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Transcript of Totten presidio presentation feb 20 2015 pdf
Low-‐E, High-‐RE Sports Facili6es Michael P To,en, Senior Advisor, Green Sports Alliance, February 20, 2015
Presidio Graduate School, Business of Sports & Sustainability Course
LEED Gold, SF 49ers Levi’s Stadium
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schlaich bergermann und partnerschlaich bergermann und partner
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,OCATION -ANAUS��"RAZIL4YPE�OF�STRUCTURE STEEL�STRUCTURE/WNER #OMPANHIA�DE�$ESENVOLVIMENTO�DO�%STADO
DO�!MAZONAS#OMPLETED ����3COPE�OF�OUR�WORK CONCEPTUAL�DESIGN��CONSTRUCTION�DESIGN!RCHITECT GMP�q�!RCHITEKTEN�VON�'ERKAN��-ARG�UND
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4ECHNICAL�DATA,ENGTH ����M7IDTH ����M(EIGHT ���M3EATS CA��������#LADDING�MATERIALS 04&% COATED�GLASS�CLOTH#ERTIFICATIONS��PLANNED ,%%$�0LATINUM��$'."�'OLD
4O�COVER�THE�SPECTATOR�STANDS�AND�6)0�AREAS�OF�THE�NEW�STADIUM�IN-ANAUS��A�STEEL�ROOF�STRUCTURE�WAS�DEVELOPED��CONSISTING�OF�DIAGONALLYARRANGED��CANTILEVERING�STEEL�BOX�GIRDERS��INCORPORATED�WITH�A�SECONDARYSTEEL�STRUCTURE�CARRYING�THE�MEMBRANE�CLADDING�4HE�COMPRESSION�RING�AT�THE�INNER�ROOF�EDGE�AND�THE�OUTER�TENSION�RINGARE�MAIN�PARTS�OF�THE�PRIMARY�STEEL�STRUCTURE�WHICH�IS�SUPPORTED�BY�SPHER ICAL�BEARINGS�AT�THE�BASE�POINTS��RESULTING�AN�UNIQUE�LOAD BEARING�STRUCTUREDESIGN�4HE�SELECTION�OF�THIS�STRUCTURAL�SYSTEM��ESPECIALLY�THE�DIAGONAL�ARRANGE MENT�OF�ROOF�GIRDERS��WAS�MADE�TO�VISUALIZE�THE�ARCHITECTURAL�CONCEPT�ANDTO�GENERATE�A�DISTINCTIVE�CHARACTERISTIC�STRUCTURAL�DESIGN�4HE�REACTIONS�OF�THE�ROOF�STRUCTURE�ARE�TRANSFERRED�TO�THE�FOUNDATION�BYTHE�REINFORCED�CONCRETE�STRUCTURE�WITH�UP�TO���BASEMENT�LEVELS�
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State of Art 70 AD
Roman Colosseum
Largest Amphitheater in World • Passive Solar Design –
daylight, cooling, ven6la6on
• Rapid ingress & egress 360° for 80,000 aLendees
when design by “computer digital algorithms” meant people with pencils
with Velarium (shades) extended
Large Numbers Law
IoE
Internet of Everything
Spring 2009 9
Building Zone evolu6ons From 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D BIM
(Building InformaNon Modeling/ Building Intelligence Management)
Neil Calvert, “Why We Care About BIM…,” DirecNons Magazine, Dec. 11, 2013, h,p://www.direcNonsmag.com/arNcles/why-‐we-‐care-‐about-‐bim/368436
BIM7+
(Cradle-to-Cradle)
Cradle-‐to-‐Cradle Con6nuous Commissioning
Issa, Suermann and Olbina
(A) Solar radiation Analysis (B) Daylighting analysis
(C) Shading analysis (D) Ventilation and Airflow Analysis
Figure 1: Different kinds of analysis performed by Autodesk Ecotect (Source: <www.autodesk.com/revit>)
2.2 VICO Virtual Construction (VC)
The Virtual Construction (VC) process involves building a building twice, once on the computer and once in the real world. It is a process by which a builder simulates a building before and during the actual construction process. VC relates time (4D) and cost (5D) to the underlying building model and allows the user to instantly relate a change to its impact on the project. It is ideally suited on projects with high cost and high risk and which can lead to high rewards for mitigating those costs and risks. Virtual construction is the natural extension of BIM superimposed with schedule and cost which when it is made ac-cessible to all stakeholders thus fostering communication and cooperation. The BIM allows the project team to collaborative-ly examine and tweak the building to meet budget and completion goals. As such, VC is invaluable for budget-constrained projects, where deadlines are important and project success is critical. As shown in Figure 3, the project risk is reduced as the representation of project progresses from 2D to 3D to 4D (schedule) to 5D (cost). VC is most applicable to projects of about $20 million and up, however, size is not as important as risk in the decision of whether to select VC or not. According to VICO (<www.vicosoftware.com>), through the use of VC on a hospital expansion project connecting three existing buildings with 102,000 sqf., the project team was able to eliminate 95% of the design clashes (700) and also reduced the project scheduled duration by 27% (42 weeks).
2666
Increase in project Value with increase in BIM details
Solar Radia6on Analysis Dayligh6ng Analysis
Shading Analysis Ven6la6on & Airflow Analysis
h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g04-‐G53mbmc
From 3D to IPv6 BIM7+ Con6nuous, smarter lifecycle performance
Enterprise IoT Market Overview
C97-729611-00 © 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
*Virtual)Team)Member)
Stadiums
Retail stores - Digital signage - Info Kiosks - POS - Computers, servers - Network infra
Manufacturing - Robotics - PLCs - Any IP connected
device
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
5 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
7.2 6.8 7.6
50
2010 2015 2020
0
40
30
20
10
Bill
ions
of d
evic
es
25
12.5
Inflection point
Timeline
Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011
50 Billion smart devices Adoption 5x faster than electricity, telephony
Michael Enescu, CTO, Open Standards IniNaNve (OSI) keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
1 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014 1
Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives
LinuxCon 2014 – August 21
24
Trillion Sensors�(TSensors)�Vision• Mobile�sensor�market�for�volumes�not�
envisioned by�leading�market�research�organizations�in�2007,�grew�exponentially�over�200%/y�between�2007�and�2012.��
• Several�organizations�presented�their�visions�for�a�continued�growth�to�trillion(s).
• Market�research�companies�don’t�yet�see�this�growth�(see�Yole’s forecast).
• So�the�explosion�to�trillion(s)�is�likely�to�be�driven�by�applications�not�yet�envisioned by�leading�market�research�organization.
• I�launched�TSensors�Roadmap�development*�to�improve�visibility�of�needed�sensors�to�enable�accelerated�development.• 1st step:�The�TRILLION�Sensor�Universe,�
Conference�at�BSAC,�March�6,�2013• 2nd Step:�TSensors�Summit�Conference�at�
Stanford�University�with�presentations�by�global�sensor�visionaries.
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
100,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
10,000,000,000,000
100,000,000,000,000
2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037
Sensors/year
Trillion�Sensor�Visions
"Abundance"QCOM�Swarm�Lab,�UCBBoschHewlettͲPackardIntelTI�Internet�devicesYole�MEMS�Forecast,�2012TSensors�Bryzek's�Vision10�year�slopeMobile�Sensors�Explosion
Roadmap to the Trillion Sensor Universe, Dr. Janusz Bryzek, VP Development, MEMS and Sensing SoluNons Fairchild Semiconductor Hayward, CA, iNEMI Spring Member MeeNng and Webinar, Berkeley, CA, April 2, 2013
Information Technologies (of all kinds) double their power (price performance,
capacity, bandwidth) every year --
Law of Accelerating Returns
Ray Kurzweil, What Does the Future Look Like, Sept 18, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe7hG1NXVdw
Doubling)(or)Halving)times)
• Dynamic RAM Memory “Half Pitch” Feature Size 5.4 years
• Dynamic RAM Memory (bits per dollar) 1.5 years
• Average Transistor Price 1.6 years
• Microprocessor Cost per Transistor Cycle 1.1 years
• Total Bits Shipped 1.1 years
• Processor Performance in MIPS 1.8 years
• Transistors in Intel Microprocessors 2.0 years
• Microprocessor Clock Speed 2.7 years
22
Moore’s)Law)is)only)one)example
Exponential)Growth)of)Computing)for)110)Years)Moore's)Law)was)the)fifth,)not)the)first,)
paradigm)to)bring)exponential)growth)in)computing
Year
Logarithmic+Plot
15
Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot
Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot
16
Law of Accelerating ReturnsEvery form of communications technology is
doubling price-performance, bandwidth, capacity every 12 months
Ray Kurzweil, What Does the Future Look Like, Sept 18, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe7hG1NXVdw
Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot
27
Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot
27
Law of Accelerating ReturnsMiniaturization:
another exponential trend
h,p://www.ted.com/talks/ray_kurzweil_on_how_technology_will_transform_us?language=en
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnyQWr8hk0A
Ray KurzweilExponential Finance
July, 2014
Wireless smart sensor networks
Trillion$ ValuableSmartphone
NANO technology engineering & Mfg
Law of Accelerating ReturnsInformation
technologies Communication
technologies
Miniaturized technologies
COIN technologies
Rise of the Industrial Internet
Global Energy Flows (2011)
Industrial Internet can impact 100% of energy producNon
Industrial Internet can impact 44% of global energy consumpNon
21
Market�Segments�for�Internet�of�Things
Roadmap to the Trillion Sensor Universe, Dr. Janusz Bryzek, VP Development, MEMS and Sensing SoluNons Fairchild Semiconductor Hayward, CA, iNEMI Spring Member MeeNng and Webinar, Berkeley, CA, April 2, 2013
7 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
• Storage and Compute declining faster • Network scales very differently than compute
Sensors will evolve faster than bandwidth Distributed computing more compelling over time
• Data gravity?
Compute
Storage
Network
Moore’s and Nielsen’s predictions hold
1 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014 1
Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives
LinuxCon 2014 – August 21
Michael Enescu, CTO, Open Standards IniNaNve (OSI) keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
9 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
90% of the world’s data created in last 2 years
46 million smart meters in the U.S alone 1.1 billion data points (.5TB) / day A single consumer packaged good manufacturing machine generates 13B data samples/day A large offshore field produces 0.75TB data/week A jet engine produces 20TB flight data/hour
1 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014 1
Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives
LinuxCon 2014 – August 21
Michael Enescu, CTO, Open Standards IniNaNve (OSI) keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
10 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
ACTION
SENSORS
DATA
IoT Traffic will grow at 82% CAGR through 2017*
1 Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014 1
Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives
LinuxCon 2014 – August 21
Michael Enescu, CTO, Open Standards IniNaNve (OSI) keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
CGRs – Connected Grid Routers Connect to Anything on the Edge
• Over the spectrum of Legacy systems to Smart Centers • Backhaul to any network (wire, wireless, 3G, Satellite) • Host Fog compu6ng workloads
$6 B revenues
From Integrated designs to integrated operations
Building Lighting
HVAC low-side
Plug Loads
Computing
HVAC high-side
Realistic scenario
-variables
Occupancy
Operating hours
Occupant behavior
Weather
Loads
INTEGRATED DESINGS
INTEGRATED OPERATIONS
Design stage – most efficient/peak
36 Integrated Designs & Integrated Opera6ons
Lifecycle & Cradle-‐to-‐Cradle
Punit Desai, Environmental Sustainability at Infosys Driven by values, Powered by innovaNon, InfoSys, presentaNon to RMI, Sept 15, 2014
1
PRESS RELEASE
Infosys BPO awarded 5-Star Rating by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) 5-star rating signifies being the most energy efficient Bangalore, India - May 13, 2010: Infosys BPO, the business process outsourcing subsidiary of Infosys Technologies, today announced that it has been awarded the 5-star rating for energy efficiency by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for its building located in its Phase 2 campus in Hinjewadi, Pune, India. The rating is under the “Star rating for BPO buildings” scheme of BEE that rates office buildings in India from which BPO services are rendered on a scale of 1 to 5 stars, where a 5-star rating signifies being the most energy efficient. The rating is valid for a period of 5 years. The eligibility criteria included the overall energy usage efficiency and minimization of operation costs of the BPO building. The 5-star rating was an outcome of using higher efficiency products that enabled reduction in the energy consumption in the building. The building spans a total area of 25,577 square metres and the annual energy consumption is approximately 2406199 kWh. Commenting on the rating, (Swami) Swaminathan, CEO & MD, Infosys BPO, said, “We are delighted to have received this prestigious rating. Obtaining the BEE 5-star rating highlights our commitment towards energy efficiency. We continue to focus on designing world-class green buildings with energy efficient designs, using solar heaters as well as efficient lighting systems. We are also focused on educating our employees to optimize energy consumption by shutting down computers and other electrical devices when not in use. We believe that these small steps can help address the larger concerns in India.” The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is a statutory body at the national level and functions under the Ministry of Power, Government of India. The organization has launched the “Star rating for BPO buildings” scheme to recognize energy conservation and efficiency of office buildings. About Infosys BPO: Infosys BPO Ltd. (www.infosys.com/bpo), the Business Process Outsourcing subsidiary of Infosys Technologies, was set up in April 2002. Infosys BPO focuses on integrated end-to-end outsourcing and delivers transformational benefits to its clients through reduced costs, ongoing productivity improvements, and process reengineering. Infosys BPO operates in India, the Czech Republic, China, the Philippines, Poland, Thailand, Mexico, USA and Brazil and as on March 31, 2010 employed approximately18, 610 people. It closed FY 2009-10 with revenues of $352.1 million. About Infosys Technologies Ltd. Infosys (NASDAQ: INFY) defines, designs and delivers IT-enabled business solutions that help Global 2000 companies win in a Flat World. These solutions focus on providing strategic differentiation and operational superiority to clients. As on March 31, 2010 Infosys employed about 113,800 employees in over 50 offices worldwide. Infosys is part of the NASDAQ-100 Index and The Global Dow. For more information, visit www.infosys.com.
36 Mc2
buildings
Integrated and goal oriented design approach
HVAC(Goal( Ligh3ng(Goal( Water(Goal(
! Max envelope heat gain 1.0 W/sqft
! Total building @ 750-1000 sqft/TR
! 25 deg C, 55% RH
! LPD of 0.45 W/sqft
! 90% of building to be day lit > 110 lux
! No Glare throughout the year
! Architects
! Facade Specialists
! IT Specialists
! HVAC Engineers
! Lighting Specialists
! Architects
! Facade Specialists
! Lighting Specialists
! Electrical Designers
! PHE Engineers
! Architects
! Landscape Architects
! Less than 25 LPD for
office building
! Zero discharge
! 100% self sufficient
TEAM
GOAL(
13
Punit Desai, �Environmental Sustainability at Infosys Driven by values, Powered by innovaNon, InfoSys, presentaNon to RMI, Sept 15, 2014
6 | Building Analytics
Building Analytics in actionAt one client facility running Building Analytics, the preheating coil and cooling coil were operating simultaneously and wasting more than $900 and 80,000 kBTUs on a daily basis. The problem was pinpointed at a leaking chilled water valve that once repaired produced $60,000 in annual savings with ROI in the first month.
Mixed air temperature sensor
Outdoor air temp
“ Occupancy” is at set point
Return fan status
Preheating discharge temperature
Heating valve position
Cooling valve position
Supply air temperature set point
Supply fan status
Simultaneous heating and cooling
Building name:
Equipment name:
Analysis name:
Estimated daily cost savings:
Problem: Excess or simultaneous heating and cooling
either providing excess heating or cooling or operating simultaneously.
Possible causes:
and is leaking.
> Temperature sensor error or sensor installation error is causing improper control of the valves.
SMALL SENSORS BIG DATA
VISUAL ANALYTICS
Benchmarking of Infosys buildings Design%target% Units% Exis:ng%(US)% BeXer% Best%prac:ce% Infosys%Delivered(energy(intensity( kBtu/sfYy( 90( 40Y60( <30( <25(
LPD:(Design( W/sf( 1.5( 0.8( 0.4Y0.6( 0.4Y0.6(
LPD:(Opera3onal( W/sf( 1.5( 0.6( 0.1Y0.3( <0.15(
Installed(computers/appliances..( W/sf( 4Y6( 1Y2( <0.5( <0.7(
Glazing(RYvalue((center(of(glass)( sfYF0Yh/Btu( 1Y2( 6Y10( ≥20( >5(
Window(RYvalue((including(frame)( sfYF0Yh/Btu( 1( 3( 7Y8( >5(
Glazing(spectral(selec3vity( Ke(=(Tvis/SF( 1( 1.2( >2.0( >2.0(
Roof(solar(absorptance(and(emilance( α,(ε# 0.8,(0.2( 0.4,(0.4( 0.08,(0.97( 0.18,(0.99(
Installed(mechanical(cooling( sf/ton( 250Y350( 500Y600( 1200Y1400+( 750(Y(1000(
Cooling(designYhour(efficiency( kW/ton( 1.9( 1.2Y1.5( <0.6( <0.59(
US India
11
Punit Desai, �Environmental Sustainability at Infosys Driven by values, Powered by innovaNon, InfoSys, presentaNon to RMI, 09-‐15-‐2014
• 20% reduc6on in build costs (buy 4, get one free!)
