Total Station Lab Manual

7/24/2019 Total Station Lab Manual

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TOTAL STATION

INTRODUCTION

The most commonly used surveying instrument is the total station. A total station is the

combination of an electronic theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device (EDM), and a

microprocessor with memory unit. The original name of this instrument of this type was electronic

tacheometer but E!EET " #A$%A&D introduced the name T'TA TAT*'+.

!ith this instrument, we can determine angles and distance from the instrument to the points to

be surveyed with the aid of trigonometry, the angles and distances may be used to calculate the relative

position (EAT*+, +orthing and Elevation) of surveyed points.

All total stations have an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and electronic angles

scanning which measure the angles and distance and displayed digitally. The hori-ontal distance, the

height difference and coordinates are calculated automatically and all measurements and additional

information can be recorded.

The EDM instrument transmit an infrared beam, which is reflected bac to the unit with the help

of a prism (by total internal reflection), and the EDM used timing measurements to calculate the distance

travelled by the beam. !ith the e/ceptions, the EDM instrument re0uires that the target be highly

reflective and a reflecting prism is normally as the target.

Most of the total stations, include data recorders. The raw data (angles and distances) and the co1

ordinates of points sighted are recorded along with same additional information. The data thus recorded

can be directly downloaded to a computer at a later time. The use of a data recorder further reduces the

recording errors and eliminates the need for a person to record data in the field.

At present, T'TA TAT*'+ is widely used in many survey sites. ometimes it is not fully used

since the users are unaware of its full optional capability. Total station used for levelling comes under the

classification indirect levelling. *t can maintain considerable accuracy and is hence for many public wor

such as construction of roads, airports and harbours.

The total station is mounted on a tripod and levelled before use. Meanwhile the #&*M mounted

on pole (TA&ET &'D) of nown height. The mounting bracet includes the aids for aiming the


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instrument. The prism is mounted so that its reflection point is aligned with the centre of the pole on

which it has been mounted. Although the tip of the pole is placed to be surveyed, the instrument must be

aimed at the prism. o it will calculate the position of the prism and not the point to be surveyed, since

the prism is directly above the tip. The height of the pole may be subtracted to determine the location of

the point that can be done automatically. The pole must be held up right, and a bubble level attached to

give the technician holding the pole upright particularly if there is any wind and as a result at such

occasions, the reading may be taen by not sighting at the prism but on the tip of the pole where it

touches the ground. The angle from north would then be fi/ed and telescope could be raised to the level

of the prism, ad2usting only the angle of inclination.

2 PREPARATION FOR SURVEYING

2.1 Centring and Levelling ! t"e In#tr$%ent

2.1.1 Setting up the instrument and the tripod

3. Ad2ust the tripod legs so that a height suitable for observation is obtained when the

*nstrument is set on the tripod.

4. ang the plumb bob on the hoo of the tripod, and coarse centre over the station on the

ground. At this time, set the tripod and fi/ the metal shoes firmly into the ground so that the

tripod head is as levelled as possible.

5. *f the tripod head is mislevelled by the action of fi/ing the metal shoes into the ground,

correct the level by e/tending or retracting each leg of the tripod.


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&A'

+ote " aser plummet model (The instrument is e0uipped with the laser plummet. The laser

plummet is not set to be '+ at factory shipping.)

Turn on the laser plummet function by pushing the 6aser7 ey and 6897 6#:M.AD;7

ey.

Match the position by the tripod so that the laser mar coincides with the ground mar.

The centring nob is loosened, and the upper plate is pushed by the tip of a finger,

and a centre mar is matched to the ground mar.

Tighten the centring nob.

oosen the hori-ontal clamp screw, rotate the instrument by , and confirm the

vial of the circular vial is at the centre position. $orrect the vial with the leveling

screw when the vial comes off from the center position.

2.1.2 Levelling with the plate vial

(A) Align the plate vial in parallel with a line 2oining any two of the levelling screws.

Then, ad2ust the two screws to centre the bubble in the plate vial.

