Tourism

…is the short-term circular migration of people to places outside their normal place of

work or residence for the purpose of leisure or for work.

Travel and Tourism (T&T)- the world’s largest industry

Share of world: % of Total(2000)

GDP 11.0

Employment 8.0

Exports 7.9

Capital Investment 9.4

A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealthA powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth

…but tourism wealth is not evenly distributed

Travel and Tourism (T&T)- the world’s largest industry

Share of world: % of Total(2000)

GDP 11.0

Employment 8.0

Exports 7.9

Capital Investment 9.4

A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealthA powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth

International Tourist Arrivals 2000

27.6

129.0 111.9

403.3

6.420.6

Africa Americas EAP Europe MiddleEast

South Asia

MillionsMillions

Share of World Total International Tourist Arrivals 2000

Slice 70%

Americas18%

EAP16%

Europe58%

Middle East3%

Africa4%

South Asia1%

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

Average Receipts Per Arrival 2000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

World Africa Americas EAP Europe Middle East South Asia

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

US

$U

S $

Share of World Total International Tourist Receipts 2000

Slice 70%

Americas29%

EAP17%

Europe49%

Middle East2%

Africa2%

South Asia1%

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

International Tourist Arrivals

1999 1607 8.2% 2482

2000 1787 11.2% 2641

Year New Zealand

Growth Rate India Growth

Rate

5.2%

6.4%

International Tourist Receipts

1999 2083 20.7% 3009

2000 2068 -0.7% 3296

Year New Zealand

Growth Rate India Growth

Rate

2.1%

9.6%

US$ MLNUS$ MLN

The period of mass tourism (1950 to the present)

MEDCs LEDCs

World Travel & Tourism - The Future

MEDCs

The top destinations are France, Spain, the United States and Italy.

The loss of tourism income to LEDCs have made MEDCs actively promote domestic tourism to their residents.

Phenomenal Explosion of Domestic Tourism

Year Domestic

1990 63,817,2851998 168,196,0001999 176,082,4422000 210,082,442

Average Length of Stay in the Country

CountryCountryIndiaIndia

CanadaCanadaBrazilBrazilFranceFrance

Hong Kong/ChinaHong Kong/ChinaJapanJapan

MalaysiaMalaysiaSingapore(1997)Singapore(1997)

SpainSpainThailandThailand

DaysDays31.231.25.225.2213.0013.007.317.313.383.388.808.805.505.502.602.6012.912.98.48.4

The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) estimated there were nearly 900 million international tourist arrivals in 2007 from 846 million in 2006, an increase of about 6 per cent. This represents nearly 52 million more This represents nearly 52 million more arrivals than in 2006 and they are expected arrivals than in 2006 and they are expected to reach 1.6 billion by 2020.to reach 1.6 billion by 2020.

The international tourism receipts totalled The international tourism receipts totalled US $ 733 billion in 2006.US $ 733 billion in 2006.

Most visited countries

The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most visited in 2007 by number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine entered the top ten list, surpassing Russia, Austria and Mexico. Most of the top visited countries continue to be on the European continent.

International tourism receipts

TheThe World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2007. It is noticeable that most the top ten tourism earners for the year 2007. It is noticeable that most of them are on the European continent, but the United States continues of them are on the European continent, but the United States continues to be the top earner.to be the top earner.

International tourism top spenders

The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as the top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2007. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue as the top spenders. A study by Dresdner Bank study[9] forecasts that for 2008 Germans and Europeans in general will continue to be the top spenders because of the strength of the Euro against the United States dollar, with strong demand for the US in favor of other destinations.

Most visited attractions

It is noticeable that 4 out of the top 5 are in the North It is noticeable that 4 out of the top 5 are in the North America continent.America continent.

Most visited cities

Travel

Before: luxury for the privileged few.

Now: for the masses

LEDCs with well-developed tourism industries: Brazil China Egypt India Indonesia Malaysia Mexico Morocco Thailand Tunisia

The rapid growth since 1950 is due to:

increased mobility

greater affluence

advertising

greater media coverage

mass tourism by TNCs

improvements in facilities and infrastructure

reduction in cost of travel

There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11 attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as Bali and European cities. On December 26, 2004 a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake hit Asian countries bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost, and many tourists died. This has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.

Tourism can be classified according to the purpose of the travel…

…and the way in which it is organised

group tours (like packaged tours)

individual travel

Tourism destinations can be classified in many ways…

TOURISM IN LEDCs

Before 1970s: explorers, traders, colonisers, missionaries, scientists and administrators.

After 1970s: transport improvements + LEDC governments wanted to raise income from tourism.

+

A “smoke-less industry”.

A more reliable earner.

An opportunity to raise money to preserve national culture, wildlife and unique natural features.

÷

It creates problems if the LEDCs have diverted their attention away from food production and farming.

Dependence on MEDCs. Leakage back to TNC headquarters. Few benefits to local people. Wealthy “golden ghettos. Further aggravated if substantial government

investment is made in “golden ghettos”.

The size of tourism as a global industry doubles every 15 years.

There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe where international travel for short breaks is common.

Tourists have higher levels of disposable income and

greater leisure time and they are also better-educated and have more sophisticated tastes.

There is now a demand for a better quality products,

which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialised versions, such as Club 18-30, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted destination hotels.

The developments in technology and transport The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets and low-cost infrastructure, such as jumbo jets and low-cost airlines, and more accessible airports have made airlines, and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. There have many types of tourism more affordable. There have also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourism products. facilitated by internet sales of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.upon impulse.

Domestic tourism (people going on holiday in their own country) is generally thought to be 4-5 times greater than international arrivals.