• 33% reduc6on is costs over the life6me of the building
• 47% to 65% reduc6on in conflicts and re-‐work during construc6on
• 44% to 59% increase in the overall project quality
• 35% to 43% reduc6on in risk, beLer predictability of outcomes
• 34% to 40% beLer performing completed infrastructure
• 32% to 38% improvement in review and approval cycles
BIM Lifecycle Con6nuous Commissioning
Issa, Suermann and Olbina
2D 3D 4D 5D
Risk
Figure 3: Decrease in project risk with the increase in model details
VICO Control is a location based virtual construction system that allows the creation of compressed schedules which al-low the user to determine progress by comparing actual productivity to the project schedule. Many BIM models are not able to store information beyond what the building looks like and as such do not allow the user to store info on the construction process. VICO Control allows integrated construction of the whole project and allows the user to link duration and cost in-formation directly to the model. Accordingly the user can instantly see the impact of changes in scope and schedule on the entire project. It links the building model to estimating and scheduling information going from 3D to 5D and allows the user to add additional parameters to each and every element in the BIM. Thus, the user can attach a recipe describing the means and methods of construction to a particular piece of geometry. Such a system allows the user, for example, to determine the concrete, steel, formwork and labor associated with the column shown in Figure 4, in order to produce an estimate and sche-dule for that component. A building then becomes an accumulation of all its components (Figure 5) and its construction schedule becomes a combination of the schedule for each of its components (Figure 6). Simulation of such a building with different components will allow for design and value engineering improvements for the project.
Another form of simulation involves generating virtual mockups (Figure 7) of a building, e.g. determining the size and shape of metal panels that cover an intricate structural steel substructure or generating shop drawings for interior finishes. In closing, a project may be represented in several parallel models created by the designer, contractor and the subcontractor re-spectively. The architect is interested in design coordination, the contractor is interested in cost and schedule simulation, the subcontractor is interested in fabrication of building components, the owner is interested in the as-built model. If the contrac-tor works with the designer at beginning the may be able to use the designer’s model instead of creating their own. Some-times the contractor is interested in building their own BIM in order to (1) learn project, (2) to generate cost and schedule and (3) to perform a quality assurance on the project This decision is based on project type and team preferences.
2668
Decrease in project risk with increase in BIM details
6D
Cradle-‐to-‐Cradle Facility Lifespan Integra6on
7D
Neil Calvert, “Why We Care About BIM…,” DirecNons Magazine, Dec. 11, 2013, h,p://www.direcNonsmag.com/arNcles/why-‐we-‐care-‐about-‐bim/368436
A/E Firms Contractors Owners
Hashem Akbari Arthur Rosenfeld and Surabi Menon, Global Cooling: Increasing World-wide Urban Albedos to Offset CO2, 5th Annual California Climate Change Conference, Sacramento, CA, September 9, 2008, http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/events/2008_conference/presentations/index.html
World of Solar Reflecting Cities$2+ Trillion Global Savings Potential, 59 Gt CO2 Reduction
100 m2
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In addiNon to the AA Arena’s roof solar reflecNve index high enough that it reflects heat and reduces the energy needed to cool the building, the underground parking reduces heat-‐trapping asphalt. So players like Miami Heat’s Dwyane Wade can also keep their car interiors cool, as in his baby blue Cadillac Escalade (15/25 mpg).
Reducing Urban Heat Island – Underground Parking
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Arena Amazônia Leed Silver World Soccer Stadium 2014
Manaus, Brazil
• Brazil ranks among the world’s top 5 countries with LEED-‐cer6fied projects. • 30 million c2 of LEED-‐cer6fied space. • Six were cer6fied for use in the 2014 World Cup Soccer Championships. • Arena Amazônia used a frac6on of the steel (5,700 tons) compared to
conven6onal sports and entertainment venues.
Arena Amazônia
State-‐of-‐the-‐art lightweight roof based on the principle of a horizontally oriented spoked wheel. The circular roof structure is comprised of high-‐strength cables connec6ng inner “tension rings” at the center of the circle to an outer rim, or “compression ring.” The cable “spokes,” which are allocated at the inner edge of the roof, are 6ghtened between the outer compression ring and the tension rings. This creates a lightweight, almost floa6ng roof. A secondary steel structure serves as a frame to support the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-‐coated high-‐strength resilient fiberglass membrane cladding. The roof elements also serve as guLers to collect the large amounts of water expected during the rainy seasons. The design of the guLers facilitates rainwater collec6on to be used in the arena’s plumbing systems.
• Since 2008 Portland Trail Blazers diverted 90% waste from landfills; 1/3rd cut in energy, water & gas consump6on; 100% use of compostable and local/organic food-‐related materials.
• 2.5 million kWhs saved per year, and purchasing 100% renewable power. • $3 million accrued savings over first 5 years, for $643,000 extra costs – a superb 467% ROI. • Trail Blazers expect eventual LEED pla6num cer6fica6on.
Portland Trail Blazers First NBA LEED (Gold/Pla6num) EXISTING Arena 2008
CONSOL Energy Center received 42 points for LEED Gold cer6fica6on (minimum of 39 required).
9 points sustainable sites 9 points indoor environmental quality 8 points energy and atmosphere 7 points materials and resources 5 points innova6on in design 4 points water efficiency
Consol Energy Center First NHL Gold LEED Cer6fied NEW Arena 2010
Orlando Magic Amway Center – First NBA Gold LEED New 2012
• Cut C02 emissions by 68%, reducing 750,000 metric tons a year.
• Full enthalpy recovery wheel on the exhaust and return air streams, with 100% outside air economizers.
• Reten6on ponds recover all storm water onsite. • Built on former golf course reclaimed land.
N Texas Univ. Apogee – First Pla6num LEED Stadium in USA 2011
Ligh6ng – Solid State (SSL)
TUNNELING THROUGH TO LOW-‐E
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
What is Light?
Radio that you can “see”… 17
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
[or, Informa6on that You Can Process – from eyes to solar PV panels]
Multi-Year Program Plan
Page 1
1 INTRODUCTION According to a recent United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) report, lighting consumed about 18 percent of the total site electricity use in 2010 in the U.S [1]. A second DOE report also finds that by 2025, solid-state lighting (SSL) technology offers the potential to save 217 terawatt-hours (TWh), or about one-third of current site electricity consumption used for lighting in the U.S. This projected savings in site energy consumption would correspond to about 2.5 quadrillion British thermal units (Btus), or “quads”, of primary energy generation, which is approximately equal to the projected electricity generation of wind power and twelve times that of solar power in 2025 (as shown in Figure 1.1). At a price of $0.10/kilowatt-hour, this would correspond to an annual dollar savings of $21.7 billion [2].
FIGURE 1.1 2025 PROJECTED ELECTRICITY SAVINGS FROM SSL [3]
This demonstrates that SSL provides a significant opportunity to reduce energy consumption, thereby improving domestic energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. Department of Energy has responded to this opportunity with the formation of the Solid-State Lighting Program.
The energy savings projections assume significant progress in efficient SSL sources, as well as widespread market adoption. Specifically, by 2025, this analysis assumes SSL sources will reach a
By 2025, the goal of the DOE SSL Program is to develop advanced solid-state lighting technologies that — compared to conventional lighting technologies — are much more energy efficient, longer lasting, and cost competitive by targeting a product system efficiency of 50 percent with lighting that accurately reproduces sunlight spectrum.
100%
2025 Projected Wind Power Electricity Generation
12X
2025 Projected Solar Power Electricity Generation
20 Million
U.S. Household Electricity Use
217 TWh
The 2025 Projected Electricity Savings from Solid-State Lighting
DOE, Solid-‐State LighNng Research and Development, MulN-‐Year Program Plan , MAY 2014
Within 10
years
Amory Lovins & Imran Sheikh, The Nuclear Illusion, May 2008, www.rmi.org
nuclear coal CC gas wind farm CC ind cogen
bldg scale cogen
recycled ind cogen
end-use efficiency
CCS
Cost of new delivered electricity (US¢/kWh)
US current average
1¢/kWh
2¢ 47
93 kg
Amory Lovins & Imran Sheikh, The Nuclear Illusion, May 2008, www.rmi.org
Coal-fired CO2emissions displaced per dollar spent on electrical services
Carbon displacement at various efficiency costs/kWh
Keystone high nuclear cost scenario
3¢
4¢
kg CO2, displaced pe
r 2007 do
llar
Philips L Prize Winning Lamp
10W LED replacing 60W Incandescent & Lasts 400,000 hours (45 years con6nuously on)!
Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-‐State LighNng in General IlluminaNon ApplicaNons, U.S. Department of Energy August 2014
Page 10
The following sections describe the major results of the forecast model for each of the lighting submarkets.
Residential, commercial, and industrial lighting employ many of the same lighting technologies in their indoor lighting applications. There are many similarities between the commercial and industrial sectors in terms of lighting technology and use trends, as lighting applications in these sectors are characterized by long operating hours (often greater than 10 hours per day) and higher lumen output requirements compared to the residential sector. Commercial and industrial lighting consumers are typically facility managers who are highly concerned with the lifetime costs of a lighting product. Therefore, technologies with high efficacy and long lifetime are more popular in these sectors, despite higher initial costs. Because of this distinct preference, both the commercial and industrial sectors are currently dominated by highly efficient and long lifetime linear fluorescent and HID technologies, which are primarily used in the linear fixture and low/high bay submarkets. Combined, the linear fixture and low/high bay submarkets represent 85% and 88% of the 2013 general illumination energy consumption in the commercial and industrial sectors, respectively.
LEDs are projected to only offer incremental improvement over linear fluorescent and HID technologies in the near-term; however, with expected performance and price improvements, LEDs hold great promise in the long-run for cutting energy consumption in the commercial and
U.S. Ligh6ng Service Forecast 2013 to 2030 (Trillions of Lumen-‐hours)
Fluorescent
High-‐Intensity Discharge (HID)
LED Luminaires
LED lamps
CFLs
=
Smart!LED
1!80 watt!
LED
Smart LED Advantages!Higher Lumens & lower Watts from Fewer lamps
Smart LED other benefits - longer lifespan, no mercury, fully dimmable, instant start/restart, less heat, tunable colour spectrum
100k hrs 20k hrs 2k hrs10k to 20k hrs
Luminaire
12 Nov 2014 | DOE Workshop | L. Brock 3
Lighting Focus is Changing
To: From:
Light is life! Light is productivity!
Light is energy!
Light is dynamic!
Light is smart!
Light is emotion! Light is yours! Light is safety!
Light is health!
Light is design!
Light is vision!
Light is creation!
The switch from metal halide fixtures to LED lights reduced energy consump6on by 60 – 70% and at the same 6me reduces glare and shadows.
Solid State LED Ligh6ng SeaLle Mariner’s Safeco Field
1st MLB Stadium North America
312 luminaires used in the Phoenix stadium total 310 kW compared to 1240 kW used by the previously-‐installed 780 metal halide (MH) fixtures — a 75% reduc6on. The cooler-‐running LED lights also reduce HVAC expenses in the venue. LEDs also offer the ability of instant on and off whereas MH ligh6ng has a rela6vely long restrike period.
Solid State LED Ligh6ng Super Bowl XLIX (2015)
University of Phoenix Stadium
STAPLES Center is the first NBA arena to feature LED ligh6ng and is the first NHL arena in the United States to feature LED ligh6ng (Montreal's Bell Centre is the first North American arena to convert to LED sports ligh6ng). STAPLES Center is looking towards an energy cost savings of approximately $280,000 annually.
Solid State LED Ligh6ng Los Angeles Staples Center
SEM oF ROD (greenish) and CONE (blue) cells of the reNna. ROD cells are sensiNve to low light levels and produce low-‐clarity black and white vision. CONE cells are sensiNve to higher levels of light and produce sharp, high-‐clarity trichromaNc color
Cone
Rod
LET THERE BE LIGHT-‐-‐ Re6nal Rods and Cones
Cone Rod
top-‐down view
FOVEA is ROD-‐free and has a very high density of CONES.
The density of CONES falls off rapidly to a constant level at about 10-‐15 degrees from the fovea.
At about 15°-‐20° from the fovea, the density of the RODS reaches a maximum.
The FOVEA is the only area of the reNna where 20/20 vision is a,ainable, and key for seeing fine detail and color. It comprises less than 1% of reNnal size but takes up over 50% of the visual cortex in the brain.
Rods Rods
Cones Cones
Num
ber R
ods &
Con
es per m
m2
Fovea
3 types of light-‐sensiNve CONE cells create TRI-‐CHROMATIC (or TRI-‐STIMULUS) color – blue, green & red – or short-‐wavelength, medium-‐wavelength and long wavelength sensiNvity, respecNvely. ROD cells mediate no color vision.
Mesopic Vision
RODs CONEs
RODs & CONEs
Re6nal Sensi6vity
Re6n
al Sen
si6v
ity
Our visual system consists of a 2-‐receptor system: CONE cells providing vision in bright light (PHOTOPIC vision) ROD cells providing vision in very low levels of light (SCOTOPIC vision) RODS & CONES funcNon together at Nmes like dusk (MESOPIC vision). 3 types of CONE cells, red, green & blue (TRI-‐STIMULUS), provide wide range color percepNon in bright light.
MESOPIC region is where both the rods and cones are funcNoning. The lower light level allows the ROD to replenish the light sensiNve rhodopsin and begin funcNoning. The TRI-‐STIMULUS CONE receptors sNll have enough light to provide some amounts of color vision.
SCOTOPIC region occurs in very dim light like viewing grass in a moonless night. Here only the RODS are funcNoning. The chemicals in the CONES no longer have enough light to respond, thus we no longer see color.
LIGHT SOURCE SPECTRAL EFFECTS
ACTUAL SCOTOPIC SENSITIVITY IS OVER 120 TIMES GREATER THAN PHOTOPIC. THRESHOLD SCOTOPIC VISION IS (9) PHOTONS AT THE RETINA, EQUIVALENT TO A CANDLE AT (30) MILES ON A CLEAR NIGHT
Intrinsically photosensi6ve Re6nal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) also called
photosensi6ve Re6nal Ganglion Cells (pRGC), or melanopsin-‐containing re6nal ganglion cells
ipRGCs respond to light in the absence of all rod and cone photoreceptor input
LIGHT SOURCE SPECTRAL EFFECTS
ipRGCs COMPRISE APPROXIMATELY 2% OF THE RETINA, ARE OUTSIDE THE FOVEA, AND MOST RESPONSIVE AT ABOUT 490nm
ORIGINALLY DISCOVERED IN 1923 AND…. IGNORED
PHOTOPIC, MESOPIC & SCOTOPIC together allow us to see over a wide range of lighNng levels with about 1 or 2 billion Nmes (109, nine orders of magnitude) range from the dimmest to the brightest image we can see.
Luminous Intensity (Candela per sq meter) 1 Candela =
Stockman A. & Sharpe L.T. (2006). Into the twilight zone: the complexiNes of mesopic vision and luminous efficiency. Ophthalmic & Physiological OpNcs, 26, 225-‐39
Reliance on the lumen (lm) as the sole measure of ligh6ng benefits (lm/m2 and lm/W) can unnecessarily waste energy, increase costs, and reduce safety, security and visibility. U6liza6on of analogous benefit metrics in ligh6ng standards that characterize human visual responses would increase the value of ligh6ng for many applica6ons.
BETTER LIGHTING METRICS
Opportuni6es with LEDs for Increasing the Visual Benefits of Ligh6ng Mark S. Rea, Ligh6ng Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Ins6tute, Troy NY
common light source specified to deliver this prescribed illuminance level, it can be used as a convenient reference source for assessing equal brightness illuminance levels from different candidate light sources. For this example, the column of values in Table 1 labeled VB2(O) show that, compared to HPS, the MH source would require 5% less power, the 2700 K LED would require 28% more power, and the 6500 K LED would require 35% less power to deliver equal perceived brightness. As can be seen, even though the photopic luminous efficacy of the LED 6500 K lighting system is rated 20% lower than the HPS lighting system, for the prescribed benefit in this example, at the recommended light level, 35% energy savings can be achieved for an equal level of perceived brightness.
Table 1. Photopic luminous efficacies (lm/W) of four common light sources used in outdoor lighting applications together with the relative electric power levels, compared to HPS, needed to deliver equal visual benefits according to the design concepts of unified illuminance and of brightness illuminance. The values highlighted in pink (darker shade) indicate more electric power would be required to deliver the same visual benefit as HPS while less would be required for those highlighted in green (lighter shade).
� lm/W� V(O)� V’(O)� Vmh(O)� Vml(O)� VB2(O) VB3(O)
HPS� 96� 1.00� 1.00� 1.00� 1.00� 1.00� 1.00�
MH� 72� 1.33� 0.55� 0.98� 0.69� 0.95� 0.85�
LED�2700�K� 65� 1.47� 0.81� 1.22� 0.95� 1.28� 1.22�
LED�6500�K� 80� 1.20� 0.38� 0.78� 0.50� 0.65� 0.55�
Summary Solid state lighting provides many degrees of freedom to users and to regulators that could be used to increase the value of lighting. Better control of the spectral power distribution (spectrum and amount) as well as spatial and temporal controls potentially can be used to maximize benefits and reduce costs.
This potential cannot be realized fully, however, if the only measurable benefit provided by the lighting system is the lumens it generates. By expanding our portfolio of benefit metrics to include those that actually characterize our visual and non-visual responses to light, solid state lighting can provide greater value to users and to society than has ever before been delivered by lighting.
References [1] M. S. Rea, “Value Metrics for Better Lighting,”
Washington, DC: SPIE (2013).
[2] Commission International de l'Éclairage, “Commission International de l'Éclairage Proceedings,” Cambridge: University Press (1924).
[3] Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, “Light as a True Visual Quantity: Principles of Measurement,” Paris: Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (1978).
