Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants

Tasks for vegetation science 28

Series Editors HELMUT LIETH HAROLD A. MOONEY

University of Osnabriick, F.R. G. Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., U.S.A.

Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants

Voi. 2 Agriculture and forestry under marginal soil water conditions

Proceedings of the Jirst ASWAS conference December 8-15, 1990 at the United Arab Emirates University

Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

Held under the patronage of HH Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan

edited by

HELMUT LIETH University of Osnabruck, Germany

and AHMED A. AL MASOOM

University ofthe United Arab Emirates, Al Ain, UAE

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ASWAS Conference (lst : 1990 : Al Ain University) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant

plants.

(Tasks for vegetation science ; 27-28) "Held under the patronage of H.H. Sheikh Zayed Bin

Sultan al Nahyan." Includes index. Contents: v. 1. Deliberations about high salinity

tolerant plants and ecosystems -- v. 2. Agriculture and forestry under marginal soil water conditions.

1. Salt-tolerant crops--Congresses. 1. Lieth, Helmut. II. Al Masoom, Ahmed. III. Title. SB317.S25A89 1990 631.5'8 92-22601 ISBN 978-94-010-4822-4 ISBN 978-94-011-1860-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1860-6

Printed on acid-free paper

AII Rights Reserved

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1993 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or

utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

inc1uding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and

retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Table of Contents

Preface to Volume 2 of the AI Ain Symposium

Quotations of the Sheiks

General studies for the improvement of salinity tolerance of plants

Physiological responses of crops to sea water: Minimizing constraints that limit yield by M.e. Shannon, F.N. Dalton & S.F. El-Sayed

Plant responses to drought and salinity stresses

by L. Boersma, Yongsheng Feng & Xiaomei Li

Utilization of Triticeae for improving salt tolerance in wheat

by J. Gorham & R.G. Hiyn Jones

A practical approach to improving salinity tolerance in winter cereals

by S. Jana

Control of wheat leaf growth under saline conditions by H. Arif & A.D. Tomos

Salt tolerant Rhizobia from wild legumes and nitrogen fixation in groundnut in semiarid tropics

by L. V. Gangawane & P.B. Salve

Growing different field crops under high salinity levels and utilization of genetically engineered Rhizobia and Azotobacter salt and drought tolerant strains by M. T. El-Saidi & A.M.M. Ali

Effects of salinity on plant diseases development by M. Besri

Isozymes in population genetic studies by H. Hurka

Improvement of salt tolerance in plants by in vitro selection at the cellular level by J. Bouharmont, N. Beloualy & V. van Sint Jan

Field studies to analyse salinity tolerance of conventional crops

Grain crops

Possibilities of using brackish water for crop production by M.R. Chaudhry, M. Abaidullah, M.A. Hamid & M.S. Rafique

Effect of irrigation water quality on wheat grown on a calcareous soil by M.S. Omran, N.A. Bayoumi, M.A. Negm & S. Y. Montasser

Effect of some nitrogen forms and levels on barley tolerance to salinity

by R.A. Abo-Elenin, WE. Ahmed & I.A. Ahmed

v

IX

xi

3

13

27

35

45

53

59

67

75

83

89

91

107

115

VI

Interactive effects of salinity and both forms and levels of nitrogen fertility on growth and yield of barley by /'A. Ahmed, R.A. Abo-Elenin & w.E. Ahmed

Root temperature and salinity: Interacting effects on tillering, growth, and sodium content of barley by A. MozaJar & i.i. Oertli

Mechanisms of salinity tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

by M. Aslam, R.H. Qureshi & N Ahmad

Effect of soil management on the NPK uptake and rice production in saline-alkali soil at Sharkia Governorate by M. Wagdi Abdel Hamid, A.A. Shiha, S.A. Hammad & S.M. Metwally

Salt tolerance of rice and cotton crops grown in salt affected soils by A.A. El Falaky & M.A. Rady