1 Turn two levelling screws in an opposite direction mutually in a way that the bubble

moves from the side of the plate vial to the center.

(?) &otate the total station .

1 :se the remaining screw to centre the bubble in the plate vial.

1 &otate the instrument by and 3@=> and confirm the position of the bubble in the

plate vial. At this time, it is not necessary to ad2ust it if the bubble of the plate vial is in

the vicinity of the centre.

B) Levelling screw


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Levelling screw

2.2 E(e)ie*e ad+$#t%ent

The eyepiece ad2ustment is performed before target sighting.

3. &emove the telescope lens cap.

4. #oint the telescope at a bright ob2ect, and rotate

the eyepiece ring full counter clocwise.

5. oo through the eyepiece, and rotate the

eyepiece ring clocwise until the reticle appears at

its ma/imum sharpness. !hen looing into the eyepiece, avoid an

intense loo to prevent paralla/ and eye

fatigue.

!hen it is hard to see the reticle due to poor brightness, press 6*:7 6857 6&ET*$E7

to access the &ET*$E *+TE+*TB AD;. screen. :se the left and right arrow to ad2ust

the reticle intensity.

2., Target #ig"ting

2.3.1 Target sighting by Manual focus

3. oosen the telescope clamp and hori-ontal clamp screws.

4. #oint the telescope at the target using a collimator.

5. Tighten the above two screws.

9. Ad2ust the eyepiece.

C. oo through the telescope and then rotate the 8ocus ring and stop it where the target can

be clearly seen and the target image does not move in relation to reticle even if your eye is

vertically and hori-ontally moved.

. Align the reticle accurately on the target using telescope and hori-ontal tangent screws.

+ote 1 The 8ocus ring rotation clocwiseF maes it possible to focus on closer ob2ectsand counter clocwiseF will focus on further ob2ects.


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G$ide %ar-

2. Atta*"%ent and deta*"%ent ! tri/ra*"

The tribrach of T14=4+ and T14=C+ can be detached from the instrument, if re0uired

when replacing the instrument with a prism for e/ample.

Detachment

8irst loosen the recessed screw with a screwdriver, then rotate the locing nob until

the arrow points upward, and lift the instrument up.

Attachment

Mount the instrument on the tribrach with the guide mars coinciding, and rotate the

locing nob until the arrow points downwards.

The guide and guide mar must be fitted to attach the instrument.

!hen the tribrach does not need to be attached or detached, or the instrument is to be

transported, tighten the recessed screw with a screwdriver to fi/ the locing nob.

Recessed screw

Tribrach locking lever


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STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS

TOTAL STATION SURVEYING

INTRODUCTION

1. General:

Total station is a combination of Electronic Theodolite and Electronic Distance Meter (EDM)

in one unit. This instrument directly measures 5D co1ordinates, slope, hori-ontal and vertical

distances. This has large internal memory of 5=== points to store field data and can be directly

down loaded to the computer from the instrument through interface cable.

2. Electronic Ditance Meter:

This is used to measure directly, to an acceptable accuracy, the distance between any two inter

1 visible points in the survey system. The techni0ue of EDM eliminates the need for chaining

or taping.

!. "rinci#le o$ EDM:

The basic principle is the indirect determination of the time re0uired for a light beam to travel

between two stations and by using fre0uency the distance is displayed.

%. &aic F'nction o$ EDM:

3. *t generates the carrier and measuring wave fre0uencies.

4. *t modulates and demodulates the carrier wave.

5. *t measures the phase difference between the transmitted and received waves.

9. *t displays the result of measurement.