[4] G. Wyszecki, W. S. Stiles, “Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae,” New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons (1982).
[5] Illuminating Engineering Society, “The Lighting Handbook, 10th edn.” Illuminating Engineering Society, New York (2011).
[6] C. H. Graham (ed.), “Vision and Visual Perception,” New York: John Wiley & Sons (1965).
[7] P. K. Kaiser, R. M. Boynton, “Human Color Vision,” Washington, DC: Optical Society of America (1996).
[8] H. Kolb, E. Fernandez, R. C. Nelson (eds.), “Webvision: The organization of the retina and visual system,” University of Utah Health Sciences Center (2004). http://webvision.med.utah.edu/.
[9] M. S. Rea, J. D. Bullough, Y. Akashi, “Several views of metal halide and high pressure sodium lighting for outdoor applications,” Lighting Research and Technology 41:297-320 (2009).
[10] Illuminating Engineering Society, “RP-20-98. Lighting for Parking Facilities,” New York: Illuminating Engineering Society (1998).
Opportuni6es with LEDs for Increasing the Visual Benefits of Ligh6ng Mark S. Rea, Ligh6ng Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Ins6tute, Troy NY
Photopic luminous efficacies (lm/W) of four common light sources used in outdoor lighNng applicaNons together with the relaNve electric power levels, compared to HPS, needed to deliver equal visual benefits according to the design concepts of unified illuminance and of brightness illuminance. The values highlighted in pink (darker shade) indicate more electric power would be required to deliver the same visual benefit as HPS while less would be required for those highlighted in green (lighter shade).
Photopic luminous efficacy (lm/W) Adding Unified Illuminance and Brightness Illuminance
Lumens represent the spectral sensiNvity of just 2 of 5 known photoreceptors in human reNna, and only 1 of many neural channels supporNng visual percepNon and other responses to light on the reNna. LEDs are uniquely and readily able to maximize the visual benefits of lighNng. Solid state lighNng systems provide degrees of freedom more difficult to achieve with discharge or thermal based lighNng systems.
Unified Illuminance Brightness Iilluminance Photopic Lum Eff Scotopic Lum Eff
NOTES ON LUMINOUS EFFICACY
V(λ) – photopic luminous efficacy func2on -‐ only represents the (achromaNc) spectral weighNng funcNon of the human fovea for such tasks as reading or threading a needle. V(λ) is an inappropriate characterizaNon of the light sNmulus for off-‐axis (peripheral reNna) detecNon of hazards. V(λ) is based upon the spectral sensiNvity of the two types of photoreceptors in fovea, but the fovea is rela6vely unimportant for detec6ng poten6al hazards seen by the peripheral re6na, as is important for driving a car. V(λ) cannot be used to accurately characterize the visual sNmulus that evokes subjecNve impressions of scene brightness. PercepNons of brightness are dominated by short-‐ wavelength radiaNon, but the fovea does not contain any of the reNna’s short-‐wavelength-‐sensiNve photoreceptors. A person’s sense of personal security in a parking lot at night is directly related to subjec6ve impressions of scene brightness.
Next Generation StreetlightsThe Case for LEDs
12 |
Figure 2 - San Jose comparison of LPS and dimmable LED streetlights at 100% and 75% power
100% 75%
Next Generation StreetlightsThe Case for LEDs
12 |
Figure 2 - San Jose comparison of LPS and dimmable LED streetlights at 100% and 75% power
100% 75%
LED
HPS
By using the lumen as the benefit metric for parking lots, we unnecessarily waste a great deal of electric energy at night.
5
LEEP Award Winner: Marine Corps Base Quantico
• Location: Virginia
• Square Feet: 3.8 million
• 101 total parking lots
• Total kWh saved: 459, 346 / year
• Key Features: Conversion from HID (MH, HPS, and even some MV) to low wattage LED
• Award: Highest % energy savings in a retrofit parking lot
Existing New Portion Savings Energy Use 6,570 kWh 968 kWh 85% Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.14 0.02 ---
Jeff McCullough, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Taking the LEEP: Experience with LEDs in Parking Lots and Structures, LightFair Intl, June 2014
Ligh6ng Energy Efficiency in Parking (LEEP) Campaign
Jeff McCullough, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Taking the LEEP: Experience with LEDs in Parking Lots and Structures, LightFair Intl, June 2014
Ligh6ng Energy Efficiency in Parking (LEEP) Campaign
6
LEEP Award Winner: Walmart • Location: Across the country
• Square Feet: 40+ million square feet
• 117 total parking lots (submitted for awards)
• Total kWh saved: 15+ million / year
• Key Features: Conversion from HID (MH & HPS) and
new construction to lower wattage LED
• Awards:
1. Highest % energy savings in a retrofit parking lot
2. Highest % energy savings in a new construction parking lot
3. Highest absolute energy savings in a new construction parking lot
4. Greatest overall energy savings portfolio wide
Existing New Average Energy per Site Energy Use 212,490 kWh 81,791 kWh 130,699 kWh Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.10 0.04 ---
3
History of Lighting
Century old Lamp & Luminaire Legacy
Page 2
4 Assuming constant lumen demand per square foot of floor space in each sector, the lighting market model forecasts U.S. lumen demand from 2013 to 2030. The Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 2014 provides annual average growth forecasts of floor space in the residential and commercial sectors, which are used to project increases in lumen demand moving forward (U.S. EIA, 2014). Projections suggest that residential floor space will increase by an average of 1.31% per annum over the 20-year analysis period, and the commercial sector floor space will increase by an average of 1.00% per annum. AEO 2014 does not provide a growth forecasts for the industrial or outdoor sectors. Because the outdoor sector includes buildings-related outdoor lighting, it was assumed that its growth rate would match that of the commercial sector. For the industrial sector, the AEO 2014 annual projections for manufacturing employment growth were used as a proxy for annual average floor space growth estimates of floor space.
5 Each year, new lamps enter the market as old lamps are replaced or fixtures are installed or retrofitted. This creates an annual lumen market turnover, which may be satisfied by a suite of lighting technologies. The lighting market model considers three possible events that create lumen market turnover: 1) new installations due to new construction; 2) units replaced upon failure of existing lamps; and 3) units replaced due to lighting upgrades and renovations. The quantity of lumen turnover due to new installations is
4 Additional detail on how the annual lumen demands were calculated can be found in Appendix C. 5 Additional detail on how the lumen market turnovers were calculated can be found in Appendix C.
Residential Commercial Industrial Outdoor
General Service
Incandescent
Sectors
Decorative Directional Linear Low / High Bay
Street / Roadway Parking Building
Exterior
Submarkets
TechnologiesIncandescent
Reflector Halogen
CFL Reflector CFL Pin T5
Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium Mercury Vapor LED Lamp LED Luminaire
Halogen Reflector CFL
T8 T12
Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-‐State LighNng in General IlluminaNon ApplicaNons, U.S. Department of Energy August 2014
Ligh6ng Landscape
Page 37
Page 37
Page 37
Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-‐State LighNng in General IlluminaNon ApplicaNons, U.S. Department of Energy August 2014
BR=Bulged Reflector MR=MulNfaceted Reflector PAR=Parabolic Aluminized Reflector
18
Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure
Existing lighting infrastructure limits the full potential of SSL; more effort is needed to open the doors to new lighting systems and form factors
www.ssl.energy.gov Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Laboratory (PNNL), SSL: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to Market, Lighzair 2014, June 3, 2014
11
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change What can the manufacturer do now to address future proofing? • Make components replaceable • Make parts traceable • Ensure an upgrade path
3
Reports available on www.ssl.energy.gov
under CALiPER
LED PAR38 Lamps [Cambrian explosion of specia6on -‐ Caveat Emptor]
27
Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure - UPDATE
Example of low-voltage LED commercial lighting combined with control/communication
Example of outdoor wireless controller
Example of IEEE 802.3at compliant PoE switch
Example of DC powered ceiling system
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
Multi-Year Program Plan
Page 7
FIGURE 2.2 FORECAST OF SHIPMENTS OF COMMERCIAL LAMPS AND LUMINAIRES, 2013-2020 [23] Source: Energy Efficient Lighting for Commercial Markets. Prepared by Navigant Research, 2Q 2013.
2.1.1 United States Many of the lighting market trends seen on a global scale are similar to those within the U.S. Growing installations of energy-efficient light sources in the U.S. are evident in a nine percent drop in annual lighting electricity consumption between 2001 and 2010, in spite of an 18 percent growth in number of installed lamps [1]. This growth is occurring in all sectors and applications; however, it is most notable in the residential sector due largely to the migration away from incandescent lighting.
FIGURE 2.3 U.S. LIGHTING INVENTORY, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, AND LUMEN PRODUCTION, 2010 [1] Source: 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization. Prepared by Navigant Consulting, Inc., January 2012.
Figure 2.3 shows that although the majority of U.S. lamps are in the residential sector, both light production and energy use are largely influenced by the commercial and outdoor sectors, due to the high output of lighting fixtures coupled with long hours of use [1]. This demonstrates a large potential for energy savings in those sectors, should LEDs displace linear fluorescent and HID lamps.
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Outdoor
Number of Lamps Energy Use
71%
25%
2%
2%
25%
50%
8%
17%
8%
60%
11%
21%
Lumen Production
2010 U.S. Ligh2ng Market Characteriza2on. Prepared by Navigant Consul2ng, Inc., January 2012
US Ligh6ng Market
6
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Sale
s (G
lm)
20302013
Linear Fixtures
Hi / Low Bay
DownlightTrackGSL
2020
Commercial / Industrial Sector – LED Sales
Sales Conversion 1 Glm equals ~200k 4’x2’ troffers
Mary Yamada, Navigant, DOE’s Market Development Workshop Market Trends, November 13, 2014
7
Outdoor Sector – LED Sales
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Sal
es (G
lm)
20202013
Area
GarageBuilding
Sales Conversion 1 Glm equals ~200k area luminaires
Mary Yamada, Navigant, DOE’s Market Development Workshop Market Trends, November 13, 2014
6
The Evolution of Adoption: It Takes Time
Source: Navigant Consulting
h,ps://performance.nrel.gov/
Comparing Products & Performance
RESULTS (259)
Augmenting natural daylighting with ultra-efficient LEDs offer capital and operating savings, as well as dramatic reductions in Mercury emissions
LED lighting could displace 100s GWs
12.8
9.2
0.9
3 3.5
100W incandescent
72W Halogen incandescent
27W CFL
15W LED
Total Emissions per bulb (mg mercury)
Power plant emissions
CFL assumes 100% mercury loss
OVERALL MERCURY (HG) OF 100W EQUIVALENT LIGHT BULBS OVER LIFETIME OF CFL
LIGHT TRESPASS AND URBAN SKY GLOW
LOS ANGELES POST-RETROFIT OF 140,000 LED LUMINAIRE S
2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
Avg Annual Salary for Pro Athlete
2~4 M
Annual Payroll for Pro Teams
60~240 M
Chance of Getting Injured %
20%
Value of Drug Free Conditioning
Priceless
Human Factors
John Hwang, CEO of Planled, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
Human Centric Lighting (Starts with Circadian Rhythm)
• Light affects circadian rhythm
• Daylight moves from yellow to blue to red
• Exposure to natural light affects serotonin (linked to our mood) and inhibits the production of melatonin (used to regulate sleep)
21
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
Circadian (Light for Natural Body Function)
� Circadian Reinforcement / Tracking � Alertness / Circadian Mimicking
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
Why Human Performance/Productivity is Important
https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/sus-dev/value-case-sustainable-building-feb06/html/page7.html
22
Ini6al capital cost premium
Salary Cost 18.29
0.36
0.01
0.24 Energy cost
Water Cost
O&M Cost
1.00
0.24 Rental Cost
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
• Mostly 2-3 Year Payback Just on Energy Savings
• Potential Annual Energy Savings = $5 M per Year
• 30,000 Employees with Avg of $82,000 Annual Salary
• Improved Productivity 2% of 30,000 Employees $49.2 M per Year
• Research Applied Design Potentially Has 10x Greater Benefit than Energy Savings
Financial Perspectives
John Hwang, CEO of Planled, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
Profiting from Smart LEDs !Better Lighting and Brighter Profits !Lower Costs and Avoided Pollution
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End$Use(consumption(patterns(of(a(professional(sports(arena(in(Texas((Annual(consumption(14.2(million(kWh)
Lighting is the 2nd largest energy use in sports arenas, and offers one of the fastest paybacks among energy efficiency upgrades.
percentage
NHL$30$arenas$electricity$annual$
consump5on$(kWh)*
30$arenas$Ligh5ng$annual$
kWh$consump5on$
(20%)
LED$lightng$conversion$30$arenas$CC$kWh$annual$savings$
(50%)
Gross$annual$savings$(10¢/
kWh)
Demand$Charge$Savings
Tons$annual$CO2$
reduc5ons$(@$1.6$ton/1000$
kWh)
Gross$cost$per$ton$CO2$reduc5ons
Simple$Payback NPV ROI
450,000,000 90,000,000 45,000,000 $4,500,000 variable 72,000 C$62.50 ~2$yrs
$8+Million/yr Savings NHL/NBA Smart LED Conversion
More than $4.5 million per year !(including 8 NBA-shared arenas excluded below)
More than $3.4 million per year !(excluding 8 NHL-shared arenas that are included above)
NBA$21$arenas$electricity$annual$
consump5on$(kWh)*
21$arenas$Ligh5ng$annual$
kWh$consump5on$
(20%)
LED$lightng$conversion$21$arenas$CC$kWh$annual$savings$
(50%)
Gross$annual$savings$(10¢/
kWh)
Demand$Charge$Savings
Tons$annual$CO2$
reduc5ons$(@$1.6$ton/1000$
kWh)
Gross$cost$per$ton$CO2$reduc5ons
Simple$Payback NPV ROI
341,379,310 68,275,862 34,137,931 $3,413,793 variable 54,621 C$62.50 ~2$yrs
*Based on NHL collected arena utility data
*Based on NHL collected arena utility data
$8+M/yr Smart LED Savings = after-tax
net earnings from 1.6 million more NHL/NBA Arena Ticket
Sales per year*
11 NHL teams 2014 ticket price ranges $200 to $350!19 NHL teams 2014 ticket price ranges $ 75 to $150
(*based on illustrative average price $100 per ticket, and 5% after-tax net earnings)
Nila broadcast-‐quality smart LED luminaires were showcased at the NBA Development League tournament. The arena was lit exclusively with 115 tungsten-‐balanced Boxers, with a total power draw of 23,000 wa,s. That's in place of the usual load of 100,000 wa,s used by the tradiNonal fixtures at the previous year’s tournament – 77% savings. Nila’s luminaires are being used and assessed in the Staples arena to replace two exisNng lighNng systems (NBA and NHL). MulNple savings plus added benefits: energy, emissions, polluNon, lamp replacement, labor, color quality, lumen quanNty, visual acuity, instant restart.
Nila Broadcast LEDs for NBA Tournament
LEEP -‐ Ligh6ng Energy Efficiency in Parking Campaign LED parking lamps last 5 6mes longer than tradi6onal outdoor lights, with rapid paybacks by cu{ng energy costs up to 70% and maintenance costs up to 90%.
Million Square Feet Installed or Planned
Incandescents last 1k to 10k hrs!CFLs/HIFs last 10k to 20k hrs!HIDs last 20k to 30k hrs
Smart LEDs are Long-Lasting Assets !In addition to kWh savings, LEDs accumulate O&M savings
from avoided relamping & labor maintenance costs
2 Digital Lumens
Gauging the Lifetime of an LED
8VHIXO�/LIHWLPH�5DWLQJ�&DOFXODWLRQV�IRU�/('V8QOLNH�LQFDQGHVFHQW�ODPSV��ZKLFK�HLWKHU�ZRUN�RU�GRQ·W�ZRUN��DW�WKH�HQG�RI�WKHLU�OLYHV��/('V�UDUHO\�IDLO�RXWULJKW���,QVWHDG��long past their useful lifetime (in excess of 50,000 hours) nearly 100% of LEDs will continue to emit appreciable light,
albeit at a slowly diminishing rate over time. Thus, MTBF has little meaning in the LED world. The most valuable gauge
for determining the lifetime rating of an LED light source is lumen maintenance — also known as lumen depreciation —
the percentage of initial lumens an LED maintains over a specified period of time.
The prevailing lumen maintenance standard for industrial applications is L70, which is the expected number of operating
hours before light output diminishes to 70% of its initial levels. This percentage is favored because in-depth research
�FRQGXFWHG�E\�WKH�$OOLDQFH�IRU�6ROLG�6WDWH�,OOXPLQDWLRQ�6\VWHPV�DQG�7HFKQRORJLHV��DND�$66,67��LQGLFDWHV�WKDW�PRVW�XVHUV�fail to notice the slow loss of light until well after it passes the 70% mark.
Arriving at L70�LV�D�WZR�VWHS�SURFHVV���)LUVW��/('�OLJKW�VRXUFHV�DUH�WHVWHG�WR�WKH�,(6�/0����VSHFLILFDWLRQ��ZKLFK�UHTXLUHV�6,000 hours of testing (and optionally 10,000 hours) at three junction temperatures: 55º�&����º C, and a temperature
selected by the manufacturer. (Note: Junction temperature, the internal temperature of the LED chip itself inside the
fixture is an indicator of the quality of a system’s thermal management, and is important because high temperatures
can significantly affect LED light output and lifetimes.) L70 is then extrapolated from these test results. L70 is an
extrapolated value because actual testing would take years longer than a product’s shelf life — e.g., the lamp would be
obsolete before testing is complete. (For example, a 50,000-hour test would correspond to 5.7 years of continuous testing.)