Salt tolerance of grain sorghum by Abdel-Hamid M. Hassanein & A.M. Azab

Legumes and Fodder crops

Use of saline water for crop production by M. Rashid, H.M. Bhatti, NY. Nadeem & M.R. Gill

Performance of selected tropical food legumes in a dry environment by U.R. Sangakkara

Salt tolerance in the Edkawy tomato by S.M.H. Sarg, R.G. HYn iones & F.A. Omar

Salt tolerance of tomato cultivars as affected by irrigation time by M.e. Shannon, F.N Dalton & S.F. El-Sayed

Salt tolerance of Beta vulgaris L.: A comparison of the growth of seabeet and fodderbeet in response to salinity by i. Rozema, S.H. Zaheer, B.H. Niazi, H. Linders & R. Broekman

Response of some sugar beet varieties to potassic fertilizers under salinity conditions by A.A. Kandi!

Productivity of fodder beet grown under saline conditions in Sinai by N/' Ashour & G.M. Yakout

Studies of salt-tolerance and chemical analysis of fodder shrubs in Egypt and Utah (USA) by A.H. Belal, A.M. Rammah, M.S. Hopkin, L.D. Hansen & E.D. McArthur

Woody plants

Performance of date palm in saline alkali soils of Thar desert in Western Rajasthan by A. Chandra

121

129

135

139

147

153

157

171

177

185

193

199

209

213

221

vii

Tolerance range of Populus pruinosa on saline soils of South Tadjikistan by v.N. Vtorova, L.B. Kholopova & Y.G. Puzachenko 225

High salinity tolerance of Eucalyptus and interactions with soil and plant nematodes of pathogenic significance by Sandeep K Malhotra & Ashok K. Chaubey 239

Utilization of salt tolerant plants from arid wastelands of Northwest India as fuel and fodder by R.K. Gupta 247

Performance of selected tree species under saline-sodic field conditions in Pakistan by R.H. Qureshi, S. Nawaz & T. Mahmood 259

Reclamation potentials of saline degraded lands in Abu Dhabi eastern region using high salinity-tolerant woody plants and some salt marsh species by Forestry Department, Abu Dhabi 271

Trials on energy plantation on waste land by M. Madan, S. Sharma & R. Vimal 275

Salt resistance of bald cypress by K. lavanshir & K. Ewell 285

Field trials with new salinity tolerant crops 293

Studies on selection of salt-tolerant plants for food, fodder and fuel from world flora by R. Ahmad & S. Ismail 295

Considerations for the selection, adaptation, and application of halophyte crops to highly saline desert environ­ments as exemplified by the long-term development of cereal and forage cultivars of Distichlis spp. (Poaceae) by N.P. Yensen & l.L. Bedell 305

Response of four species of A triplex to irrigation with highly saline water in Upper Egypt by M. Abd El Razek 315

Preliminary evaluation of Salicornia production and utilization in Kuwait by l.J. Riley & M. Abdal 319

On the ecology of luncus acutus and l. rigidus as fiber producing halophytes in arid regions by M.A. Zahran, M.A. El-Demerdash & I.A. Mashaly 331

Rubber Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), a multi-use desert shrub by D.J. Weber, D.l. Hegerhorst, R.B. Bhat & E.c. McArthur 343

Analyses of soil and water conditions under elevated salinities 351

Saline irrigation practices and management by A. Hamdy Farag 353

Water management strategies for salinity control by l. van Schilfgaarde 371

Practices to control salinity in irrigated soils by l.D. Rhoades 379

Vlll

Water quality criteria for irrigation with highly saline water by D.L. Suarez & l. Lebron

Effect of soil management on some physical and chemical properties of salt-affected soil by M. Wagdi Abdel Hamid, A.A. Shiha, E.E. Kaoud & S.M. Metwally

Potentially beneficial uses of inland saline waters in the Southwestern USA by S. Miyamoto

Using high salinity and SAR waters for crop production - some Indian experiences by P.S. Minhas & R.K. Gupta

Long term use of sodic waters in North India and the reliability of empirical equations for predicting their sodium hazard by H.R. Manchanda

Soil characteristics and irrigation management for use in highly saline waters by 1. Letey

Index of keywords

389

399

407

423

433

439

445

Preface to Volume 2 of the Al Ain Symposium

The Symposium on high salinity tolerant plants, held in the United Arab Emirates University Al Ain in December 1990, dealt primarily with plants tolerating salinity levels exceeding that of ocean water and at the same time are promising for use in agriculture or forestry.