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T) "andle

Clli%atr

F*$# ring

E(e)ie*e ring

E(e)ie*e In#tr$%ent "eig"t %ar-

La#er indi*atr 0atter( lat*"

Plate vial 0atter( )a*-

SD US0 *ver Tele#*)e tangent #*re

Di#)la( )anel Tele#*)e *la%) #*re

3e( /ard Cla%) #*re

Deta*"ing -n/ Tangent #*re

Levelling #*re 0a#e )late

2. LEVELING T(E TOTAL STATION


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eveling the Total tation must be accomplished to sufficient accuracy otherwise the

instrument will not report results.

eveling the instrument taes 5= to 9C minutes and mae sure you can see all targets from

the instrument station before going through the process

tep 3G Tripod etup

Tripod legs should be e0ually spaced

Tripod head should be appro/imately

level

ead should be directly over survey

point

tep 4G Mount *nstrument on Tripod

#lace *nstrument on Tripod

ecure with centering screw while

bracing the instrument with the other

hand

*nsert battery in instrument before

levelling

tep 5G #lumb

Turn on the instrument. The laser

plummet will be activated

automatically, and the evelH#lummet

screen appears.

*8 +E$EA&B Move the #oition o$ t)e tri#o* le+ to mae lar+e

a*,'t-ent to center the plummet over the ground point.

:se the $ootcre to mae -all a*,'t-ent to center the plummet over the ground

point.

tep 9G &ough eveling


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Ad2ust the )ei+)t o$ t)e tri#o* le+ to level the circular level bubble. +oteG Do not move

the legs from their position 2ust lengthen or shorten them, one at a time, as necessary to

bring the bubble into centre.

tep CG8ine #lumb I evelG

At this time your instrument should be very close to level and very close to the ground

point, chec the plummet I circular level bubble to verify this. *f this is not the case you

must repeat the #lumb I &ough eveling steps above, otherwise, continue on to the ne/t

step.

Turn the instrument until it is parallel to two footscrews. $entre the electronic level of the first a/is by turning the two footscrews. Arrows show the

direction of rotation re0uired. !hen the electronic level is cantered the arrows are

replaced by checmars.

$entre the electronic level for the second a/is by turning the last footscrew. An arrow

shows the direction of rotation re0uired. !hen the electronic level is cantered the arrow is

replaced by a checmar. !hen the electronic level is cantered and three checmars are shown, the instrument has

been perfectly leveled up.

*8 &EJ:*&ED, $entre the instrument precisely over the ground point. oosen the

instrument from the tripod (loosen only) and slide the instrument over the point while

sighting.

!. DIS"LAY AND O"ERATION /EYS

Display and eyboard


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Enter key

Power supply key Function key Illumination key E!

key

Laser key


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O)eratin -e(#

/e0 Decri#tion

"OER3 '+H'88 of power supply.

ESC3 &eturns to previous screen or cancels an operation.

ILLU3 Turns the illumination of the $D display and telescope reticle

on and off.

ENT3 Accepts the selected (highlighted) choice or the displayed screen

value.

LASER3 Displays the laser plummet and the D point screen when you

push the aser ey.

(&efer to 4.C D #'*+T, aser pointerF, 5.4 aser plummetF).

Al#)an'-eric3 At the numerical value screen, the numerical value and the sign

.F displayed are input. The English characters printed right

under numeric of each ey are input.

(EL"3 #ressing 6*:76E$7 ey causes a help menu to appear inM'DE A or M'DE ? or causes a help message to appear.

F$n*tin -e(#

Di#la0

MODE A

F. /e0 Decri#tion

MEAS3 F1 #ressing this ey one time measures the distance in

normal mode. Another measurement type can be

selected by *nitial etting 4.#ressing this ey twice measures the distance in coarse

mode. Another measurement type can be selected by

initial setting 4.

TARGET3 F2 witches the target. &E8E$T'&E H EET H4 SET3 F! &esets the hori-ontal angle to => =K =F by pressing

S.FUNC3 F% inertec E/press pecial 8unctions.

MODE3 F5 witches the screen between M'DE A and M'DE ?.

MODE &

DIS"3

F1 witches the display composition in the order

.angleH.dst.HL.dst.F, .angleHL.angleH.dst.F and.angleHL.angleH.dst.H.dst.HL.dst.FANG SET3 F2 ?rings up the angle setting screen for setting angle1

related

parameters.