The useful lifetime ratings for LEDs range from 36,000 to 60,000 hours, based on those extrapolated calculations.
Figure 1: Typical light output change for different light sources vs. operating hours. The curves for incandescent, f luorescent, HID drop off rapidly after a point because the light source fails. (Source http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/richman_tm21_lightfair2011.pdf )
([WUDSRODWHG�9DOXHV�8QSOXJJHG8QWLO�YHU\�UHFHQWO\��WKH�IRUPXOD�XVHG�WR�H[WUDSRODWH�,(6�/0����WHVWLQJ�UHVXOWV�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�/70 lifetime rating for
an LED was not standardized, meaning that each vendor performed these calculations differently. This resulted in
lifetime ratings claims that varied widely among vendors, leading to an unnecessary level of uncertainty and doubt among
industrial consumers.
7R�DGGUHVV�WKLV�LVVXH��,(6�UHFHQWO\�LQWURGXFHG�WKH�70����VSHFLILFDWLRQ��ZKLFK�VWDQGDUGL]HV�WKH�/70 extrapolation formula
DQG�GLFWDWHV�ZKLFK�/0����WHVW�UHVXOWV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�LQ�WKH�/70 calculation. TM-21, for example, stimulates which values
can be used in the extrapolation formula based on the sample size, number of hours and intervals tested, and test suite
temperature (ambient, high ambient). It also creates an upper limit to the extrapolation — no more than six times the
number of hours tested — thereby eliminating excessive vendor claims. Most LED chip vendors only test to 6,000 or
Digital Lumens 3
Gauging the Lifetime of an LED
10,000 hours, capping the maximum rating to 36,000 to 60,000 hours. If you see claims in excess of those numbers, be doubly sure to request the underlying data and make sure it is from a reputable source.:LWK�,(6�70����EHLQJ�DGRSWHG�E\�/('�YHQGRUV�DQG�WHVW�ODEV��LQGXVWULDO�FRQVXPHUV�JDLQ�D�XVHIXO�DQG�VWDQGDUGL]HG�WRRO�for comparing the varying lifetime ratings of LEDs. Here is an example of TM-21 data:
Table 1: TM-21 data for a Cree XP-G LED run at 1000mA with a solder point temperature of 55 º, 85 º, and 105 º C respectively. As can be clearly seen in the 85 º C case, the calculated life is well over 250K hours but the reported lifetime is only six times the 10,800 hours that the LEDs have actually been tested to, as can be seen in the table and graph to the left. Note: This data is updated periodically. Please refer to http://www.cree.com/products/pdf/LM-80_Results.pdf for the most up-to-date information.
8VHIXO�/LIHWLPH��/('��YHUVXV�/LIHWLPH�5DWLQJV��,QFDQGHVFHQW�The question then becomes: Can LED useful lifetime ratings be compared, on an apples-to-apples basis, to the lifetime ratings of incandescent lamps, which are based on MTBF? The short answer is yes. If incandescent lifetime ratings were extrapolated to their corresponding L70 values, the lamps would fail (e.g., exceed MTBF) well before they reached these thresholds (see Figure 1).
LEDIData Set 10 11 12Tsp 55°C 85°C 105°CSample Size 20 20 20Test Dura on 10,080 hrs 10,080 hrs 6,048 hrsɲ -4.219E-06 1.284E-06 5.561E-06ɴ 9.847E-01 1.016E+00 1.007E+00Calculated Life me ɲ<0; see Reported Life me L70(10k) = 290,000 hours L70(6k) = 65,500 hoursReported Life me L70(10k) > 60,500 hours L70(10k) > 60,500 hours L70(6k) > 36,300 hours
XLamp XP-G White1000 mA
TM-21 Lifetime Report
This document is provided for informational purposes only and is not a warranty or a specification. For product specifications, please see the data sheets available at www.cree.com. Copyright © 2011 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Cree, the Cree logo and XLamp are registered trademarks of Cree, Inc.
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
% L
umin
ous F
lux
Time (hours)
55°C (LM-80)
85°C (LM-80)
105°C (LM-80)
55°C (TM-21)
85°C (TM-21)
105°C (TM-21)
LEDs last 50k to 250k hrs
Digital Lumens 3
Gauging the Lifetime of an LED
10,000 hours, capping the maximum rating to 36,000 to 60,000 hours. If you see claims in excess of those numbers, be doubly sure to request the underlying data and make sure it is from a reputable source.:LWK�,(6�70����EHLQJ�DGRSWHG�E\�/('�YHQGRUV�DQG�WHVW�ODEV��LQGXVWULDO�FRQVXPHUV�JDLQ�D�XVHIXO�DQG�VWDQGDUGL]HG�WRRO�for comparing the varying lifetime ratings of LEDs. Here is an example of TM-21 data:
Table 1: TM-21 data for a Cree XP-G LED run at 1000mA with a solder point temperature of 55 º, 85 º, and 105 º C respectively. As can be clearly seen in the 85 º C case, the calculated life is well over 250K hours but the reported lifetime is only six times the 10,800 hours that the LEDs have actually been tested to, as can be seen in the table and graph to the left. Note: This data is updated periodically. Please refer to http://www.cree.com/products/pdf/LM-80_Results.pdf for the most up-to-date information.
8VHIXO�/LIHWLPH��/('��YHUVXV�/LIHWLPH�5DWLQJV��,QFDQGHVFHQW�The question then becomes: Can LED useful lifetime ratings be compared, on an apples-to-apples basis, to the lifetime ratings of incandescent lamps, which are based on MTBF? The short answer is yes. If incandescent lifetime ratings were extrapolated to their corresponding L70 values, the lamps would fail (e.g., exceed MTBF) well before they reached these thresholds (see Figure 1).
LEDIData Set 10 11 12Tsp 55°C 85°C 105°CSample Size 20 20 20Test Dura on 10,080 hrs 10,080 hrs 6,048 hrsɲ -4.219E-06 1.284E-06 5.561E-06ɴ 9.847E-01 1.016E+00 1.007E+00Calculated Life me ɲ<0; see Reported Life me L70(10k) = 290,000 hours L70(6k) = 65,500 hoursReported Life me L70(10k) > 60,500 hours L70(10k) > 60,500 hours L70(6k) > 36,300 hours
XLamp XP-G White1000 mA
TM-21 Lifetime Report
This document is provided for informational purposes only and is not a warranty or a specification. For product specifications, please see the data sheets available at www.cree.com. Copyright © 2011 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Cree, the Cree logo and XLamp are registered trademarks of Cree, Inc.
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
% L
umin
ous F
lux
Time (hours)
55°C (LM-80)
85°C (LM-80)
105°C (LM-80)
55°C (TM-21)
85°C (TM-21)
105°C (TM-21)
TM21 Lifetime reportXLamp® XP-G LEDs
Unlike fluorescents, there are no ON/OFF cycling limitations for LED light sources, because frequent switching does not impact the useful life of an LED. So, when LEDs are integrated with occupancy and/or daylight harvesting sensors, and are cycled on and off more frequently, useable lifespan is being extended because they are being turned off when not needed.!
For systems with incandescent, HID and HIF light sources, engineers typically over-light space to account for rapid initial lumen depreciation. This adds to up-front costs and lifetime energy costs of incandescent, HIF & HID lighting applications.
Cisco IBSG © 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Page 4
Point of View
connected cities, enabling meaningful innovation for years to come.
We thus see the future of public lighting as a transition from analog to digital, from fluorescent lightbulbs to solid-state lighting—all connected to an energy grid through a variety of last-mile access technologies (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Moving from “Traditional” to “Intelligent” Lighting Networks.
Additional savings can be achieved by incorporating connected controls to the Internet. And even greater value can be derived by using the lighting network for other connected services. Ubiquitous wireless connectivity and an “Energy Internet” are recognized by city authorities as enablers of these improvements.
Cisco and Philips: Establishing Networked Lighting Infrastructure and the ‘Energy Internet’ Studies have shown that infrastructure plays a key role in making the planet more livable. Two questions arise, however: 1) What is a sustainable city infrastructure, and 2) how can companies help cities set these up?
With a mutual market focus around “livable” connected cities, Cisco and Philips are developing new concepts and innovations around network-enabled LED street lighting, including widespread education of elected officials, city managers, investors, and industry peers; development of new and powerful business ecosystems; and proofs of concept with leading cities.
Cisco and Philips are looking at how extra benefits can be derived in cities by connecting public street lighting to the Internet—the “Energy Internet” (sometimes called “Smart Grid”)—and other IP networks, which we expect can add significant incremental benefits to the “stand-alone LED” described above.
Source: Philips and Cisco, 2012
Moving from “Traditional” to “Intelligent” Lighting Networks
source: The Time Is Right for Connected Public Lighting Within Smart Cities, CISCO & Philips, October 2012
© 2012 Strategies Unlimited 27
LED Lighting Market Segmentation
LED Lighting Market
Luminaires
Replacement Lamps
A19 /Standard
PARS
MR16
Candelabras /Globes/
Decorative
L F T
June13, 2012
Page 4
The lamp technologies have been categorized as displayed below in Figure 2-1. The categories are based on those used in the 2001 LMC, the categories used in the various data sources, as well as input from members of the technical review committee. Descriptions of each lamp technology can be found in Appendix A.
Figure 2-1 Lamp Classification6
6 Low pressure sodium is a discharge lamp, but not a high intensity discharge lamp. It has been classified as such for presentation purposes.
IncandescentͻGeneral Service - A-typeͻGeneral Service - DecorativeͻReflectorͻMiscellaneous
HalogenͻGeneral ServiceͻReflectorͻLow Voltage DisplayͻMiscellaneous
Compact FluorescentͻGeneral Service – ScrewͻGeneral Service – Pin ͻReflectorͻMiscellaneous
Fluorescent
ͻT5ͻT8 less than 4 footͻT8 4 footͻT8 greater than 4 footͻT8 less than 4 footͻT8 4 footͻT8 greater than 4 footͻT8 U-shapedͻT12 U-shapedͻMiscellaneous
High Intensity Discharge
ͻLED LampͻMiscellaneous
ͻMercury VaporͻMetal HalideͻHigh Pressure SodiumͻLow Pressure Sodium
Other
SMART LED DIVERSITY OF LIGHTING APPLICATIONS
A-type - Incandescent lamps PARS - parabolic aluminized reflector lamps MR16 - multifaceted reflector halogen bulbs LFT- Linear Fluorescent tubes
LED Replacement of: Luminaire
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/hwcfl/HWCFL-efficacy.asp
Hi-Wattage CFL (55-200 watts)
CFL (27-40 watts)
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) (5-26 watts)
Mercury Vapor
Halogen Infrared Reflecting
Tungsten HalogenIncandescent
Fluorescent (full-size & U-tube)
Electrodeless fluorescent
Metal halideHigh-Pressure Sodium (HPS/HID)
White Sodium
Smart LEDs (tunable color spectrum)
Efficacy of Various Light Sources
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Low-Pressure Sodium (yellow-orange color)
Lumens per Watt !(lamp plus ballast)
22
Dialight Maintenance(savings(
(
• Maintenance(costs(up(to($2,000(per(lamp!(
• Tradi:onal(lamps(o;en(don’t(reach(full(
expected(life(due(to(vibra:on,(excessive(heat(
• Hazardous(areas(require(mul:ple(personnel,(
permiDng,(scaffolding(
• Produc:on(down(:me(=($$$(
How$does$maintenance$savings$affect$payback?$
Expected$life$
• Metal(halide(bulb(=(2(years(
• LED(fixture(=(10+(years(
Scenario$
• $1,000(/(year((
• (100)(153W(LED(High(Bays(replace(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
• (100)(480W(HID(High(Bays(
Annual$Savings:$
• Maintenance(Savings($100,000(/(year(
• ~1(year(payback(
Maintenance savings : $100,000 / year
Hazardous location example
Smart LEDs are Tunable !Along Color Spectrum
Smart LED RFPs Should Include !Key Technical Specifications
LED photometric testing standards: !• IES LM-79-08 Light output, efficacy, color for LED products!• IES LM-80-08 Light output over time, temperature for LED packages
IES TM-21-11 Extrapolating LM-80 test data to predict life!• IES LM-82-12 Light output, efficacy, color over temperature for light engines!• ANSI/UL 153:2002 (Secs. 124-128A) Methods for in-situ temperature
ANSI/UL 1574:2004 (Sec. 54) method (ISTM) testing for EnergyStar!• IP6 Addressable
Approved method describing procedures and precautions in performing reproducible measurements of LEDs:!! – total flux, – electrical power, – efficacy (lm/watt), and – chromaticity!
N A N C Y C L A N T O N , P E , F I E S , I A L D L E E D F E L L O W
C L A N T O N & A S S O C I A T E S , I N C . B O U L D E R , C O L O R A D O
W W W . C L A N T O N A S S O C I A T E S . C O M
Streetlighting Guidelines and Design Decisions
www.clantonassociates.com
Questions?
www.clantonassociates.com
Financing Options: Comprehensive !Lighting Retrofits with Smart LEDs1. SelfCFinancing$(when$exceeding$internal$hurdle$rates),$loan$
2. ProgramCRelated$Investment,$PRI$(taxCexempt$philanthropic$founda5ons)$
3. Commercial$Property$Assessed$Clean$Energy$(PACE)$(where$available)$
4. U5lity$OnCBill$Financing/OnCBill$Repayment$(OBF/OBR)$(where$available)$
5. Sustainable$Energy$Bonds$(SEB)$(for$publicCowned$facili5es)$
6. Energy$Service$Agreement/Managed$Energy$Service$Agreement$(ESA/MESA)$
7. Energy$Service$Performance$Contract$(ESPC)$by$an$Energy$Service$Company$(ESCO)$(thirdCparty$financing)
AUSTIN BRUSSELS GEORGETOWN, DE HONG KONG NEW YORK PALO ALTO SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE SHANGHAI WASHINGTON, DC
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II. Energy Efficiency Finance Structures and Negotiating Key Agreements
The market has embraced energy efficiency as more than just incremental product upgrades; energy
efficiency projects are increasingly integrated, engineered systems comprised of advanced technology
products as well as the associated unique and valuable services that demand equally unique financing
solutions. Figure 2 below summarizes the five emerging energy efficiency finance models covered by this
primer. The ESA and MESA models have diverged from the more traditional ESPC model, while the PACE
and on-bill models have developed independently as a response to market demand.
Figure 2: Energy Efficiency Finance Models
Financing Model
Energy Savings Performance
Contract (ESPC)
Energy Services
Agreement (ESA)
Managed Energy
Services Agreement
(MESA)
Property Assessed Clean Energy
(PACE)
On-Bill Financing/ Repayment (OBF/OBR)
Market Penetration
High for MUSH;
low for
Commercial and
Industrial
Low Low Low Low
Target Market Segment
MUSH,
Commercial,
and Industrial
MUSH,
Commercial,
and
Industrial
MUSH,
Commercial,
and
Industrial
Residential,
Commercial
Residential,
Commercial,
and
Industrial
Balance Sheet On or Off On or Off On or Off Undetermined On or Off
Typical Project Size Unlimited
$250,000 -
$10 million
$250,000 -
$10 million
$2,000 - $2.5
million
$5,000 -
$350,000
Allows for Extensive Retrofits
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Repayment Method Energy savings
Energy
savings
Energy
savings
Property
assessments
Via utility
bill
Security/ Collateral
Depends on
financing (e.g.,
lease or debt)
Equipment Equipment Assessment Lien
Equipment;
Service
termination
Responsibility for Utility Bills
ESCO or
Customer Customer
MESA
provider Customer Customer
This section describes each of these emerging models in brief and provides an assessment of the
advantages and disadvantages associated with each.
