public

Harvard’s FAS OA mandate

Authors grant Harvard “permission to make available” their scholarly articles and to “exercise the copyright” in those articles.

What is granted is a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license to exercise any and all rights under copyright.

Harvard’s FAS OA mandate

Authors grant Harvard “permission to make available” their scholarly articles and to “exercise the copyright” in those articles.

What is granted is a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license to exercise any and all rights under copyright.

Each faculty member “will provide an electronic copy of the final version” of each article to the Provost’s office.

Dean “will waive application of the policy for a particular article upon written request by a Faculty member explaining the need.”

ScholARchive: UF’s Pilot Repository

Principals were EYN, FCLA, and UF Libraries. Four EYN faculty uploaded full texts of 25

articles to a pilot IR at http://eprints.fcla.edu/. Participants were Marc Branham, Dan Hahn, Oscar Liburd, and Tom Walker.

ScholARchive: UF’s Pilot Repository

Principals were EYN, FCLA, and UF Libraries. Four EYN faculty uploaded full texts of 25

articles to a pilot IR at http://eprints.fcla.edu/. Downloading, mostly through Google, started in

Mar 2007 and increased suddenly in Oct 2007. By 7 Jan 2008, downloads averaged 159 per

article. (Range was 0 to 474.)

Participants were Marc Branham, Dan Hahn, Oscar Liburd, and Tom Walker.