(.A+E H&ADE, .A+E *+#:T and H&

(OLD3 F! #ressing this ey twice retains (holds) the hori-ontal

angle shown on the display.

CORR3 F% ?rings up the screen for changing the target constant,

temperature, pressure setting.

MODE3 F5 witches the screen between M'DE A and M'DE ?.


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Ot)er $'nction3

(o to -o6e t)e -en' n'-7er3

E/ampleG

The cursor is located at Menu 3.

#ress the numeric ey = and 4 to

move to Menu 4 or press 6897 6 7.

3 F1 Moves the cursor to the left.

3 F2 Moves the cursor to the right.

3 F! Moves the cursor up.

3 F% Moves the cursor down.

3 F1 oes bac five items on the screen.

3 F2 ose forward five items on the screen.

RETICLE3 F! $hanging the reticle illumination when pressing

illumination ey.

LCD3 F% $hanging the $D contrast when pressing illumination ey.

ILLU3 F5 $hanging the $D illumination when pressing

illumination ey.

CLEAR3 F5 $lear the figure.

SELECT3 F5 'pen the selection window.


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,4

Al)"an$%eri* in)$t

The point name is input by the alphanumeric eys as following.

/e0 Letter 'n*er 8e0 Letter 9 $i+'re or*er to in#'t

567 5875.75975:75;7575r75#7517

527 TUV 5T75U75V75t75$75v7527

5,7 ?@Y 5?75@75Y757575B75(7575,7

57 GI 5G7575I75g75"75i757

57 3L 575375L75+75-75l757

57 HNO 5H75N75O75%75n75757

547 5 7575J75975K7575M75754757 A0C 5A75075C75a75/75*757

57 DEF 5D75E75F75d75e75!7575.7 5.7575;75Q7575&75'7

5


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,

%. TARGET SETTING

The target mode and its $onstant of current

setting are shown at the left of the battery mar.

8or e/ample in case of each $onstant =, &eflector

less (+on1#rism)N + =, #rismN # =

#ressing 6847 6TA&ET7 changes the target mode.

The target mode is changed se0uentially as follows. &eflector sheet 1 #rism 1 &eflectorless

The selected target mode is stored in the memory even if the power is turned off. o, ne/t

time you can use the same mode after turning on.

The target $onstant differs according to the selected target mode. o, confirm the target

mode and its $onstant shown at the top screen after changing the target.

Ditance -ea're-ent 70 re$lectorle ;Non


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,

Z There is a possibility that the instrument cannot calculate correctly when receiving

reflected laser beam from forth and bac directions in case of measuring the target on the

road.

[ There is a possibility that synthesi-ed values are calculated and the distance may become

longer or shorter than the actual one when the operator measures the target of slope or

sphere or rugged shape.

\ There is a possibility that the instrument cannot calculate correctly collecting the reflected

laser beam from a man or a car that comes and goes in front of the target.

Ditance -ea're-ent 70 re$lector )eet -o*e3

#osition the &eflector sheet whose reflecting surface faces the aiming line to be appro/.

right angle when the distance is measured by it. *f it is positioned not to be appro/.

right angle, there is a possibility that correct distance measurement may be impossible by

dispersion or reduction of laser beam.

A##lie* -ea're-ent ran+e 70 eac) tar+et -o*e3

!hen a wrong target mode is selected, a correct distance cannot be measured.

#lease select a correct target mode and measure.

*t is sometimes possible to measure without prism under special conditions lie in the close

distance, targeting on a wall surface. owever, there is a possibility including some errors in

this case, so be sure to select the reflectorless mode.

The target constant should be correctly selected and confirmed in case that the reflector

sheet is used at the prism mode and the prism is used at the reflector sheet mode.


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6

%. ANGLE MEASUREMENT

Hea#$ring an angle

Aim at the first target, then press 6857 6= ET7

twice in succession to reset the hori-ontal angle to=.

Aim at the second target, then read the hori-ontal

angle and vertical angle.