source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati
*MUSH= Municipalities, Universities, Schools & Hospitals
*
AUSTIN BRUSSELS GEORGETOWN, DE HONG KONG NEW YORK PALO ALTO SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE SHANGHAI WASHINGTON, DC
13
Figure 3: ESPC Basic Structure
The baseline energy profile of the facility and predictability of the technology performance are also important inputs in determining the financeability of ESPCs. Introducing innovative technologies that lack extensive performance data increases the overall risk of the project’s performance. Because neither the lender nor the ESCO see significant upside for deploying more innovative (and potentially more effective but less reliable) technologies, ESPC arrangements tend to remain on the technologically conservative side. Even for component providers, penetrating the ESCO market can be a long and slow process, but it is not without reward given the multibillion-dollar addressable market. ESPC contracts can also be used in projects that bundle energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements for the customer. For the customer that wishes to own energy efficiency improvements and on-site renewable energy generation, adding generation, such as a solar photovoltaic system, to the scope of the ESPC can be an efficient way to accomplish (and finance) both. In some cases, an ESPC for energy efficiency owned by the customer, coupled with a PPA for renewable energy generation owned by a third party, is the most capital-efficient way to deliver both projects, especially if the customer is a tax-exempt entity that is not able to effectively use or monetize the renewable energy generation tax benefits such as the investment tax credit (ITC) and accelerated depreciation. Sources of Financing The customer’s ownership of energy efficiency improvements under ESPCs may be financed using a mix of debt, equipment leasing, tax equity, government incentives, rebates, and grants, as described in Section I above. Loans are generally secured via liens on equipment installed and are underwritten based on the creditworthiness of the customer. The availability and cost of capital will largely be tied to the credit of the customer, as opposed to the potential performance of the energy efficiency upgrades, thus making financing available to primarily the most creditworthy customers, not necessarily the most efficient projects. Furthermore, the value of any energy efficiency capital investments that accrue beyond the term of the ESPC cannot readily be captured at the time of financing. Accounting Issues Although the ESCO is providing services relating to the installation and performance of the energy efficiency upgrades, the upgrades are owned by the customer whether or not they are financed. Thus,
AUSTIN BRUSSELS GEORGETOWN, DE HONG KONG NEW YORK PALO ALTO SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE SHANGHAI WASHINGTON, DC
14
the capital cost of the upgrades will appear on the customer’s balance sheet. Investments that appear on a company’s balance sheet often face a more challenging internal approval process, even where an internal champion is supportive of the project. The energy efficiency investment is not likely central to the customer’s business and, from an accounting point of view, it’s better for the customer if treated as an expense kept off its balance sheet. As compared to the ESA and MESA models in which the monthly payments are simply off-balance sheet expenses, similarly sized monthly payments for debt service that are on the balance sheet will likely be treated with greater scrutiny. Legal Issues As part of its Dodd-Frank rulemaking process, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has proposed that ESCOs be required to register as "municipal financial advisors" and be subject to regulatory oversight as such. The ESCO industry, however, argues that ESCOs, like engineering firms, should be exempted from this new registration requirement. This debate is ongoing and has yet to be resolved. Overall Assessment
Strengths
- Performance guarantees reduce project risks, which is valuable in large, complex retrofits
- ESCOs have a long history of contracting experience and standardized processes
- Projects are maintained through rigorous monitoring and verification
Weaknesses
- Contractor and financier incentives limit deployment of new technology
- High transaction costs - Long negotiation periods - Not a realistic framework for smaller
projects - Unclear whether ESCOs will be able to
administer programs or originate loans without being registered Municipal Finance Advisors under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
- On customer’s balance sheet
B. Energy Services Agreements (ESAs) As discussed above, under an ESPC the customer owns the energy efficiency improvements on-balance sheet and either self-funds the up-front costs or uses debt or lease financing to cover the up-front costs. As an alternative, the ESA model diverged from the ESPC structure and draws its inspiration from the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) structure. In a PPA, a utility or a host customer agrees to purchase the electricity generated by a project from the project owner. The PPA structure has been widely adopted for power projects across the U.S. for conventional, renewable, utility-scale, and distributed energy generation projects, including in the residential space. Financing innovations and tax incentives such as the ITC have led to widespread adoption of residential and commercial-scale solar projects using the PPA structure. The ESA model’s innovation is to translate the PPA into an ESA as a tool for financing
ESPC Basic Structure
source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati
ESA Basic Structure
AUSTIN BRUSSELS GEORGETOWN, DE HONG KONG NEW YORK PALO ALTO SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE SHANGHAI WASHINGTON, DC
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Figure 4: Basic ESA Structure
Investors are repaid through the stream of customer payments for energy savings, tax incentives, rebates, and environmental attributes. The creditworthiness of the customer and the ESCO will impact the ability of the project developer to secure financing for an ESA-based project and the pricing of such financing. In some cases, parent guarantees may be needed in innovative financing models until investors in this area become comfortable with their risk exposure. In an attempt to reduce transaction costs and expand investment into this segment, the market may increasingly see transactions in which a single investor funds groups of projects that meet certain criteria. Accounting Issues ESAs may be treated as operating leases or capital leases. Under current Federal Accounting Standards Board (FASB) standards, ESAs that are treated as operating leases remain off the customer’s balance sheet (while capital leases are on-balance sheet). However, FASB has proposed new rules that would impact the accounting treatment of operating leases. If FASB adopts this new lease treatment, ESA projects treated as operating leases would not remain off-balance sheet and instead would be placed on the customer or obligor’s balance sheet. Under the proposed FASB revisions, however, an ESA can be structured to meet the service agreement criteria (which would remain off-balance sheet), avoiding treatment as an on-balance sheet operating lease. ESA providers and providers of emerging energy efficiency financing structures such as Managed ESAs are avoiding this potential accounting issue by offering service-based agreements that are not treated as leases under current or proposed FASB standards. Managed ESAs are described in further detail below. Overall Assessment ESAs build on the successful PPA model of project finance, where third-party project developers and investors provide the up-front capital for energy efficiency improvements, which is repaid over time by a
AUSTIN BRUSSELS GEORGETOWN, DE HONG KONG NEW YORK PALO ALTO SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE SHANGHAI WASHINGTON, DC
17
customer through energy savings. This model may face barriers to implementation if revised FASB standards result in on-balance sheet treatment and ESAs cannot be structured to meet revised FASB standards for off-balance sheet treatment.
Strengths
- Currently, customers may finance energy efficiency improvements off-balance sheet
- Customers pay only for actual savings
realized
- Customers do not bear operation and
maintenance responsibilities or performance
risk during the ESA contract term
- Project developers are incentivized to
maximize energy savings or other
performance metrics
- ESA provider may be able to monetize tax benefits that customer could not
- The ESA provider may be able to obtain financing for groups of similar energy efficiency projects that meet certain criteria from a single investor, thereby lowering transaction costs
Weaknesses
- Proposed FASB rule modification could subject ESAs to new accounting rules
- Project developer has to secure debt and/or equity financing from providers that understand the ESA model; familiarity with the well-established PPA model, however, may help mitigate this weakness
C. Managed Energy Service Agreement (MESA) Description and Key Features The MESA is a slightly different version of an ESA, wherein a project developer owns the energy efficiency equipment and in addition serves as a middle person between the customer and the utility. With a MESA structure, the customer has the project developer as a single point of contact and makes a single payment for all of its utility expenses. In contrast, under an ESA structure, the customer pays the ESA provider for the realized savings and then pays each of its utilities individually for the water, gas, and/or electricity that may be consumed. As with an ESA, MESAs involve the sale of energy savings as a service and are considered to be off-balance sheet arrangements at this time. Companies with a fully integrated business model (e.g., technology provider, developer, and financier) that want to enter the energy efficiency market may find it most attractive to utilize the MESA structure for energy efficiency projects. New companies in this space have established varying arrangements for how energy savings accrue to the customer. Under one structure, the customer pays the MESA project developer its baseline energy bill for the duration of the contract, and all savings accrue to the MESA project developer. In other models, the project developer guarantees a percentage reduction in energy bills to the customer, thereby sharing in the energy savings throughout the contract period.
source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati
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D. Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) PACE was developed in 2007 and enables local governments to finance energy efficiency improvements using land-secured special assessment or improvement district structures. The authority to create land-secured municipal finance districts already exists in most states around the country and has been used as far back as the 17th century to finance local improvements such as sewer lines, sidewalks, seismic retrofits, fire safety improvements, parks, and sports arenas. Under such authority, local governments issue bonds to finance local improvements that have a public purpose and levy assessments against property benefitted by such improvements. The assessments are collected along with property taxes and are secured by a lien on the property.
Description and Key Features In a PACE program, existing municipal improvement district authority typically is expanded to include energy efficiency or renewable energy improvements on private property. These districts generally are established as a result of petition or vote of constituents or property owners in a local jurisdiction and then approved by the governing body of that jurisdiction. Property owners voluntarily agree to have assessments levied against their property in exchange for receiving the up-front capital for the energy efficiency improvements.
Figure 6: Basic PACE Structure
In the event of a sale or transfer, the lien securing the assessments remains on the property, becoming an obligation of the next property owner. Thus, the repayment obligation is tied to the entity benefiting from the energy savings achieved at the property. As with other tax and government assessment liens, liens used to secure PACE assessments are senior to privately held liens such as mortgages. This security feature reduces risk to bond investors and lenders, thereby enabling local governments to offer this financing at relatively low interest rates. It is important to note, however, that as with property taxes, in
Commercial PACE Basic Structure
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21
of the FHFA’s rulemaking proceeding and federal litigation. PACE is advancing and holds promise as a model for financing energy efficiency improvements in the commercial sector.
Strengths
- Assessment lien is attractive to investors; security feature enables competitive interest rates
- Repayment obligation remains with property in the event of sale or transfer by owner
- Term tied to payback period
Weaknesses
- Legal challenges to lien priority in the residential sector
- Local government approval process required to implement program
- While PACE provides a model for raising financing for capital investments, it does not provide a model for financing the servicing aspects of energy efficiency
- No consensus yet regarding accounting treatment as on-balance sheet or off-balance sheet
E. On-Bill Financing/Repayment On-Bill Financing/On-Bill Repayment (OBF/OBR) uses utility or third-party capital to pay for energy efficiency or renewable energy retrofits in a building, the cost of which is repaid by the customer on the customer’s utility bill. OBF refers to programs that use utility capital, whereas OBR programs leverage third-party capital. To date, various forms of on-bill programs have been implemented in over 20 states, serving residential, commercial, and industrial customers. While OBF/OBR programs are currently in pilot stages and market penetration is still low, these programs are generally seen as successful, with low default rates and borrowing costs. Description and Key Features Although OBF/OBR programs vary significantly, key elements include (1) repayment of the costs of building energy efficiency retrofits through the customer’s utility bill; (2) very low up-front costs to the customer and very low interest rates (often zero percent); (3) threat of utility disconnection in the event of default; and (4) use of utility or third-party capital for the initial cost of energy efficiency retrofits (see “Sources of Financing” below). The central feature of OBF/OBR programs is that repayment for energy efficiency improvements is bundled into the customer’s monthly utility bill. This feature allows customers to immediately see the effect of energy efficiency improvements on their overall energy expenditures, which often decrease immediately—even with the bundled repayments—due to low interest rates and minimal up-front costs for the customer. Because customers are able to quickly realize the economic benefits of energy savings, OBR/OBF addresses the “first-cost” hurdle to energy efficiency retrofits and expands customer demand. The utility bill repayment mechanism also lowers administrative costs by leveraging the existing infrastructure and resources of the utility (which typically administers the program or partners with the administrator), including customer relationships and billing systems.
source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati
AUSTIN BRUSSELS GEORGETOWN, DE HONG KONG NEW YORK PALO ALTO SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE SHANGHAI WASHINGTON, DC
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Figure 5 below provides an illustrative MESA structure.
Figure 5: Basic MESA Structure
Sources of Financing The MESA project developer may finance a MESA project using the same strategies as the ESA developer
described above, including the establishment of an SPE for each MESA project. MESA projects will
attract lenders, however, who are generally willing and able to tolerate the risk on utility rates. Since the
MESA project developer is responsible for utility payments, it carries the risk of utility rates increasing
faster than predicted. As with the ESA structure, since energy efficiency improvements do not qualify for
the ITC or PTC, unlike solar and wind-generation projects, tax equity investors are not a primary source
of capital for energy efficiency projects. Overall Assessment
Strengths - Currently, customers may finance energy
efficiency improvements off-balance
sheet
- Customers do not bear operations and
maintenance responsibilities or
performance risk during the MESA
contract term
- Project developers are incentivized to
maximize energy savings
- Customer has a single point of contact
and a single payment for all utility
expenses
Weaknesses
- Same as the ESA structure
- MESA project developer typically
carries utility rate escalation risk
MESA Basic Structure
AUSTIN BRUSSELS GEORGETOWN, DE HONG KONG NEW YORK PALO ALTO SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE SHANGHAI WASHINGTON, DC
18
Figure 5 below provides an illustrative MESA structure.
Figure 5: Basic MESA Structure
Sources of Financing The MESA project developer may finance a MESA project using the same strategies as the ESA developer
described above, including the establishment of an SPE for each MESA project. MESA projects will
attract lenders, however, who are generally willing and able to tolerate the risk on utility rates. Since the
MESA project developer is responsible for utility payments, it carries the risk of utility rates increasing
faster than predicted. As with the ESA structure, since energy efficiency improvements do not qualify for
the ITC or PTC, unlike solar and wind-generation projects, tax equity investors are not a primary source
of capital for energy efficiency projects. Overall Assessment
Strengths - Currently, customers may finance energy
efficiency improvements off-balance
sheet
- Customers do not bear operations and
maintenance responsibilities or
performance risk during the MESA
contract term
- Project developers are incentivized to
maximize energy savings
- Customer has a single point of contact
and a single payment for all utility
expenses
Weaknesses
- Same as the ESA structure
- MESA project developer typically
carries utility rate escalation risk
source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati
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24
this financing model’s success seem to be the ability to combine multiple funding sources within one program and the ability to target multiple building sectors, which increases project volume. To scale up, however, OBF/OBR programs would need to overcome a number of barriers. Administrative costs remain high, particularly for programs that serve residential customers, due to the need for individual energy audits and new billing structures, and the lack of standardized agreements. Many programs still rely on government funding, which reduces sustainability. And while pilot programs have had low default rates, there are a number of matters that would need to be dealt with more thoroughly to make OBF/OBR viable on a larger scale, including financial and consumer protection regulations, allocation of risk in the event of default, priority of OBF/OBR-related payments as compared to customers’ regular energy bills, transferability of obligations in the event of property sale, and ways to ensure positive cash flows.
Strengths
- Addresses “first-cost” hurdle to customer adoption by requiring little capital up front
- Shows strong record of repayment by customers to date
- Leverages existing utility resources and customer practices to collect payments
- Bundled utility bill clearly shows impact of energy efficiency on overall energy expenditures
- Payment obligation may follow the customer or the meter
- Can be structured to address diverse customers and market segments
- Can be structured to address split energy incentives of tenants and owners
- Accounting treatment may be on-balance sheet or off-balance sheet
Weaknesses
- In some cases, requires a third party to bear the “first costs” that are avoided by the customer
- Threat of utility disconnection is subject to legal uncertainty
- May require high up-front investment by utility to reform billing structures and other systems
- Assuring that energy savings will exceed loan/tariff payments is difficult
- Potential consumer lending regulations increase legal costs and uncertainty
- Obtaining landlord buy-in may be difficult if the tenant reaps all of the energy efficiency benefits
- Transaction and implementation costs can be relatively high
- Existing programs rely heavily on government funding and support
Utility OBF/OBR* Basic Structure
source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati
*OBF/OBR=OnCBill$Financing/OnCBill$Repayment
HVAC
TUNNELING THROUGH TO LOW-‐E
Now use 1/2 global power 30-50% efficiency savings achievable w/ high ROI
ELECTRIC MOTOR SYSTEMS
ASHRAE--Chiller Plant Efficiency
0.5 (7.0)
0.6 (5.9)
0.7 (5.0)
0.8 (4.4)
0.9 (3.9)
1.0 (3.5)
1.1 (3.2)
1.2 (2.9)
NEEDS IMPROVEMENTFAIRGOODEXCELLENT
AVERAGE ANNUAL CHILLER PLANT EFFICIENCY IN KW/TON (C.O.P.)(Input energy includes chillers, condenser pumps, tower fans and chilled water pumping)
New Technology All-Variable Speed
Chiller Plants
High-efficiency Optimized
Chiller Plants
Conventional Code Based Chiller Plants
Older Chiller Plants
Chiller Plants with Correctable Design or Operational Problems
Based on electrically driven centrifugal chiller plants in comfort conditioning applications with 42F (5.6C) nominal chilled water supply temperature and open cooling towers sized for 85F
(29.4C) maximum entering condenser water temperature and 20% excess capacity. Local Climate adjustment for North American climates is +/- 0.05 kW/ton
kW/ton C.O.P.
0.59 typical Trane Guaranty
Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore0.49 Infosys, Bangalore, India
0.59 Trane, Singapore
Sources: LEE Eng Lock, Trane, Singapore; Punit Desai, Infosys, Bangalore, India; Tom Hartman, TX, h,p://www.hartmanco.com/
Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore
Typical Chiller Plant -- Needs Improvement(1.2 kW per ton)
Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore
High Performance Chiller Plant (0.56 kW/t)
Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore
HOW? Bigger pipes, 45° angles, Smaller chillers
! Making pipes just 50% fatter reduces friction by 86%
Pipe%Dia%in%inch%
Flow%in%GPM%
Velocity%Ft%/sec%
Head%loss%S/100S%
6% 800% 8.8% 3.5%
10% 800% 3.2% 0.3%
Big Pipe, small pumps 33
Punit Desai, �Environmental Sustainability at Infosys Driven by values, Powered by innovaNon, InfoSys, presentaNon to RMI, Sept 15, 2014
1. Ask for 0.60 kW/RT or better for chiller plant.
2. Ask for performance guarantee backed by clear financial penalties in event of performance shortfall.
3. Ask for accurate Measurement & Verification system of at least +-5% accuracy in accordance to international standards of ARI-550 & ASHRAE guides 14P & 22.
4. Ask for online internet access to monitor the plant performance.
5. Ask for track record.
Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore
Simple Guide to retrofit success
0.50
Improvement Over Time
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Nor
mal
ized
EUI (
1975
Use
= 1
00)
Year
Improvement in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (Year 1975-2013)
90-1975 90A -1980
90.1-1989 90.1-1999
90.1-2007
90.1-2010
90.1-2004
14%
4.5% 0.5% 12.3%
4.5%
18.5%
90.1-2001
90.1-2013
18.5%
6~8%
Improvement in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (1975-‐2013)
PNNL, Building Codes Commercial Landscape, PNNL-‐SA-‐103479, June 2014
Interrelationships
IECC adopts 90.1 by reference – designer choice which to use but cannot ‘pick and choose’, must use one or the other only IgCC adopts the IECC by reference but adds criteria to address addi6onal items not covered in the IECC or increases stringency of the IECC IgCC adopts 189.1 by reference – designer choice which to use but cannot ‘pick and choose’, must use one or the other only ASHRAE 189.1 adopts 90.1 by reference but adds criteria to address addi6onal items not covered by 90.1 or increases stringency of 90.1
Interrela6onships Building Energy Commercial Codes
ASHRAE 189.1 ASHRAE 90.1
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Projections
11
Heating and cooling use index based on weighted equipment efficiency requirement changes; Envelope based on typical medium office steel frame wall and window areas with U-factor changes; Lighting power based on building area allowances weighted for U.S. building floor area; Overall Standard 90.1 progress based on PNNL’s analysis.