Such plants could be very useful for a country like the UAE where fresh water resources are very scarce and the groundwater available at some places is very salty already.

H.H. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is keenly interested in experiments with such plants and ordered therefore the initiation of irrigated plantations of tree and shrub species tolerating moderate salinity levels. More than 60 million woody trees/shrubs have been planted so far and more are planned for the inland plains underlain with brackish groundwater. These species were no solution forthe widely barren shoreline of the UAE. Here mangrove species were of potential use of which one species, Avicennia marina, occurs widely and has successfully been planted for one decade.

Converting the tree plantations into economically useful cropping systems is still a problem requiring much research and development.

The symposium dealt, therefore, iIi several sections with conventional irrigation systems using marginal water. The species used in such systems are mostly suitable hybrids of conventional crops. The irrigation systems have, however, problems that would be expected for irrigation with seawater. We expected from the participant's experiments in irrigation agriculture inputs for handling large scale seawater irrigation; for handling plants as well as soils and irriga­tion types.

Fig. I. Salicornia bigelovii irrigated with seawater. Photo: A. Lieth.

ix

x

Fig. 2. A dromedary foraging on our new Spartina alterniflora cultivar. Photo: A. Lieth.

In preparation for the meeting and experimental farm had been established in Nahshallah. There we could demon­strate and discuss soil and groundwater problems, from mangroves and similar species to some crop species and ornamentals. The majority of the plants are listed in the introduction to Volume 1.

We hope that this volume serves as a link between the scientists working for the improvement of classical irrigation systems and the scientists interested in the application of a new dimension of salinity levels for irrigation water.

The discussion between the two groups was very constructive. The first results of the N ahshallah experimental farm persuaded many traditional irrigation agronomists to initiate new irrigation research with water of higher salinity. We expect to hear about their results in future meetings. The arrival of a new era in high salinity irrigation systems is demonstrated with the two photographs accompanying this foreword: Fig. 1 shows Salicornia bigelovii, a new fodder

and potential oil seed crop and Fig. 2 a camel eating a freshly grown new hybrid of Spartina alterniflora. Both plant species are of agricultural potential for growing with sea water irrigation. More information on Salicornia bigelovii is given in the contribution by Riley & Abdal (see Vol. 2 page 319); more details on Spartina alterniflora are presented by H. Lieth and A. Lieth (see Vol. 1 page 1).

H. Lieth and A. Al Masoom

Osnabruck and Al Ain, April 1992

illHi Jl ilu.L. ~ .l(lj ~I ~I ~w

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H.H. Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan

President of United Arab Emirates

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"In the past, experts did not support agricultural development, and claimed that cultivation of our land was impossible due to adverse weather conditions. Our response was, "well let us try". We did embark on agricultural development, and with the help of Allah succeeded in transforming our desert area into a green par­adise which helped us persist in our efforts."

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The emergence of the blessed Renaissance under

the wise leadership of His Highness Sheikh Zayed

Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the President of the V.A.E. J==" -:.II., ~I J..-t-... ,,~ ~ • Z.1.JJJ/ has furnished the country with adequate facilities for

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progress being achieved in all aspects of life. This ~I L......U 1 J~~I ~L..s." ~).J leadership has also set the country on firm grounds

to proceed on the way towards welfare and growth.