NOTE

The 6857 6= ET7 ey cannot reset the vertical angle to =.

Even though you turn the power off during a survey, the hori-ontal angle displayed

last time is saved, so that it is restored when the power is turned on ne/t time.

!hen the restored hori-ontal angle is not necessary, reset it to =.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

Re#etting t"e "rintal angle t 6

#ressing 6857 6= ET7 twice in succession resets

the hori-ontal angle to => =O =P.

NOTE

The 6857 6= ET7 cannot reset the vertical angle to =.

#ressing the 6857 6= ET7 accidentally during measurement does not reset the

hori-ontal angle to = unless you press it again. 'nce the bu--er stops sounding, you

can go to the ne/t step.

Bou can reset the hori-ontal angle to = any time e/cept when it has been held.1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

5. DISTANCE MEASUREMENT


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1

1.1 Distance measurement

The T14== series has two distance measurement modes of primary MEA and second

MEA. #ressing the 6837 6MEA7 one time goes to primary MEA and twice goes to second

MEA.

Bou can freely select and allocate your desired measurement mode in primary MEA and

second MEA by the initial setting 4. The MEA:&E 'TF is set at primary MEA and

T&A$% $'+TF is set at second MEA as a factory default setting.

MEA:&E 'T means the distance measurement by the shot mode. MEA:&E $'+T means the distance measurement by the continuous mode.

T&A$% 'T means the fast distance measurement by the shot mode.

T&A$% $'+T means the fast distance measurement by the continuous mode.

$onfirm the target constant before beginning the distance measurement.

E>a-#le: ?MEASURE S(OT@at #ri-ar0 MEAS ;Factor0 *e$a'lt ettin+=

$ollimate the telescope at a target and press the 6837

6MEA7 once to start measuring the distance. 'nce

distance measurement has been started, the distancemeasurement mar remains displayed. :pon

reception of a reflected light from the target, the

instrument beeps and displays the mar to start the

shot measurement automatically.

#ressing the 6837 6MEA7 after collimating the telescope at the prism starts shot distance

measurement with the MEAF te/t blining. Distance measurement is completed and the

MEAF te/t stops blining the moment the distance measured by shot measurement is

displayed. During continuous measurement, the MEAF te/t eeps on blining. #ressing


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the 6837 6MEA7 again terminates both distance measurement and blining of the

MEAF te/t.

#ressing68C76M'DE7and 6837 6D*#7 cycles through the sets of

display itemsG.angleH.dst.HL.dst.F, .angleHL.angleH.dst.F, and

.angleHL.angleH.dst.H.dst.HL.dst.F

#ressing the 6E$7 or 6847 6TA&ET7 or 68C7 6M'DE7 during distance

measurement stops it.

*f the shot count for distance measurement has been set to 4 or more in initial setting

4F, the distance is measured for the specified number of times to display the averaged

value.

E>a-#le: ?TRAC/ CONT@ at econ* MEAS ;Factor0 *e$a'lt ettin+=

$ollimate the telescope at a Target and press 6837

6MEA7 twice to start measuring the distance.

:pon reception of a reflected light from the

target, the instrument beeps and displays the

mar to start the T&A$% distance measurement.

#ress 6837 6MEA 7 twice.

#ressing 6837 6MEA7 twice after collimating the telescope at the Target starts

$ontinuous distance measurement at fast speed with the MEAF te/t blining.

*t remains blining during the measurement. *f you press the 6837 6MEA7 again,

Distance measurement is completed and the MEAF te/t stops blining.

#ressing 68C76M'DE7and6837 6D*#7 cycles through the sets of display

temsG .angleH.dst.HL.dst.F, .angleHL.angleH.dst.F, and

.angleHL.angleH.dst.H.dst.HL.dst.F

#ressing the 6E$7 or 6847 6TA&ET7 or 68C7 6M'DE7 during fast distancemeasurement stops it.


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Total Station Lab Manual

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Transcript of Total Station Lab Manual