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Projec6ons to 2030
PNNL, Building Codes Commercial Landscape, PNNL-‐SA-‐103479, June 2014
Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2008, p. 366. The figure is based on National Petroleum Council, 2007 after Craig, Cunningham and Saigo.
Oil
Gas
Uranium
Coal
ANNUAL Wind
Hydro
Photosynthesis
ANNUAL Solar Energy
Annual global energy consumption by humans
SOLAR PHOTONS ACCRUED IN A MONTH EXCEED THE EARTH’S FOSSIL FUEL RESERVES
1 Nme use
In the USA, cities and residences cover 56 million hectares.
Every kWh of current U.S. energy requirements can be met simply by applying photovoltaics (PV) to 7% of existing urban area—on roofs, parking lots, along highway walls, on sides of buildings, and in dual-uses. Requires 93% less water than fossil fuels.
Experts say we wouldn’t have to appropriate a single acre of new land to make PV our primary energy source!
15%
2013 Wind Technologies Market Report 59
that the turbine scaling and other improvements to turbine efficiency described in Chapter 4 have more than overcome these headwinds to help drive PPA prices lower.
Source: Berkeley Lab Figure 46. Generation-weighted average levelized wind PPA prices by PPA execution date and region Figure 46 also shows trends in the generation-weighted average levelized PPA price over time among four of the five regions broken out in Figure 30 (the Southeast region is omitted from Figure 46 owing to its small sample size). Figures 45 and 46 both demonstrate that, based on our data sample, PPA prices are generally low in the U.S. Interior, high in the West, and in the middle in the Great Lakes and Northeast regions. The large Interior region, where much of U.S. wind project development occurs, saw average levelized PPA prices of just $22/MWh in 2013.
The relative competitiveness of wind power improved in 2013 Figure 47 shows the range (minimum and maximum) of average annual wholesale electricity prices for a flat block of power64 going back to 2003 at 23 different pricing nodes located throughout the country (refer to the Appendix for the names and approximate locations of the 23 pricing nodes represented by the blue-shaded area). The dark diamonds represent the generation-weighted average levelized wind PPA prices in the years in which contracts were executed (consistent with the nationwide averages presented in Figure 46).
64 A flat block of power is defined as a constant amount of electricity generated and sold over a specified period. Although wind power projects do not provide a flat block of power, as a common point of comparison a flat block is not an unreasonable starting point. In other words, the time variability of wind energy is often such that its wholesale market value is somewhat lower than, but not too dissimilar from, that of a flat block of (non-firm) power (Fripp and Wiser 2006).
U.S. Wind Power LCOE PPA in 2013 2.5¢/kWh Global Wind Power LCOE in 2013 6.5¢/kWh
Ryan Wiser & Mark Bollinger, 2013 Wind Technologies Market Report, Lawrence Berkeley, August 2014
6¢/kWh
2¢/kWh
4¢/kWh
LCOE=Levelized Cost of Electricity PPA=Power Purchase Agreement
FIRST SOLAR U6lity-‐Scale Solar PV 2013 LCOE $0.07-‐0.15/kWh*
*2013 data, costs depending on irradiance levels, interest rates, and other factors, e.g. development costs, h,p://www.firstsolar.com/en/soluNons/uNlity-‐scale-‐generaNon
Cents/kWh
Deutsche Bank Predic6ng Huge Distributed Solar PV Uptake 2015-‐2016
h,p://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/05/deutsche-‐bank-‐predicNng-‐huge-‐distributed-‐solar-‐pv-‐uptake/ , September 13, 2013, CleanTechnica
h,p://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/05/deutsche-‐bank-‐predicNng-‐huge-‐distributed-‐solar-‐pv-‐uptake/ , September 13, 2013, CleanTechnica
Deutsche Bank Predic6ng Huge Distributed Solar PV Uptake 2015-‐2016
Designed by Toyo Ito, the dragon-‐shaped 50,000 seat arena is clad in 8,844 solar panels on 14,155 m2 roof.
It illuminates the track and field with 3,300 lux (lumens per m2). The Solar PV system provides 100% of the electricity during games, and surplus energy is sold during non-‐game periods.
Built upon a clear area of 19 hectares, nearly 7 hectares has been reserved for the development of integrated public green spaces, bike paths, sports parks, and an ecological pond.
The stadium also integrates addiNonal green features such as permeable pavements and the extensive use of reusable, local materials.
Dragon-‐Shaped 100% Solar PV Stadium in Taiwan
100 Addi6onal Slides
FIRST FUEL Remote Building Analy6cs pla~orm
FIRST FUEL Remote Building Analy6cs pla~orm
FIRST FUEL Remote Building Analy6cs pla~orm
Analy6cs provide more ac6onable and informa6ve views into usage. Tools that use mulNple data sources – such as FirstFuel’s combinaNon of weather data, interval usage data, and other publicly available informaNon found through semanNc search – allow for “mass customizaNon” of energy insight – an outcome that provides specific and acNonable informaNon about each building across a porzolio, at scale. Customer engagement remains a key nut to crack. While the value of remote analyNcs is becoming clearer for uNliNes and program administrators, building owners and operators have to see the value as well. Industry stakeholders are beginning to work together to educate end-‐users about the enormous power to be gained from be,er, faster, and cheaper insight into building performance. Opera6onal savings opportunity is s6ll misaligned with opera6onal savings investment. Low -‐to-‐no cost operaNonal changes represent a huge opportunity for energy and cost savings, but program spending pa,erns have not yet significantly shi�ed. Both the uNliNes and PUCs see operaNonal savings playing a criNcal role in energy efficiency impacts, but regulatory and program regimes need to adjust for this to become a reality.
Building Analy6cs pla~orm
Arena Videos Architecture -‐ Design Engineering –ConstrucNon Real-‐Nme ConNnuous Commissioning DeConstrucNon – DeCommissioning – Circle Economy OpNmum Energy h,p://opNmumenergyco.com/resources/#videos-‐presentaNons Introducing AutoDesk AEC Feed iPad app (0:41) h,p://youtu.be/1K7yChiNPtM Autodesk BIM 101: Intro to Building InformaNon Modeling (2:11) h,p://youtu.be/U2-‐rw3M3hgk
Fly-‐through MN Vikings new stadium design (2:40) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAt_ooyAEsQ Future NHL Stadiums (2:10) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Tzi81XXStk Top 10 Future Stadiums worldwide (3:10) h,p://youtu.be/yFWkutdlBYk Architectural AnimaNon: FIFA related World Cup 2022 Sports Complex CompeNNon 3D CGI VisualizaNon (6:38) h,p://youtu.be/ribw-‐EKXufU New NaNonal Stadium for Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics (4:11) by Zaha Hadid Architects Area: 290,000 m², Capacity: 80,000 people EsNmated compleNon: March 2019 h,p://youtu.be/w7II0J_aT7A
NHL to NBA at Air Canada Centre (2:55) h,p://youtu.be/_uFt-‐wEj7jY Consol Arena – IBWave.com Design for Stadiums, wifi, IP wiring of arena h,p://youtu.be/B75ilvgS394 (1:20) Consol Energy Center -‐ Pi,sburgh Penguins Arena Nmelapse 2008-‐2009 (3:10) h,p://youtu.be/nWGhE081uiU?list=PLi2-‐znfag4ZXgYAdwzv_3gg0LYXRKTu5i Barclays Center Arena Nmelapse (2:27) h,p://youtu.be/NUvqlkIGl8U Barclays Center Arena Curtainwall Install Sequence (0:27) h,p://youtu.be/qCfAaQEUFqY
LOW-‐E VIDEOS
2 Years of Vikings Stadium Construc6on in 2 Minutes
HI-‐RE VIDEOS BNSF Train hauling Vesta wind powers (4:32) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okrS3bhNn24#t=56 Altair Hyperworks so�ware simulaNon visualizaNon (1.24) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5Ioi_4bdL0 Siemens 3MW Wind turbine installaNon Hawaii (2 min) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHS10eGjNq8 WindFarmer – Wind Farm Design So�ware by GL Garrard Hassan (2:13) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLHHMtV0RW0
Solar Panel InstallaNon New Jersey Parking Deck h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2H1Ww6Ib_U
Universal%Interoperability%Key$principles$from$Internet$Tech.$
Any$device$should$work$with$all$other$objects$in$any$space$$
• Across%building%types%– ResidenAal,%commercial,%vehicles,%…%
• Across%geography%– Countries,%language,%…%
• Across%Ame%– Worthy%of%durability%
• Across%end%uses%– CoordinaAon,%cooperaAon%
• Across%people%– Age,%disability,%culture,%acAvity,%context,%…%
Bruce Nordman (LBNL), IoOT — learning from the first 13 billion*, ET, IoT session, 2014
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
• Produce more light per watt than other lights • Last longer (4x) • Run cooler • Dimming with linear energy savings • Don’t degrade as rapidly as fluorescents and
degradation has no impact on energy consumption • When properly controlled, they don’t flicker • Cold temps don’t bother them • Contain fewer rare earth materials and no Mercury • Function on low voltage wire
Why Commercial Lighting is Migrating to LEDs
8
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
LEDs are Massively More Efficient…
0
50
100
150
Inca
ndes
cent
Halo
gen
Flou
resc
ent
LED
2012
LED
2013
LED
2014
Lumins/Per Watt
14.3 13.6 50.8
100 120 140
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp#Comparison_with_alternative_technologies
300 Lumens/Watt is already working
in labs
9
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
LEDs are Used Everywhere
Hospitality Area Lighting Street Lighting
Office & Industrial Retail & Museum
Outdoor Lighting Architectural Lighting Video Screens
Portable Lighting Indoor Lighting
10
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
Typical Lighting-class LED Package
• LED Chip: Determines brightness and efficacy
• Phosphor system: Determines color point and stability
• Package: Protects the chip and phosphor; Helps with light and heat extraction http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=1iA73GwhEfY
15
Lens
LED chip
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
Traditional Lamp vs. LED Technology
Two Key Differences: –Directionality of
light •Omni-directional vs. directional
–Means of evacuating heat •Convection vs. conduction
Traditional lamps: R
efle
ctor
light & heat
LEDs: 90°-140° viewing angle
light
heat
light
16 heat
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
Primary Source
Visible Light Infrared (heat)
Ultraviolet (tanning)
The Sun
18
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
The Gold Standard Artificial Source
Incandescent
19
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKIOT-1404 Cisco Public
Which one is likely the “Best” artificial source?
LEDs Provide Richer Color Perception
Metal Halide
Fluorescent
HPS
Warm White LED
Cool White LED
If this is the “Gold Standard”
Incandescent
20
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
LED lighNng that uses Power over Ethernet (PoE) can be powered not by an electrical powerline but by basic Ethernet cable. The low-‐voltage Category 5 or Cat 6 cable can send both power and data to LEDs. And that can save on wiring costs as well. The LED light fixtures get an IP address, interact with networked sensors, devices, and mobile users, and become fully programmable. By connecNng lighNng directly to the Internet, controls can be driven by so�ware. And new apps will make lighNng a service. Building owners can achieve lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) including lower first costs, lower operaNng expense, and lower cost of space-‐reconfiguraNon. Energy savings go beyond the efficiency of the LED light source, to capture addiNonal savings through more universal and pervasive controls. For example, so�ware technology allows for across the board load shedding including Demand-‐Response (DR) capabiliNes required by some uNlity companies.
LED Ligh6ng Using Power over Ethernet (PoE)
7
SSL Saving Energy Today
…but the full performance and
energy savings potential of SSL is far from realized or assured
Source: Navigant Consulting
Multi-Year Program Plan
Page 13
TABLE 2.1 U.S. INSTALLED BASE AND ENERGY SAVINGS OF LED LIGHTING BY APPLICATION [7]
Application1
2013 LED Installed2
Penetration %
2013 LED Units
Installed2 Millions
2013 Energy Savings
TBtu (TWh)
Energy Savings Potential
TBtu (TWh)
A-Type 1.1% 34.2 40.5 (3.9)
802 (77.3)
3.4% 33.3 79.7 (7.7)
395 (38.0)
Small Directional 16% 7.5 15.3 (1.5)
71.9 (6.9)
Decorative 0.7% 8.3 2.3 (0.2)
269 (25.9)
Linear Fixture 0.7% 4.9 7.3 (0.7)
1,052 (101)
Industrial 2.1% 1.8 9.2 (0.9)
789 (76.0)
Other3 0.5% 3.8 7.4 (0.7)
178 (17.1)
Total Indoor 1.3% 95.5 162 (15.6)
3,556 (342)
Area/Roadway 7.1% 3.3 13.8 (1.3)
256 (24.7)
Parking Garage 2.4% 0.8 6.5 (0.6)
140 (13.5)
Building Exterior3 7.9% 4.7 5.4 (0.5)
59.3 (5.7)
Other3 2.9% 0.7 1.2 (0.1)
48.6 (4.7)
Total Outdoor 5.8% 9.5 26.9 (2.5)
504 (48.6)
Total All 1.4% 105 188 (18.1)
4,060 (391)
Notes: 1. Descriptions of each application group are provided in Appendix 5.2.3. 2. Installations are the total cumulative number of LED lamps and luminaires that have been installed
as of 2013. 3. The “other” and “building exterior” applications were not analyzed in 2012.
OLED technology has yet to gain a measurable share of the general lighting market, but the OLED community is making strides toward commercializing products for certain applications. Most OLED prototypes have yet to attain light output levels suitable for many general lighting applications. Initial products have been largely decorative in nature although some OLED products have been developed for task lighting applications, such as desk or table lamps and automotive interior lighting.
Directional
DOE, Solid-‐State LighNng Research and Development, MulN-‐Year Program Plan , MAY 2014
Multi-Year Program Plan
Page 13
TABLE 2.1 U.S. INSTALLED BASE AND ENERGY SAVINGS OF LED LIGHTING BY APPLICATION [7]
Application1
2013 LED Installed2
Penetration %
2013 LED Units
Installed2 Millions
2013 Energy Savings
TBtu (TWh)
Energy Savings Potential
TBtu (TWh)
A-Type 1.1% 34.2 40.5 (3.9)
802 (77.3)
3.4% 33.3 79.7 (7.7)
395 (38.0)
Small Directional 16% 7.5 15.3 (1.5)
71.9 (6.9)
Decorative 0.7% 8.3 2.3 (0.2)
269 (25.9)
Linear Fixture 0.7% 4.9 7.3 (0.7)
1,052 (101)
Industrial 2.1% 1.8 9.2 (0.9)
789 (76.0)
Other3 0.5% 3.8 7.4 (0.7)
178 (17.1)
Total Indoor 1.3% 95.5 162 (15.6)
3,556 (342)
Area/Roadway 7.1% 3.3 13.8 (1.3)
256 (24.7)
Parking Garage 2.4% 0.8 6.5 (0.6)
140 (13.5)
Building Exterior3 7.9% 4.7 5.4 (0.5)
59.3 (5.7)
Other3 2.9% 0.7 1.2 (0.1)
48.6 (4.7)
Total Outdoor 5.8% 9.5 26.9 (2.5)
504 (48.6)
Total All 1.4% 105 188 (18.1)
4,060 (391)
Notes: 1. Descriptions of each application group are provided in Appendix 5.2.3. 2. Installations are the total cumulative number of LED lamps and luminaires that have been installed
as of 2013. 3. The “other” and “building exterior” applications were not analyzed in 2012.
OLED technology has yet to gain a measurable share of the general lighting market, but the OLED community is making strides toward commercializing products for certain applications. Most OLED prototypes have yet to attain light output levels suitable for many general lighting applications. Initial products have been largely decorative in nature although some OLED products have been developed for task lighting applications, such as desk or table lamps and automotive interior lighting.
Directional
Multi-Year Program Plan
Page 13
TABLE 2.1 U.S. INSTALLED BASE AND ENERGY SAVINGS OF LED LIGHTING BY APPLICATION [7]
Application1
2013 LED Installed2
Penetration %
2013 LED Units
Installed2 Millions
2013 Energy Savings
TBtu (TWh)
Energy Savings Potential
TBtu (TWh)
A-Type 1.1% 34.2 40.5 (3.9)
802 (77.3)
3.4% 33.3 79.7 (7.7)
395 (38.0)
Small Directional 16% 7.5 15.3 (1.5)
71.9 (6.9)
Decorative 0.7% 8.3 2.3 (0.2)
269 (25.9)
Linear Fixture 0.7% 4.9 7.3 (0.7)
1,052 (101)
Industrial 2.1% 1.8 9.2 (0.9)
789 (76.0)
Other3 0.5% 3.8 7.4 (0.7)
178 (17.1)
Total Indoor 1.3% 95.5 162 (15.6)
3,556 (342)
Area/Roadway 7.1% 3.3 13.8 (1.3)
256 (24.7)
Parking Garage 2.4% 0.8 6.5 (0.6)
140 (13.5)
Building Exterior3 7.9% 4.7 5.4 (0.5)
59.3 (5.7)
Other3 2.9% 0.7 1.2 (0.1)
48.6 (4.7)
Total Outdoor 5.8% 9.5 26.9 (2.5)
504 (48.6)
Total All 1.4% 105 188 (18.1)
4,060 (391)
Notes: 1. Descriptions of each application group are provided in Appendix 5.2.3. 2. Installations are the total cumulative number of LED lamps and luminaires that have been installed
as of 2013. 3. The “other” and “building exterior” applications were not analyzed in 2012.