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to achieve comprehensive development. His ~L...-~I.J uLjl t W ."........... ~I.J L...J..L.!JI Highness the President has favored the Agricultural and Fisheries Sector with his kind attention and Iw i~ ~ L....c.;:J1 ~u)l.J jt • -.~~ generous support, thus pushing this vital sector to ~WI ~ L-.,,"jjI4--iLS:.1II:F~1 tL..Ia.i.JI

occupy its prominent place in the Gross National

Product of the UAE and to enable it to play an

important role in development.

Agriculture, which was formerly known as the

job of jobless people, has now become a distinctive

science, or rather a sophisticated art and technology,

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different branches of science. If we assume that the

elements of agricultural production are land, water,

plants and animals, then man will emerge as one of

the most important elements in this formula. Man is

capable, through his scientific and technological

abilities, to correlate and coordinate such elements to

fulfil his aims. In short, the agricultural situation in

the country can be summarized in the prevalent

approach that requires formulation of development

programs; embarking on vertical expansion that is

based on agricultural research and protected

cultivation; intensifying the process of protecting

plants and animals from pests, improvement of soil,

rationalization of water uses, modernization of

fishing methods, laying down certain organizational

regulations and rules relevant to agricultural

production and conservation of the country's natural

resources, such as water and soil and protection of

environment.

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The situation today is quite different from that

of the past. This is clearly reflected in the following:

The total cultivated area has reached 55,000 ha.

A remarkable expansion in afforestation,

whereby the total area of artificially cultivated

forests has exceeded 295,000 ha.

A steady increase in the number of date palm

trees; the total number of same is now over 14

million.

A remarkable expansion in the area of land

cultivated with certain crops in one decade, as

evidenced in the following: vegetables 23.l7%,

fruits (excluding dates) 89.80%, and

agronomical fodder crops 259.80%,

respectivel y.

A considerable increase in numbers of animals

(cattle, sheep etc.), whereby the total number of

animals is now more than a million.

A considerable increase in the production rates of

fish, poultry and animal products:

* 100 % self-sufficiency in fish, 85 % in

milk, 75 % in eggs, 26 % in poultry

respectively.

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Achievements in Agriculture:

I . Distributing land freely to citizens and marketing

agricultural products by the Government.

2. Adopting modern agricultural methods with a

view to raise productivity, including land

preparation, fertilization, pest control, and

utilization of machinery and modern

technologies.

3. Conducting studies and research works to

determine suitable crops that match the prevalent

economic and climatic conditions.

4. Giving due attention to water resources, and

developing and selecting new irrigation systems.

5. Giving due attention to animal production, and

developing and selecting appropriate breeds.

6. Offering subsidies and support services to

farmers, fishermen and animal breeders.

7. Constructing, as many as possible, of dams and

conducting surveys on water and soil.

8. Establishing food industries and laying down

proper foundations for the policies and

procedures relating to agricultural production

marketing.

9. Conserving the plant and animal wealth as well

as fisheries through formulation and application

of sound controls and regulations.

10. Drawing up a comprehensive strategy to protect

environment, including land, water, plant and

animal wealth and fisheries.

11. Providing the citizens with educational, training

and qualifying opportunities in all sectors.

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"His Highness the President is

always supportive of these pro­

ductive scientific symposia, which

receive his support and due atten­

tion. His Highness reaffirms

through such conferences the great

value and importance of opening

11 .11. SIIf.IKII SIJtTi\N liN lAVED "L·N4UYAN

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up to the world and interacting

with its centers of scientific excel­

lence, the drive to support our

own capabilities and utilize our na­

tional resources, and strengthening

confidence in our national institutions."

Df.PlITY PRIMt: MINISn:R

"His Highness accords both a special value to

agricultural development and the means of its ad­

vancement. In this regard, unlimited resources, fa­

cilities and services have been provided, to the ex­

tent that citizens have been supported and

encouraged to own productive farms at no cost.

The government further takes upon itself to pur­

chase and market their products at reasonable pric­

es, for its goal is to make part of its people work

in, and depend on, agriculture."

"We give the topic of your conference a first pri­

ority in the development of our country. We are in

constant search of means to raise the productivity

of our agricultural sector; our efforts to develop

and improve this sector continue unabated. We do

this because of our determination to alter the tradi­

tional view of the desert, and our commitment to

search for ways to change aspects of life in it."