OLED technology has yet to gain a measurable share of the general lighting market, but the OLED community is making strides toward commercializing products for certain applications. Most OLED prototypes have yet to attain light output levels suitable for many general lighting applications. Initial products have been largely decorative in nature although some OLED products have been developed for task lighting applications, such as desk or table lamps and automotive interior lighting.
Directional
DOE, Solid-‐State LighNng Research and Development, MulN-‐Year Program Plan , MAY 2014
Multi-Year Program Plan
Page 20
TABLE 2.3 SUMMARY OF LED PACKAGE PRICE AND PERFORMANCE PROJECTIONS
Metric 2013 2015 2017 2020 Goal
Cool-White Efficacy (lm/W) 166 192 211 231 250
Cool-White Price ($/klm) 4 2 1.3 0.7 0.5
Warm-White Efficacy (lm/W) 135 169 197 225 250
Warm-White Price ($/klm) 5.1 2.3 1.4 0.7 0.5
We have chosen to normalize the values used in this and previous reports to a specific current density and operating temperature in order to set projections and track progress. More recently, with the introduction of an ever-widening portfolio of package designs, it has become increasingly difficult to apply this method of normalization. In certain cases, the total die area cannot be accurately determined and in others the required current density cannot be achieved. The definition of a single current density for multi-die packages with mixed die types is problematic. Even where the specified current density can be achieved, it does not always correspond to the optimum operating conditions for that package and often provides a pessimistic indicator of package performance in a real application. For example, Cree reports an efficacy of 200 lm/W for their MK-R product at 1W and 25°C (6500K). The same package has a normalized efficacy of 149 lm/W. Changing the measurement conditions also impacts the normalized price. At 200 lm/W the normalized price is $40/klm but drops to $4/klm at 149 lm/W. A new normalization method needs to be introduced to cater to the different package designs and provide realistic real-word performance.
A more useful normalization method might take account of what is important in a real application, which involves a trade-off between lumen output, efficacy, and price. As the die cost has reduced, it has become more cost effective to operate a larger number of LED packages at lower current densities to achieve higher efficacy at the same lumen output. Lower current densities create less heat and allow for simpler and cheaper packaging to be employed. Mid-power LED packages are a good example. A typical 3535 or 5630 package9 costs 10 to 15 cents in modest volumes and produces around 30 lumens at 100 mA (300 mW), yielding an efficacy of 100 lm/W at a price in the $3/klm to $4/klm range.
Ultimately, it might be argued that the die area doesn’t matter, because what is important is the number of lumens emitted from a given package emitting area (lm/mm2), the cost of those lumens (lm/$), and the efficacy (lm/W). Further work is required to identify a suitable normalization procedure that can be applied across the whole gamut of package types.
2.3.3 LED Lamp and Luminaire Prices LED lamp and luminaire prices vary widely depending upon the application. To validate the progress on price reductions for LED-based lighting, a comparison of replacement lamps is both practical and appropriate. The most aggressive pricing has been associated with the most popular residential lamps, and consequently we have focused on the dimmable A19 60W-equivalent (800 lm) 9 3535 and 5630 packages are types of mid-power LEDs with package dimensions of 3.5 mm x 3.5 mm and 5.6 mm x 3.0 mm respectively.
Multi-Year Program Plan
Page 19
FIGURE 2.9 PRICE-EFFICACY TRADE-OFF FOR LED PACKAGES AT 35 A/CM2 AND 25°C Notes: 1. Cool-white packages assume CCT = 4746-7040K and CRI >70; warm-white packages assume CCT = 2580-
3710K and CRI >80. 2. Rectangles represent region mapped by maximum efficacy and lowest price for each time period. 3. The MYPP projections have been included to demonstrate anticipated future trends.
Figure 2.9 charts the evolution of LED package efficacy and price. Each time period is characterized by a rectangle with an area bound by the highest efficacy and lowest price products. Efficacies as high as 159 lm/W (cool white) and 123 lm/W (warm white) have been reported during 2013 as well as prices as low as $5/klm (cool white) and $6/klm (warm white). The MYPP price-efficacy projections are also included in Figure 2.9 for comparison purposes and are summarized in Table 2.4. The values achieved for efficacy and price are beginning to lag the projections and are not achieved simultaneously for the same device. As expected, higher efficacy products continue to demand higher prices, and lower prices correlate with reduced performance. However, while peak efficacy values have not increased significantly over the past year, prices for the highest performing products have continued to fall, and the spread in efficacy values has narrowed.
$0
$1
$10
$100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
LED
Pac
kage
Pric
e ($
/klm
)
Efficacy (lm/W)
Cool Target
Warm Target
2015
2020
2015
Mid 2009
End 2009
Mid 2009
End 2009
2020
End 2010
End 2010
20112011End 2011
End 2011
20132013
End 2012
End 2012
2010
End 2013
End 2013
20172017
DOE, Solid-‐State LighNng Research and Development, MulN-‐Year Program Plan , MAY 2014
Multi-Year Program Plan
Page 50
FIGURE 3.9 ENERGY CONSUMPTION COMPARISON FROM DOE LCA STUDY [54] Source: Life-Cycle Assessment of Energy and Environmental Impacts of LED Lighting Product. Prepared by EERE Building Technologies Office, April 2013.
The DOE-sponsored LCA studies have shown that SSL can reduce energy use from lighting and maintain performance levels without using large amounts of toxic or rare-earth materials. Unlike fluorescent lighting technology, LEDs and OLEDs do not require mercury or lead, and they make more effective use of rare-earth materials. The DOE LCA showed that in terms of air, resource, water, and soil impacts, LED-based SSL has far less negative impact than incandescent lighting and marginally less than CFLs. Additionally, and LED lighting has further room to improve. The LCA indicates that SSL represents an advancement in sustainability for lighting, particularly as further improvements in efficiency are realized. As discussed in Section 1, the energy consumption impacts of SSL are enormous and are already making an impact. The reduction in energy use from lighting in the U.S. enables improved energy security, reduced energy demand, economic benefits of lower energy consumption, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Although SSL products are demonstrating exceptional sustainability, more could be done to even further limit environmental impacts. The following are some of the efforts that are being pursued:
• Lighting that reduces the ecological impacts of providing light at night, such as the Coastal Light offered by Lighting Science Group, which provides a spectrum designed to minimize disruption of sea turtle hatching.11
• Streetlights designed to minimize light pollution. The International Dark-Sky Association suggests guidelines to reduce the amount of unusable upward emitted light at night [55]. LED lighting products with their improved optical distribution can significantly reduce the amount of light wasted upward into the atmosphere.
• “De-materializing” or reducing the amount of material, particularly energy-intensive materials such as aluminum, used for SSL products. With thoughtful new design, the opportunity exists
11 More information on the Coastal Light can be found at https://www.lsgc.com/fixtures/sea-turtle-friendly-led-fixture/.
Life-‐Cycle Assessment of Energy and Environmental Impacts of LED LighNng Product, DOE EERE Building Technologies Office, April 2013.
5
Lesson 2: Lifetime
Despite the promise of long life, there is no standard way to rate the lifetime and reliability of LED products
www.ssl.energy.gov
LED package lumen maintenance is PART of the story but not the WHOLE story
6
What actually fails and why?
LED Systems Reliability Consortium, 2013
12
Lesson 5: Color stability
The color delivered by some LEDs shifts over time, enough to negatively impact adoption in some applications
www.ssl.energy.gov
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
13
Lesson 5: Color stability - UPDATE
• A few manufacturers now offer warranties for color shift
• IES PIF on color stability – Should lead to a TM for
projecting color shift over time
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
14
Lesson 6: Flicker
Some LEDs flicker noticeably, which may negatively impact adoption in some applications
www.ssl.energy.gov
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
13
LEDs can flicker more than other sources
Percent Flicker
Flic
ker I
ndex
1005025 75
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.15
40
0.3
00
Incandescent, Metal Halide
Magnetically ballasted fluorescent
Electronically ballasted fluorescent
Solid-State
www.ssl.energy.gov
16
Lesson 7: Glare
LEDs can cause glare, which may negatively impact adoption in some applications
www.ssl.energy.gov
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
17
Lesson 7: Glare - UPDATE
• NGL judges have noted improvements but glare remains their #1 complaint
• Industry is taking this seriously – Diffusing lenses – Edge lit designs – Other optics that reduce
spot luminance and reduce contrast of LED to background
Focal Point
Acuity Brands - Peerless
NGL Indoor 2014 Noted for glare control
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
18
Lesson 8: Dimming
Achieving high-quality dimming performance with LED lamps is difficult, but improving
www.ssl.energy.gov
Source: Modified from NEMA SSL-6
19
Lesson 8: Dimming - UPDATE
• NEMA SSL-7A compliant products beginning to appear on market
• NEMA SSL-7B in progress
• CALiPER tested PAR38 LED lamps: – Some achieve high
quality dimming, almost identical to incandescent
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
15
Lesson 8: Dimming Achieving high-quality dimming performance with LED lamps is difficult, but improving
www.ssl.energy.gov
Depending on: 1) characteristics of the LED
sources (drivers) 2) characteristics of the dimmer 3) number and type of light
sources on the circuit
You might encounter: • Limited dimming range • Unpredictable dimming curve • Dead travel • Pop-on • Drop-out • Flashing, ghosting • Premature failure • Audible noise • Inoperability
21
Lesson 9: Interoperability Greater interoperability of lighting control components and more sensible specifications of lighting control systems are required to maximize the energy savings delivered by LED-based sources
www.ssl.energy.gov
Example: ZigBee Light Link to Ethernet
Gateway
Lighting Control on Wi-Fi network
ZigBee Light Link
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
22
Lesson 9: Interoperability - UPDATE
• Industry consortia actively working on interoperability – TALQ - outdoor – TCLA – indoor
• ANSI C137 Lighting Systems committee recently launched by NEMA
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
17
Lesson 10: Serviceability
Lack of LED product serviceability and interchangeability has created market adoption barriers in certain sectors
Example: Zhaga Book 2 mechanical interface
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Laboratory (PNNL), SSL: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to Market, Lighzair 2014, June 3, 2014
24
Lesson 10: Serviceability - UPDATE • NGL recognized several products for serviceability • Zhaga standards for 7 different LED light engine form
factors so far; 3 more in development – 174 products certified so far
Book 3 module
Book 2 holder
Book 4 module
Book 3 luminaire
Examples of NGL Indoor 2014
Products noted for serviceability
H.E. Williams
GE Lighting
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
26
Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure - UPDATE
• New innovative form factors
• New controls approaches – Wireless – Networked – Luminaire integrated
sensors • New power distribution
approaches – Low-voltage, DC power – Can be combined with
control/communication – Power over Ethernet
(PoE), other approaches
Blackjack Lighting
GE Lighting
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
25
Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure
Existing lighting infrastructure limits the full potential of SSL; more effort is needed to open the doors to new lighting systems and form factors
www.ssl.energy.gov
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
10
Beyond the Mainstream: What Else Can It Do?
“[LED] Light Bulbs Could Replace Your
Wi-Fi Router”
“New Technology Inspires a
Rethinking of Light”
“Casting [LED] Light on Astronaut Insomnia”
11
New Form Factors
Source: Acuity Brands
12
New Form Factors
Source: GE Lighting Source: Fred Maxik, Lighting Science
13
Integrated Controls
• Integrated motion and ambient light sensors
• Daylight harvesting • Vacancy sensing
Source: Cree
19
For the Latest Information
www.ssl.energy.gov
2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
Pilot Projects
1st Generation Tunable System
2nd Generation Tunable System
John Hwang, CEO of Planled, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
Spectrally Targeted System
2700K~6500K SSL 3500K FL
3800K HID 5000K SSL
Interior
Exterior
John Hwang, CEO of Planled, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
Tunable Task Lighting
John Hwang, CEO of Planled, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
What does Tuning the Spectrum Mean?
Leslie North, Aurora LighNng Design, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
Dynamic Terminology
• Dimming • Color Changing � Color Preference
• Warm-Dim • Color Tuning • Circadian � Reinforcement /
Tracking � Alertness Therapy /
Circadian Mimicking
Leslie North, Aurora LighNng Design, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
Color Tuning (Light for Consistency / Refinement)
• Can you Match Sources?
• Color Temperature • Color Rendering • Tint Control • Binning Tolerances
& Tolerance Over Time
Color Tuning (Light for Consistency / Refinement)
Natural/Enhanced Color Balanced Color Vivid Color
Source: Acuity Brands
10
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change
Haitz’s Law Every decade, the cost per lumen falls by a factor of 10, and the amount of light generated per LED package increases by a factor of 20, for a given wavelength (color) of light.
The theoretical maximum for an economical white LED with phosphorescence mixing is 260-
300 lm/W.
The Manufacturer’s PerspecNve, Sco, J. Hershman MIES, LC, ExecuNve Vice President of Design and Product Development LF IlluminaNon, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
12
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change
• Identify the manufacturer • Bar or QC codes • Quick disconnects for drivers and LED’s • Modular design of key components
15
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change
Standards Conventions which are voluntary undertaken by an industry.
Widely Adopted • IES/ANSI RP1610 – Defined terms • LM-80 – LED package measurement procedure • TM-21 – Method for calculating lifetime based on LM-80 testing • LM-79 – Luminaire test procedure • ANSI C78.377 – Color characteristics
Selectively adopted • Zhaga – Primarily deals with physical characteristics • Alternate color system metrics
17
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change
• Minimum luminaire performance. • Make the constants clear. (Lumens
vs. Candela vs. Wattage) • Warranty • Consider the entire lighting system • Don’t neglect installation
16
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change
To date standards and regulations have done little to influence interoperability of components.
Standards are needed for: • Electrical operating characteristics of LED’s - voltage bins • Thermal characteristics and thermal transfer • Electrical connections – socketed solutions • Light Emitting Surface sizes • Dimming interfaces for drivers
2
ABOUT LEEP
• Lighting Energy Efficiency in Parking (LEEP) Campaign – www.leepcampaign.com – #LEEPCampaign
• Joint campaign organized by BOMA, Green Parking Council, IFMA, International Parking Institute, and DOE’s Better Building Alliance
• Install or commit to install energy efficient lighting and controls in parking lots, structure, garages, or ramps – Year 1 goal: 100 million square feet (surpassed) – Year 2 goal: 500 million square feet (cumulative to year 1 values)
Jeff McCullough, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Taking the LEEP: Experience with LEDs in Parking Lots and Structures, LightFair Intl, June 2014
9
LEEP Award Winner: MGM Detroit Grand
• Location: Detroit, MI
• Square Feet: 2.6 million
• Parking Spaces: 5,000+ • Key Features: metal halide to LED • Award: Highest absolute annual energy savings in a
retrofit at a single parking structure
Existing New Energy Savings Energy Use 4,993,796 kWh 1,015,248 kWh 3,978,548 kWh Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.25 0.05 ---
Jeff McCullough, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Taking the LEEP: Experience with LEDs in Parking Lots and Structures, LightFair Intl, June 2014
Ligh6ng Energy Efficiency in Parking (LEEP) Campaign
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014
2
Power quality fundamentals
• Power quality broadly describes the fitness of electric power delivered over networks to drive electric loads in a manner that allows the loads to function as intended without significant reduction in performance or lifetime
• Power quality is a system characteristic, not a component characteristic. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor quality and many more causes of such poor quality power.
• Power quality can be degraded by displacement between voltage and current waveforms, and distortion of voltage or current waveforms
• Displacement can be lagging or leading – Inductive loads (e.g. motors and magnetic transformers) cause lagging
displacement – Capacitive loads (e.g. most SMPS and LED sources) cause leading displacement
• Voltage waveform distortions typically created by generators • Current waveform distortions typically created by loads
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014
3
Power quality fundamentals
• Power quality degredation typically results in higher RMS currents, and harmonic currents
• Higher RMS currents – Lead to greater electricity transport (I2R) losses – Require greater wire, circuit breaker, transformer, etc. sizes
• Harmonic currents – Can degrade performance of electronic equipment – Can damage some electronic equipment – Some (odd multiples of three) matter more than others
• Phase-cut dimming controls degrade the power quality of any circuit they are operating on, regardless of the light source technology being controlled
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014
4
Power quality metrics
• Common power quality metrics (e.g. power factor and THD) are useful but imperfect (not unlike CCT and CRI) – (True) power factor is a measure of displacement and distortion – THD is a measure of current (THD-I) or voltage (THD-V) distortion
• Proper use of power quality metrics requires an understanding of what they are attempting to characterize, and their limitations.
• Low(er) power factor loads do not consume more energy, but they do draw more RMS current
• A component in an electrical system (such as a lighting fixture on a circuit) with low power quality metrics does not necessarily degrade the power quality of the system, due to the potential for compensating effects among connected, interacting components in that system.