~ ~ J...U l.....,..."la;.J yl-ljl ; . ,'·11 4-:J~

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"Armed with a true will, a strong determination,

and a great faith in Allah, we aim to effect a quan­

titative and qualitative leap in our agricultural pro­

grams: utilizing all effons and energies to develop

our land in a manner consistent with our expanding

aspirations. My hope and faith is that Allah will

help us achieve our goals. Our objectives include

the successful completion of more ambitious pro­

jects which assist us to reclaim desen land, to in­

troduce salinity and heat-tolerant plants and to

properly manage agricultural irrigation."

"Our agricultural programs and plans, now and

in the future, require the effective panicipation of

our research institutions. We consult these institu­

tions and expect them to take the initiative in fur­

thering such programs and plans. We believe that

this is the stepping stone to good application and

successful implementation."

"This conference provides new evidence of the

vitality of the University as the leading educational

institution in the country - taking its responsibilities

seriously and staying true to its role in the develop­

ment of science and technology with determination

and commitment."

"At this conference, we have the panicipation of

concerned Arab and International Organizations

and a select group of scientists, researchers and

professors who come from many countries to join

their colleagues in the United Arab Emirates on the

course of purposeful scientific research in the con­

text of effon given to agricultural potentials and

their development. We consider this conference a

pioneer and honourable scientific occasion."

1.:,;41 ~IJ • 41- l:.::.-r ~IJ • U.)L..., L:.; .)1) ~I "

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"We would like to thank all scholars and re­

search professors who cooperated with us in this

field as we wish to thank our national scientists

who contributed toward the success of this under­

taking."We pray that Allah help you with your

meetings and discussions, and hope that your re­

searches and recommendations will add to our

growing body of knowledge and experience. And,

We hope that this conference will culminate in find­

ings that meet our expectations and aspirations".

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" In this opening session of the In­

ternational Conference on High Salinity­Tolerant Plants in Arid Regions, it is ap­

propriate that I direct words of thank~

and words of hope to you_We thank

each and every one of you for your con­tribution to, and participation in, thh

conference. As you strive to utilize the

scientific results in finding appropriate

and feasible solutions to our real con­cerns, we thank you for your concerted

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11.1. SItUKH NAHYAN liN MVIAUK AL-NA"UN

MINL\TU or HIGHER ~DUCATION

AND SCI!NTJrlC RESEARCH

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II CU.4.NC !LLOl or TH! UNI VERSITY

efforts and your sincere scientific cooperation.

The theme of this conference is important to, and

has some urgency in, the effective development of agriculture in our country. The effectiveness

of this sector depends, in turn, on our ability:

- to respond in an appropriate manner to the cli­

matic conditions. - to adapt plant production processes (including

the selection and development of suitable types of plants) to these conditions, and

- to work towards the improvement of produc -

tivity.

All of these activities contribute to proper management of our agriCUltural resources

It is my sincere hope that this conference

will herald the beginning of a series of continuing

contacts as well as research and development op­

portunities which can become a pioneering model

of international cooperation among scientific insti­

tutions and production organizations.

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It is also my hope that these cooperative ef­

forts will lead to tangible results which will help

expand our knowledge of, and experience with,

high salinity-tolerant plants in arid regions. Fi­

nally it is my hope that in the not-too-distant fu­

ture, high salinity-tolerant plants will become an

important feature of our agricultural landscape. If

this conference succeeds in setting out on this

course, the results of our efforts and our hopes

will be fulfilled and will become examples to be

emulated for other experiments in other coun­

tries. "

" By achieving our goals and aspirations, we would have used the research effectively and we would have demonstrated a good example of the

United Arab Emirates University's role in the

service of our community and the development of our society. To this end, the University looks

forward with extreme interest to your findings

and recommendations, and assures you that it will

spare no effort in implementing them and benefit­ing them" .

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