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014
6
Power quality math is not simple
Power
Power Factor
THD-I
LED Source A
13W
0.90
46%
LED Source B
6.1W
0.92
36%
A + B + C
30.1W
0.96
23%
LED Source C
11W
0.91
39%
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014
7
Field Example: Aberdeen Federal Building
• 7 stories, 210,466 square feet in Aberdeen, South Dakota
• Targeted baseline lighting (Summer 2010)
– 4,981 fluorescent T8 4’ lamps x 28 watts = 139,468 watts
– 2 fluorescent T8 2’ lamps x 14 watts = 28 watts
– Total targeted baseline lighting = 139,496 watts
– Whole building power factor measured at/by utility meter = 0.8614
(averaged 15 minute data for June-July 2010)
• Retrofit lighting (Fall 2010)
– 4,981 LED T8 format 4’ lamps x 14 watts = 69,734 watts
– 2 LED T8 format 2’ lamps x 7 watts = 14 watts
– Total retrofit lighting = 69,748 watts
– LED T8 format lamp power factor = 0.60
– Whole building power factor measured at/by utility meter = 0.8603
(averaged 15 minute data for June-July 2011)
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014
10
Relativity
Power
THD-I
Mobile Phone A
6W1
126%1
LED Source B
9.5W
13%
1Charging, with 35% remaining battery life
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014
11
Managing risk
• Concerns over the power quality of a new technology replacing an incumbent should be weighed in context with: – the power quality of the incumbent – the relative power or current draw vs. the incumbent – the power quality and relative power or current draw of other connected
components in the system. • Specify ANSI C82.77-2002 recommendations today • The next update to ANSI C82.77 (currently under development) will take
into account the expected market adoption of LED sources • Be aware of power quality design trade-offs
– Cost, components, potentially lifetime and reliability – Some LED driver architectures commonly used in low-cost replacement lamps have
a fundamental power factor vs. flicker trade-off • Contact DOE if:
– You have any evidence of a power quality problem caused by the installation of LED sources
– You are planning a large retrofit of LED sources with power quality performance that does not meet ANSI C82.77-2002 recommendations
2
Light Loss Factors: What Are They?
• All lighting systems decline in lumen output over time due to reductions in lamp emissions and changing surface properties—lamp, luminaire, and room, if applicable.
• This is accounted for by using a Light Loss Factor (LLF) during the design process.
• A Light Loss Factor is a multiplier that is used to predict future performance (maintained illuminance) based on the initial properties of a lighting system.
• LLF = 1 – Expected Depreciation• The Total LLF is determined by multiplying the independent effects
of multiple factors.
Michael Royer, Pacific NW NaNonal Laboratory (PNNL), �Designing for the Future: Understanding Lumen DepreciaNon and Light Loss Factosr (LLF), LightFair Intl, June 2014
9
Lumen Depreciation for Conventional Sources
Adapted from: DiLaura DL, Houser KW, Mistrick RG, Steffy GR. Editors. 2011. The lighting handbook: Reference and application. 10th edition. New York (NY): Illuminating Engineering Society. 1,328 p.
Michael Royer, Pacific NW NaNonal Laboratory (PNNL), �Designing for the Future: Understanding Lumen DepreciaNon and Light Loss Factosr (LLF), LightFair Intl, June 2014
2
Why Solid State Lighting?
• Potential to save about 46% of lighting site electricity by 2030 • Huge energy resource on par with renewables
Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (January 2012)
www.ssl.energy.gov/tech_reports.html
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Overcoming SSL Market Barriers, Midwest Energy SoluNons Conference, Session Topic: How Can Advanced LighNng & Controls RevoluNonize Efficiency? January 16, 2014
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Overcoming SSL Market Barriers, Midwest Energy SoluNons Conference, Session Topic: How Can Advanced LighNng & Controls RevoluNonize Efficiency? January 16, 2014
8
LED Lighting Facts
• Manufacturers voluntarily list products in program, posting LM-79 information
• Intended to promote accurate manufacturer performance claims
• No minimum performance requirements • Used by utilities, lighting professionals, and
retailers to qualify products • Some national retailers require LED Lighting
Facts listing • New verification testing program launched
4
Output and Efficacy of Tested PAR38 Lamps
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Spotlight on Par38s, LightFair Intl, June 2014
5
Current Performance
5/30/14
L Prize target Avg 65 lm/W
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Spotlight on Par38s, LightFair Intl, June 2014
11
LED PAR38 Beam Quality: Spot Results
A1 A2
A3 A4
A5 A6
A7 A8
www.ssl.energy.gov
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Spotlight on Par38s, LightFair Intl, June 2014
20
CALiPER Report 20.1 Conclusions
• In each category, at least one LED lamp was rated more favorably than the benchmark halogen. Halogen should not always be considered the ideal source for lighting quality.
• Single-emitter LED lamps were favored in both beam quality and shadow quality
• Poor color consistency within the beam, and stray light outside the main beam pattern, were the attributes most likely to be noted by the observers as negatives
• LED lamps with narrow spot distributions were generally viewed as having less-acceptable beam quality than their narrow-flood or flood counterparts
• Observers generally preferred 3000 K LED lamps over 2700 K LED lamps, but their ranking of color quality did not always correlate with the CRI of the lamps Full report available at: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_20.1_par38.pdf
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Spotlight on Par38s, LightFair Intl, June 2014
PROPOSING MEASURES OF FLICKER IN THE LOW FREQUENCIES FOR LIGHTING APPLICATIONS, Brad Lehman, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston MA Arnold Wilkins, Visual PercepNon Unit, University of Essex, Colchester, UK; Sam Berman, Senior ScienNst Emeritus Lawrence Berkeley NaNonal Laboratory, Berkeley CA Michael Poplawski, Pacific Northwest NaNonal Laboratory, Portland OR; Naomi Johnson Miller, Pacific Northwest NaNonal Laboratory, Portland OR, IEEE, 2011.
A-lamp/G-lamp A-lamp/G-lamp
R30/PAR30 “AC LED” ModuleR38/PAR38
MR16
Fig. 3. Experimental Data of Flicker in Solid State Lighting Sources
Percent Flicker
Flic
ker I
ndex
1005025 75
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.15
40
0.3
00
Incandescent, Metal Halide
Magnetically ballasted fluorescent
Electronically ballasted fluorescent
Solid-State
Fig. 4.Examples of Lighting Products on the Flicker Frame of Reference
2872
PROPOSING MEASURES OF FLICKER IN THE LOW FREQUENCIES FOR LIGHTING APPLICATIONS, Brad Lehman, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston MA Arnold Wilkins, Visual PercepNon Unit, University of Essex, Colchester, UK; Sam Berman, Senior ScienNst Emeritus Lawrence Berkeley NaNonal Laboratory, Berkeley CA Michael Poplawski, Pacific Northwest NaNonal Laboratory, Portland OR; Naomi Johnson Miller, Pacific Northwest NaNonal Laboratory, Portland OR, IEEE, 2011.
Some SSL products currently on the market have equal or be,er flicker performance than tradiNonal lighNng technology. Some SSL products currently on the market are clearly well outside the flicker frame of reference established by tradiNonal lighNng technology, and modulaNng luminous flux in previously unseen manners. Flicker index and percent flicker correlate fairly well at lower levels of percent flicker (< 40). However, shape variaNon captured by flicker index separates otherwise similar (same percent flicker) products at higher levels of percent flicker. SSL products currently on the market exhibit wide variaNon in flicker performance. Flicker performance is directly related to the LED power electronic driver, since luminous intensity is (approximately) proporNonal to current through the LEDs (Wilkins, 2010; IEEE PAR1789, 2010).
14
` Small Commercial Lighting Program projects ◦ 1,000 to 10,000 square feet – Paid ~$0.05/sf ◦ 1,000 to 25,000 square feet – Paid ~$0.04/sf ◦ Incentives sliding scale based on size
` Commercial Lighting Program projects ◦ 1,000 to 100,000 square feet – Paid ~ $0.035/sf ◦ Incentives sliding scale based on size
` Today: Commercial Lighting Program projects ◦ 1,000 square feet to any size – Paid ~ $0.03/sf ◦ Incentive amounts capped ~ 200,000 square feet
SIZE & INCENTIVES SCALABLE - COST CONTROL
Market TransformaNon through Quality LighNng, Kenn Latal, LC, IES ICF InternaNonal, November 13, 2014, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop
15
` Over 1,250 lighting practitioner companies have joined the program
` Over 2,850 individuals have been trained in the principles of effective, energy-efficient lighting design;
` Over 2,250 projects have been implemented or designs developed totaling 23,811,366 sf;
` Peak demand reduced by over 33,500 kW, with energy savings of over 162 GWh.
(~6.8 kWh/sf)
IN NEW YORK STATE SINCE PROGRAM RELEASE
Market TransformaNon through Quality LighNng, Kenn Latal, LC, IES ICF InternaNonal, November 13, 2014, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop
6
` Color Rendering Index (CRI) ` Luminous Intensity (Glare) or Advanced
Lighting Distribution with Glare Control ` Mean Illuminance (Light Level) ` Illuminance Uniformity (Light Uniformity) ` Energy Use (Watts per square foot)
THE LIGHTING CRITERIA
Market TransformaNon through Quality LighNng, Kenn Latal, LC, IES ICF InternaNonal, November 13, 2014, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop
Philips Lumileds 3 February 2, 2014
LEDs and electronics
Interface between LEDs and electronics • Forward voltage range • Forward current range • Flux, efficiency • Tolerances and distributions • Peak voltage / current rating
L0 Die
L1 Package
L2 Carrier
L3 Module
L4 Lamp /
luminaire
L5 System
LEDs Drivers, controls, sensors…
• Footprint and layout • Electrical connections • # of channels and drive requirements • Thermal management • …
Improve system cost and performance by better integration Two examples:
1. Hybrid light engines with integrated color control 2. High voltage light engines with integrated driver
Current status
Target
CHROMATICITY*Chroma'city,is,an,
objec've,specifica'on,of,the,quality,of,a,color,
regardless,of,its,luminance,as,determined,by,its,hue,and,colorfulness.,It,is,the,quality,of,a,color,or,light,with,reference,to,its,purity,
and,its,dominant,wavelength.,
Ligh'ng,jargon,de?mys'fied,
CColor*temperature,Color,temperature,describes,whether,a,light,source,appears,‘warm’,or,‘cool’,–,indicated,by,the,correlated,color,temperature,(CCT).,Lamps,with,a,warm,appearance,have,a,CCT,of,2700?3000K,and,are,considered,appropriate,for,domes'c,seKngs;,cooler,lamps,might,be,4000K,and,are,used,more,oNen,in,offices,and,shops.,,
CRI Short for color-rendering index, CRI is the ability of a light source to show the
colours of objects accurately. The higher the CRI on a 1-100 scale, the more
accurately the lamp will render colors. Lamps with poor color rendering will
distort some colours. CRI only works for approximately white sources and
doesn’t actually tell you which colours a light source renders well or badly.
Ligh%ng'jargon'de.mys%fied'
K'
Kelvin The'light'color'of'a'light'source'determines'the'atmosphere'in'the'room.'It'is'defined'by'the'color’s'temperature'of'ar%ficial'light'source,'expressed'in'Kelvin'(K).'Low'temperatures'create'warm'ligh%ng,'high'temperatures,'in'turn,'create'a'colder.looking'environment.'
Ligh%ng'jargon'de.mys%fied'
L'
LIGHT&ENGINE&An'LED'light'engine'is'a'combina%on'of'one'or'more'LED'modules'together'with'the'associated'electronic'control'gear'(ECG),'also'known'as'an'LED'driver.'An'LED'module'contains'one'or'more'LEDs,'together'with'further'components,'but'excluding'the'ECG.'
LED Light'emiGng'diodes'(LEDs)'are'based'on'solid.state'semi.conductor'technology'and'are'the'most'efficient'white'light'source.'Having'no'air,'glass'or'fragile'filaments,'LEDs'are'extremely'resistant'to'shock'and'vibra%on.'They'deliver'big'energy'savings,'good'color'rendering,'dimmability'and'a'long'life'which'reduces'maintenance'needs.''
LED&driver&An LED driver is a self-contained power supply that has outputs matched to the electrical characteristics of your LED or array of LEDs. There are currently no industry standards, so understanding the electrical characteristics of your
LED or array is critical in selecting or designing a driver circuit. Drivers should
be current-regulated (deliver a consistent current over a range of load
voltages).
PIR$Short&for&passive&infrared,&PIR&sensors&are&electronic&sensors&that&measure&infrared&light&radia9ng&from&objects&in&their&field&of&view.&Some9mes&known&as&proximity&sensors,&they&can&detect&heat&from&objects&that&is&undetectable&by&mere&&humans.&When&combined&with&ligh9ng&they&can&be&used&to&deliver&the&light&only&when&needed,&for&example,&with&street&lights&which&would&otherwise&be&in&full&use&throughout&the&night&even&when&there&is&no&one&in&the&vicinity.&
Ligh9ng&jargon&deDmys9fied&
P&
SOURCE
TRIPLE STRENGTH PORTFOLIO
Pervasive Information & Communication Technologies Key to Success
Using portfolios of multiple-benefit actions to becomeclimate positive and revenue positive
Ambitious, Continuous Efficiency Gains Smart Green Power Protecting
Ecosystem Services
Adopting Cost & Risk-Resilient Portfolio
1)SHRINKING - CONTINUOUS EFFICIENCYAdopt decoupling+ and comprehensive IRP for delivering utility services to the point of use at least cost & risk, fully including end-use efficiency improvements and onsite/distributed generation
2)SHIFTING – GREEN/SMART ENERGYSelect only verifiable ‘green power/fuels’ that are climate- & biodiversity-friendly, accelerate not slow poverty reduction, & avoid adverse impacts
3)SOURCING - ECOSYSTEM OFFSETSAdd standards-based (CCB) carbon mitigation options to portfolio that deliver triple benefits (climate protection, biodiversity preservation, and promotion of community sustainable development)
Promoting Triple S Portfolio through Innovative Policies
$1.2 billion savings over 5 years on energy, water
& chemical costs.670% ROI
“If the chief executive is not totally committed, it won’t succeed,”
Pasquale Pistorio, CEO, STMicro, 1987-2005
So the financial incentive is there, but as CEO Pasquale Pistorio stressed, it’s not enough.
Between 1998-2010 STMicroplanted 10 million trees in reforestation programs in Morocco, Australia, USA, France and Italy (9,000 ha total).
179,000 tons of CO2 sequestered.
SOURCE:Compensate the remaining direct CO2emissions through reforestation or other carbon sequestration methods, to reach CO2 direct emissions neutrality by 2015.
SHRINK: Reduce total emissions of CO2 due to our energy consumption (tons of CO2 per production unit) by 5% per year:
STMicro Carbon Positive & Revenue Positive
SHIFT: Adopt whenever possible renewable energy sources of wind, hydroelectric, geothermic, photovoltaic, and thermal solar.
Source: STMicroelectronics, Sustainability Report 2010, Our culture of Sustainable Excellence in Practice, www.st.com/internet/com/CORPORATE_RESOURCES/FINANCIAL/FINANCIAL_REPORT/ST_2010_sustainability_report.pdf
Half to 75% of all natural resource consumption becomes pollution and waste within 12 months.
E. Matthews et al., The Weight of Nations, 2000, www.wri.org/
CLOSING THE LOOP– Reducing Use of Virgin Resources, Increasing Reuse of Waste Nutrients, Green Chemistry, Biomimicry
Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2030 Market Outlook: Solar, June 27, 2014
Global Residen6al-‐Scale Solar PV System Economics
More rooftop PV build will spur uptake but could also prompt opposition from utilities and government.
SMALL-SCALE PV A major advantage of PV is that it not only competes on a wholesale level as described above, but also at a retail level. Unlike utility-scale projects, consumer uptake of small-scale PV is driven both by its economics and its existing market penetration.2 In other words, as more small-scale systems are installed, there is a positive feedback effect that can drive exponential growth in uptake. This phenomenon can also be seen in the mobile phone and other consumer markets.
Because of major cost reductions for modules, residential PV has now·become economic in many countries. Consumers can make a return on investment above 6% (real) by installing a PV system and operating it for the 25-year lifetime to replace electricity from the grid. In the Americas, this currently holds for Hawaii and Chile and by 2025 this will be the case Brazil and California as well . In a region such as Texas, PV has had a difficult time gaining traction, partially owing to the very low power prices. In a decade, in spite of low power prices, residential PV will be an attractive investment.
It is clear that in many countries installing PV will save households and businesses money, and some parts of the Americas have already begun to see uptake of unsubsidised PV systems such as utility-scale PV in Chile. As solar technology gets cheaper we expect households and businesses to increasing opt for solar systems. There will however be opposition from utilities and changing rate structures for consumers. The first signs of this trend can already be observed: in
c ,_
,....,
" -r.
r.
Spain, for example, the government has threatened to impose a tax on electricity generated for auto-consumption, although the final bill is still pending. Ultimately however we don't believe developments such as this will have a material effect on the size of the market in the long term, particularly as the small-scale power storage solutions become increasingly viable .
Figure 9: Global residential-scale PV system economics 2014 2025
500 ] 500
450 450 . any
50GW
400 . any
400 Hawaii .Hawaii Denmark 8 8 .. 1350 tit 350 Slovakia
Australia I Neth. stralia
Neth. • "' Slovakia 100GW "' - 100GW Q) Q) 0 Switz. Po 9 0 §. 250 '§. 250
Chile Q)
200 • Chile • a. 8. 200 -"(ij
150 '(ij
150
100 100
50 50 Arabia
0 0 750 1,250 1,750 2,250 750 1,250 1,750 2,250
Irradiation (kWhlkW/year) Irradiation (kWh/kW/year)
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Note: NJ, New Jersey; CA, California.
2 Small-scale PV is PV deployed on rooftops as opposed to ground-mounted systems. Their size can vary from small residential to large commercial systems.
Bloomberg l P 2014
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